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  • Articles  (76)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (76)
  • Annual Reviews  (76)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishers Inc.
  • Elsevier
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (59)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959  (17)
  • 1920-1924
  • 2004  (31)
  • 2000  (28)
  • 1957  (9)
  • 1956  (8)
  • Biology  (76)
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  • Articles  (76)
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Publisher
Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (59)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959  (17)
  • 1920-1924
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modular Organization of Frequency Integration in Primary Auditory Cortex (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 23 (2000), S. 501-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two fundamental aspects of frequency analysis shape the functional organization of primary auditory cortex. For one, the decomposition of complex sounds into different frequency components is reflected in the tonotopic organization of auditory cortical fields. Second, recent findings suggest that this decomposition is carried out in parallel for a wide range of frequency resolutions by neurons with frequency receptive fields of different sizes (bandwidths). A systematic representation of the range of frequency resolution and, equivalently, spectral integration shapes the functional organization of the iso-frequency domain. Distinct subregions, or "modules," along the iso-frequency domain can be demonstrated with various measures of spectral integration, including pure-tone tuning curves, noise masking, and electrical cochlear stimulation. This modularity in the representation of spectral integration is expressed by intrinsic cortical connections. This organization has implications for our understanding of psychophysical spectral integration measures such as the critical band and general cortical coding strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.501
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CYCLOOXYGENASES: Structural, Cellular, and Molecular Biology (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 69 (2000), S. 145-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and 2 (PGHS-1 and PGHS-2; also cyclooxygenases-1 and 2, COX-1 and COX-2) catalyze the committed step in prostaglandin synthesis. PGHS-1 and 2 are of particular interest because they are the major targets of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin, ibuprofen, and the new COX-2 inhibitors. Inhibition of the PGHSs with NSAIDs acutely reduces inflammation, pain, and fever, and long-term use of these drugs reduces fatal thrombotic events, as well as the development of colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we examine how the structures of these enzymes relate mechanistically to cyclooxygenase and peroxidase catalysis, and how differences in the structure of PGHS-2 confer on this isozyme differential sensitivity to COX-2 inhibitors. We further examine the evidence for independent signaling by PGHS-1 and PGHS-2, and the complex mechanisms for regulation of PGHS-2 gene expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.145
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacterial Genetics (1957)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Microbiology 11 (1957), S. 391-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4227
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.11.100157.002135
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LIPID-DNA COMPLEXES FOR GENE DELIVERY (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 29 (2000), S. 27-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Owing to the rapid development of in vivo applications for non-viral gene delivery vectors, it is necessary to have a better understanding of how the structure-activity relationships of these lipid-DNA complexes are affected by their environment. Indeed, research in gene therapy first focused on in vitro cell culture studies to determine the mechanisms involved in the delivery of DNA into the cell. New biophysical techniques such as electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction have been developed to discern the structure of the lipid-DNA complex. However, further studies have revealed discrepancies between optimal lipid-DNA formulations for in vitro transfection and for in vivo administration of these vectors. Furthermore, some immune stimulatory effects have been associated with in vivo lipid-DNA administration. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on in vitro and in vivo lipid-DNA complex transfections. New prospects of vectors for in vivo gene transfer are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.29.1.27
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMPLEX TRAIT ANALYSIS IN THE MOUSE: The Strengths, The Limitations and The Promise Yet To Come (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 34 (2000), S. 653-686 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1990, David Baltimore predicted that the 1990s would be the decade of the mouse (1). This certainly proved to be true: The mouse has contributed immensely to biological research through transgenic, embryonic stem cell (ES) knockout, and classical genetic technologies. But its usefulness as a model organism is by no means over; indeed it is still rising to its peak: The mouse as a model mammalian organism still has much to offer. This article reviews use of the mouse to dissect complex genetic traits using quantitative trait analysis, with a particular emphasis on medically important diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.653
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    rRNA TRANSCRIPTION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 38 (2004), S. 749-770 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ribosomal RNA transcription is the rate-limiting step in ribosome synthesis in bacteria and has been investigated intensely for over half a century. Multiple mechanisms ensure that rRNA synthesis rates are appropriate for the cell's particular growth condition. Recently, important advances have been made in our understanding of rRNA transcription initiation in Escherichia coli. These include (a) a model at the atomic level of the network of protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions that recruit RNA polymerase to rRNA promoters, accounting for their extraordinary strength; (b) discovery of the nonredundant roles of two small molecule effectors, ppGpp and the initiating NTP, in regulation of rRNA transcription initiation; and (c) identification of a new component of the transcription machinery, DksA, that is absolutely required for regulation of rRNA promoter activity. Together, these advances provide clues important for our molecular understanding not only of rRNA transcription, but also of transcription in general.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.091347
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ELECTROSTATIC MECHANISMS OF DNA DEFORMATION (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 29 (2000), S. 497-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The genomes of higher cells consist of double-helical DNA, a densely charged polyelectrolyte of immense length. The intrinsic physical properties of DNA, as well as the properties of its complexes with proteins and ions, are therefore of fundamental interest in understanding the functions of DNA as an informational macromolecule. Because individual DNA molecules often exceed 1 cm in length, it is clear that DNA bending, folding, and interaction with nuclear proteins are necessary for packaging genomes in small volumes and for integrating the nucleotide sequence information that guides genetic readout. This review first focuses on recent experiments exploring how the shape of the densely charged DNA polymer and asymmetries in its surrounding counterion distribution mutually influence one another. Attention is then turned to experiments seeking to discover the degree to which asymmetric phosphate neutralization can lead to DNA bending in protein-DNA complexes. It is argued that electrostatic effects play crucial roles in the intrinsic, sequence-dependent shape of DNA and in DNA shapes induced by protein binding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.29.1.497
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GUT FEELINGS: Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) Interactions with the Host (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 16 (2000), S. 173-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen that adheres to human intestinal epithelial cells, resulting in watery, persistent diarrhea. It subverts the host cell cytoskeleton, causing a rearrangement of cytoskeletal components into a characteristic pedestal structure underneath adherent bacteria. In contrast to other intracellular pathogens that affect the actin cytoskeleton from inside the host cytoplasm, EPEC remains extracellular and transmits signals through the host cell plasma membrane via direct injection of virulence factors by a "molecular syringe," the bacterial type III secretion system. One injected factor is Tir, which functions as the plasma membrane receptor for EPEC adherence. Tir directly links extracellular EPEC through the epithelial membrane and firmly anchors it to the host cell actin cytoskeleton, thereby initiating pedestal formation. In addition to stimulating actin nucleation and polymerization in the host cell, EPEC activates several other signaling pathways that lead to tight junction disruption, inhibition of phagocytosis, altered ion secretion, and immune responses. This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of EPEC pathogenesis and discusses similarities and differences between EPEC pedestals, focal contacts, and Listeria monocytogenes actin tails.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.16.1.173
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE BUDDING YEAST SPINDLE POLE BODY: Structure, Duplication, and Function (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 20 (2004), S. 1-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nucleation of microtubules by eukaryotic microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) is required for a variety of functions, including chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis, cytokinesis, fertilization, cellular morphogenesis, cell motility, and intracellular trafficking. Analysis of MTOCs from different organisms shows that the structure of these organelles is widely varied even though they all share the function of microtubule nucleation. Despite their morphological diversity, many components and regulators of MTOCs, as well as principles in their assembly, seem to be conserved. This review focuses on one of the best-characterized MTOCs, the budding yeast spindle pole body (SPB). We review what is known about its structure, protein composition, duplication, regulation, and functions. In addition, we discuss how studies of the yeast SPB have aided investigation of other MTOCs, most notably the centrosome of animal cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.022003.114106
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ASSESMENT OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS BY ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HOST (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 34 (2000), S. 139-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A number of techniques have been developed to assess the expression of microbial virulence genes within the host (in vivo). These studies have shown that bacteria employ a wide variety of mechanisms to coordinately regulate the expression of these genes during infection. Two tenets have emerged from these studies: bacterial adaptation responses are critical to growth within the host, and interactions between microorganisms and the microenvironments of their hosts cannot be revealed from in vitro studies alone. Results that support these tenets include (i) the prevalent class of in vivo expressed genes are involved in adaptation to environmental stresses, (ii) pathogens recovered from host tissues (versus laboratory growth) are often more resistant to host killing mechanisms, and (iii) virulence gene expression can differ in the animal compared to laboratory media. Thus, pathogenicity comprises the unique ability to adapt to the varied host milieus encountered as the infection proceeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.139
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