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  • Articles  (57)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (57)
  • Blackwell Science Ltd  (51)
  • Annual Reviews  (6)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishers Inc.
  • Elsevier
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (57)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959
  • 1920-1924
  • 2000  (57)
  • 1957
  • 1956
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (57)
Collection
  • Articles  (57)
Source
Publisher
Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (57)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959
  • 1920-1924
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Edwardsiella tarda isolated in integrated fish farming (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 31 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The use of pig manure in fish farming reduces the environmental pollution from this material and gives it an economic application. However, the microbiological implications of such a process are not completely understood. Five hundred and forty tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. from an integrated fish farm (using pig excrements as food) were collected and evaluated microbiologically for the presence of Edwardsiella tarda. Samples of the external surface (skin, gills and fin), intestines and muscle were analysed. E. tarda was isolated from 93 (17.2%) of the external surface samples, 77 (14.3%) of the muscle samples and 61 (11.2%) of the intestine samples. These rates were compared using the chi-squared test, which showed that the skin samples had higher contamination than the others. Selenite–cystine (SC) broth was better than Rappaport–Vassiliadis (RV) enrichment broth for the microbiological assay. Salmonella–Shigella (SS) agar presented superior performance to that of Hektoen enteric (HE) medium. The combination SC and SS showed the best efficiency for E. tarda detection, isolating the bacterium in 107 (6.6%) out of 1620 samples studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00448.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of various crop establishment methods practised by Asian farmers on epidemics of rice sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 49 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Establishment methods for rice crops in tropical Asia are very diverse, leading to variation in the structure of rice canopies. Differences in canopy structure can in turn affect the spread of the rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. Rice sheath blight epidemics were compared during two seasons in crops established by different methods: direct broadcasting of pregerminated rice seeds, and transplanting of rice seedlings at spacings of 20 × 20 cm, 13 × 25 cm and 25 × 25 cm between hills (i.e. along and between rows, respectively). In both years, the apparent infection rate based on incidence data and the terminal severity of sheath blight were lower in the direct-seeded crops than in any of the transplanted ones, regardless of spacing. The frequency of leaf-to-leaf contacts (CF) between hills (or plants) was highest in direct-seeded rice, and lowest in rice transplanted at a spacing of 25 × 25 cm. Larger CF is known to favour rice sheath blight epidemics. The apparent contradiction between higher incidence and lower CF in the transplanted stands than in the direct-seeded stands is interpreted in terms of accessibility of healthy host tissues to the spread of the pathogen in the canopy, and accounts for within-host (rice hill or plant) and between-host (hill or plant) disease spread. The analysis of incidence-severity relationships indicated a less aggregated distribution of the disease in direct-seeded rice, which was related to the spatial distribution of the tillers. These findings have direct implications for the management of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00454.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disease development and enhanced susceptibility of wounded pepper roots to Phytophthora capsici (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 49 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine disease progression of phytophthora root rot on nonwounded and wounded pepper plants (Capsicum annuum) and to determine whether susceptibility to Phytophthora capsici decreases with wound aging. Two isolates of P. capsici were used in this study, one less aggressive than the other. Trimming the roots immediately prior to inoculation with either isolate increased susceptibility significantly (P ≤ 0·05) compared with plant roots that were not trimmed. Both isolates caused a higher level of disease severity on disturbed/trimmed than on disturbed/nontrimmed roots. Disease also occurred earlier with the more aggressive isolate on both wounded and nonwounded roots. Disease severity was three to four times more severe on plants treated with the aggressive isolate (NM6011) than on those inoculated with the less aggressive isolate (NM6040), regardless of root treatment. In separate experiments, pepper roots were wounded and allowed to age for up to 5 days before inoculation. Resistance to P. capsici increased as the wounds aged, resulting in significantly (P ≤ 0·001) lower disease severity on plants with 3- and 5-day-old wounds than on those inoculated at the time of wounding and the nondisturbed/nontrimmed controls. Wounding of the roots followed by immediate inoculation with zoospores resulted in significantly higher levels of attachment than when roots were inoculated with zoospores 48 h after wounding. The 48-h postwounding inoculation treatment showed the same amount of zoospore attachment as nonwounded roots. Increase in plant resistance correlated (P ≤ 0·01) with an increase in total peroxidase activity. Isoelectric focusing-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF-PAGE) indicated increased band intensity of three acidic and one basic isozyme as wounds aged. These data suggest that wound repair plays a role in decreasing infection and resultant disease symptoms of pepper to P. capsici.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00510.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host range and symptomatology of a graft-transmissible pathogen causing bud union crease of citrus on trifoliate rootstocks (2000)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 49 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A graft-transmissible pathogen causing bud union crease of Nagami kumquat SRA–153 on Troyer citrange was characterized for host range and symptomatology. Buds of Marsh grapefruit, Nules clementine, Eureka lemon and Pineapple sweet orange preinoculated with kumquat SRA–153 were propagated on citrange rootstocks. Some plants of Nules clementine and Eureka lemon had developed bud union crease six months after propagation, whereas all Marsh grapefruit and Pineapple sweet orange plants still showed normal bud union after one year. On indexing these preinoculated species, Nules clementine and Eureka lemon caused vein clearing in Pineapple sweet orange and Dweet tangor, chlorotic blotching in Dweet tangor and stem pitting in Etrog citron, whereas Marsh grapefruit and Pineapple sweet orange caused only chlorotic blotching in Dweet tangor and stem pitting in Etrog citron. Following shoot-tip grafting in vitro of kumquat SRA–153, kumquats 38–1 and 497–2 obtained from it caused chlorotic blotching in Dweet tangor and stem pitting in Etrog citron, but not vein clearing in Pineapple sweet orange and Dweet tangor or bud union crease when propagated on citrange. These results suggest the presence of at least two pathogens or pathogen strains in kumquat SRA–153 and the elimination of one of them after shoot-tip grafting in vitro or inoculation on Marsh grapefruit or Pineapple sweet orange. They also indicate that the pathogens in kumquat SRA–153 can be detected by indexing on Dweet tangor or Etrog citron.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00449.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enchytraeid worms (Oligochaeta) enhance mineralization of carbon in organic upland soils (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: We investigated the functional role of enchytraeid worms (Oligochaeta) in organic upland soils experimentally, because that role of these animals is little known. We made microcosms of intact soil cores cut from two depths, 0–4 cm and 4–8 cm, of a Cambic Stagnohumic Gley from the Moor House National Nature Reserve (UK). Enchytraeids were added to half of the microcosms, resulting in four treatments: litter (L), litter + enchytraeids (L + E), soil (S) and soil + enchytraeids (S + E). Triplicates of each treatment were established, and all microcosms (60) were then incubated in the dark at 15°C, arranged in a fully randomized design. The experiment ran over 110 days, with five destructive harvests at days 10, 25, 50, 75 and 110, when microbial measurements (soil respiration and biomass C) as well as measures of decomposition (nutrient concentration in leachates) were made. Enchytraeids almost doubled the availability of organic carbon (measured as dissolved organic carbon in soil leachates) in the surface (0–4 cm) microcosms only. There were no effects of enchytraeids on the release of inorganic N or P from either soil horizon, although the release of ammonium and phosphate was correlated with the number of enchytraeids in the microcosms. The depth from which the soil was taken exerted a strong influence on nutrient leaching, with almost six times more ammonium and four times more carbon being leached from the surface (0–4 cm) layer than from the more decomposed (4–8 cm) horizon. There was little nitrate leaching from any of the treatments, with only one-quarter as much nitrate leached from the surface (0–4 cm) as from the subsurface (4–8 cm) horizon. Enchytraeids had no detectable effect on microbial biomass, but they increased microbial respiration by 35% in the surface (0–4 cm) horizon. Because they enhanced microbial activity in this horizon we suggest that enchytraeids indirectly drive the processes of decomposition and nutrient mineralization in organic upland soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00297.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sorption of atrazine, 2,4-D, nitrobenzene and pentachlorophenol by urban and industrial wastes (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This study was carried out to investigate the sorption properties of man-made soil developed from sewage sludge, municipal wastes, brick and mortar debris, harbour sludge, sand fills, fly ash, and wastes from coking plants and coal mines. The composition of organic matter in the samples was analysed, and the sorption isotherms of four reference chemicals (nitrobenzene, atrazine, 2,4-D, pentachlorophenol) were determined. Fly ash, which contains up to 89% of its carbon as Black Carbon, showed a strong affinity to all four chemicals. For the other waste materials, a strong correlation between the logarithm of the Freundlich adsorption constant, Kf, and the logarithm of organic carbon, Co, was established (r = 0.85–0.96). This holds for the non-ionic nitrobenzene and also, within a certain pH range depending on the pKa of the compound, for the three ionizable organic compounds (atrazine: pH 〉 4; 2,4-D: pH 〉 5; PCP: pH 〉 6). At pH near the pKa value the sorption is sensitive to pH. There were no statistically significant differences between the waste materials and the natural soils in the relations between logKf and logCo for either ionic or non-ionic chemicals. This result suggests that the method devised for estimating the sorption of organic chemicals in natural soils based on their content of organic carbon is equally valuable for the waste materials, with the exception of fly ash which contains a large amount of Black Carbon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00300.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic shifts in smooth bromegrass under grazing: changes in nutritional value and preference for surviving vs. original genotypes (2000)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 55 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Genetic shifts in plant morphology and reproductive characters under grazing may potentially affect nutritive value and preference. This research was conducted to determine the response of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) populations to long-term grazing. Genotypes from five populations of smooth bromegrass that survived 9 years of grazing were compared with genotypes of each population grown from original seed. Plant height was measured and biomass estimated for each genotype, before and after grazing by sheep, in order to assess preference. Genotypes were also tested for nutritive value. The selective effect of competition during establishment and maintenance under grazing was accompanied by genetic shifts in smooth bromegrass plants in these pastures. Survivors had greater plant biomass despite having a decrease in plant height of up to 5%. Preference for survivors, quantified as percentage consumption by sheep, was up to 3% units less than for original populations. The nutritive value of survivors was similar to that of original populations, except for one population, which had a lower neutral-detergent fibre among the survivors after grazing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2000.00238.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactions of zinc with iron-oxide coated calcite surfaces at alkaline pH (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Both iron oxides and carbonate minerals, such as calcite, can sorb zinc (Zn), and therefore are important in controlling the solution concentration and availability of Zn to plants growing in calcareous soil. When present together, interactions between these components affect their sorption behaviour. We investigated changes in the reactions of Zn with calcite at alkaline pH, as the calcite surface was progressively coated by iron oxide. Coated calcite surfaces were prepared that had from 0.05 to 1.45% iron oxide. The initial concentration of Zn and the amount of iron oxide on the calcite were the most critical factors affecting adsorption, precipitation of solid phases, and the desorbability of sorbed Zn. For pure calcite at small initial Zn concentrations (〈 2.5 × 10−5 m) adsorption was dominant; with increasing concentration, precipitation of hydrozincite (ZHC) became more important. With increasing amounts of iron oxide the amount of Zn adsorbed increased, the desorbability of the Zn decreased, and precipitation became progressively less evident, and at 1.45% iron oxide content there was no evidence of any precipitation of ZHC. The calculated maximum adsorption attributable to the iron oxide coating was inversely proportional to the thickness of the oxides on the calcite, and greatly exceeded that of iron oxide as a separate phase. The common occurrence of iron-coated carbonates in calcareous soils and their capacity to adsorb Zn contributes to the problems of Zn deficiency, for which these soils are noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00318.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of non-allophanic Andisols derived from low-activity clay regoliths in the Nilgiri Hills (Southern India) (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Low-activity clay soils on old planation surfaces of the tropics are generally considered as stable end points of soil formation. It is therefore surprising to find Andisols on them. We characterized the properties of six profiles representative of these soils in the western part of the Nilgiri Hills (2000–2500 m above mean sea level), Southern India, where the present climatic conditions are cool (mean annual temperature 15°C) and humid (mean annual rainfall 2500 mm). Thick (50–80 cm) dark-reddish brown topsoil overlies strongly desilicated yellowish-red materials. This horizon has andic properties to a sufficient depth and the carbon content requirement of the melanic epipedon to place these soils in the Andisol order. Our data as well as the history of the Nilgiri Hills suggest that the formation of these non-allophanic Andisols resulted from the succession of two main steps. First, a ‘lateritic’ weathering cycle led to the relative accumulation of secondary Al and Fe oxides. Later, the accumulation of organic matter favoured by a more recent climatic change induced complexation by organic acids of Al and Fe oxides, and the production of enough metal–humus complexes to give rise to andic properties. Such soils, in which secondary Al and Fe oxides, generally considered as indicators of an advanced weathering stage, are involved in a new cycle of soil formation, are original Andisols.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2000.00344.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Post-flowering tillering in contrasting light environments of two New Zealand perennial ryegrass cultivars with different perennation strategies (2000)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 55 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Post-flowering tillering responses of ‘Ellett’ and ‘Grasslands Ruanui’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars after inflorescence production were studied at INRA, Lusignan in France, at near ambient light (absence of light competition, control treatment) and under shading (low-light intensity and low red–far red ratio). A dense sward containing inflorescence bearing plants of both perennial ryegrass cultivars at ambient light was cut to a height of 50 mm above ground level after which the light treatments were imposed. Forty-five days later, data were collected on the number of tillers per plant, the number of new tillers per original tiller and the dry weight of vegetative and reproductive tillers. Regardless of light treatment, cv. ‘Ellett’ had fewer tillers per plant, higher weight per tiller and a higher proportion of reproductive tillers than did cv. ‘Grasslands Ruanui’. Number of tillers per plant and number of new tillers per tiller were consistently reduced under shade compared with the control treatment for both cultivars. When shaded, weight of reproductive tillers of cvs ‘Ellett’ and ‘Grasslands Ruanui’ were 40% and 43%, respectively, less than the control, whereas vegetative tiller weight did not change. In addition, differences between cultivars in the tillering strategy after flowering seem to be unaffected by the light environment. Thus, field observations regarding tillering of cvs ‘Ellett’ and ‘Grasslands Ruanui’ were consistent with current results suggesting different grazing managements are needed after flowering to optimize the replacement of tillers for both cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2000.00228.x
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