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  • Articles  (66)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (66)
  • Annual Reviews  (66)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Elsevier
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (56)
  • 1955-1959  (10)
  • 1920-1924
  • 2001  (56)
  • 1955  (10)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS OF TELEOST FISHES (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 63 (2001), S. 359-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Marine teleosts at high latitudes can encounter ice-laden seawater that is approximately 1oC colder than the colligative freezing point of their body fluids. They avoid freezing by producing small antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that adsorb to ice and halt its growth, thereby producing an additional non-colligative lowering of the freezing point. AFPs are typically secreted by the liver into the blood. Recently, however, it has become clear that AFP isoforms are produced in the epidermis (skin, scales, fin, and gills) and may serve as a first line of defense against ice propagation into the fish. The basis for the adsorption of AFPs to ice is something of a mystery and is complicated by the extreme structural diversity of the five antifreeze types. Despite the recent acquisition of several AFP three-dimensional structures and the definition of their ice-binding sites by mutagenesis, no common ice-binding motif or even theme is apparent except that surface-surface complementarity is important for binding. The remarkable diversity of antifreeze types and their seemingly haphazard phylogenetic distribution suggest that these proteins might have evolved recently in response to sea level glaciation occurring just 1-2 million years ago in the northern hemisphere and 10-30 million years ago around Antarctica. Not surprisingly, the expression of AFP genes from different origins can also be quite dissimilar. The most intensively studied system is that of the winter flounder, which has a built-in annual cycle of antifreeze expression controlled by growth hormone (GH) release from the pituitary in tune with seasonal cues. The signal transduction pathway, transcription factors, and promoter elements involved in this process are just beginning to be characterized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.359
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG REGULATED AND UNREGULATED PHOSPHORYLASES (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 30 (2001), S. 191-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Species and tissue-specific isozymes of phosphorylase display differences in regulatory properties consistent with their distinct roles in particular organisms and tissues. In this review, we compare crystallographic structures of regulated and unregulated phosphorylases, including maltodextrin phosphorylase (MalP) from Escherichia coli, glycogen phosphorylase from yeast, and mammalian isozymes from muscle and liver tissues. Mutagenesis and functional studies supplement the structural work and provide insights into the structural basis for allosteric control mechanisms. MalP, a simple, unregulated enzyme, is contrasted with the more complicated yeast and mammalian phosphorylases that have evolved regulatory sites onto the basic catalytic architecture. The human liver and muscle isozymes show differences structurally in their means of invoking allosteric activation. Phosphorylation, though common to both the yeast and mammalian enzymes, occurs at different sites and activates the enzymes by surprisingly different mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.191
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HYPOVIRUSES AND CHESTNUT BLIGHT: Exploiting Viruses to Understand and Modulate Fungal Pathogenesis (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 35 (2001), S. 1-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fungal viruses are considered unconventional because they lack an extracellular route of infection and persistently infect their hosts, often in the absence of apparent symptoms. Because mycoviruses are limited to intracellular modes of transmission, they can be considered as intrinsic fungal genetic elements. Such long-term genetic interactions, even involving apparently asymptomatic mycoviruses, are likely to have an impact on fungal ecology and evolution. One of the clearest examples supporting this view is the phenomenon of hypovirulence (virulence attenuation) observed for strains of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, harboring members of the virus family Hypoviridae. The goal of this chapter is to document recent advances in hypovirus molecular genetics and to provide examples of how that progress is leading to the identification of virus-encoded determinants responsible for altering fungal host phenotype, insights into essential and dispensable elements of hypovirus replication, revelations concerning the role of G-protein signaling in fungal pathogenesis, and new avenues for enhancing biological control potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.085929
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN OSTEOBLAST RESPONSE TO IMPLANT SURFACE MORPHOLOGY (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 31 (2001), S. 357-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Osteoblasts respond to surface topography with altered morphology, proliferation, and differentiation. The effects observed vary with cell culture model and the topographical features of the surface. In general, increased surface roughness is associated with decreased proliferation and increased differentiation. Cell responses to hormones, growth factors, and cytokines are altered as well, as is autocrine production of these factors. The cells interact with the surface via integrin receptors, and their expression is also surface roughness-dependent. Integrin binding to cell attachment proteins activates signal transduction cascades, including those mediated by protein kinase C and phospholipase A2. These signaling pathways are also used by regulatory factors, which results in synergistic responses. Prostaglandins are important mediators of the surface effects, and both constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase are involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.31.1.357
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IDENTIFICATION OF SELF THROUGH TWO-DIMENSIONAL CHEMISTRY AND SYNAPSES (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 17 (2001), S. 133-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cells in the immune and nervous systems communicate through informational synapses. The two-dimensional chemistry underlying the process of synapse formation is beginning to be explored using fluorescence imaging and mechanical techniques. Early analysis of two-dimensional kinetic rates (kon and koff) and equilibrium constants (Kd) provides a number of biological insights. First, there are two regimes for adhesion-one disordered with slow kon and the other self-ordered with 104-fold faster kon. Despite huge variation in two-dimensional kon, the two-dimensional koff is like koff in solution, and two-dimensional koff is more closely related to intrinsic properties of the interaction than the two-dimensional kon. Thus difference in koff can be used to set signaling thresholds. Early signaling complexes are compartmentalized to generate synergistic signaling domains. Immune antigen receptor components have a role in neural synapse editing. This suggests significant parallels in informational synapse formation based on common two-dimensional chemistry and signaling strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.133
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MASS SPECTROMETRY AS A TOOL FOR PROTEIN CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 30 (2001), S. 67-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Atomic resolution structure determinations of proteins by X-ray crystallography are formidable multidisciplinary undertakings, requiring protein construct design, expression and purification, crystallization trials, phase determination, and model building. Modern mass spectrometric methods can greatly facilitate these obligate tasks. Thus, mass spectrometry can be used to verify that the desired protein construct has been correctly expressed, to define compact domains in the target protein, to assess the components contained within the protein crystals, and to screen for successful incorporation of seleno-methionine and other heavy metal reagents used for phasing. In addition, mass spectrometry can be used to address issues of modeling, topology, and side-chain proximity. Here, we demonstrate how rational use of mass spectrometry assists and expedites high resolution X-ray structure determination through each stage of the process of protein crystallography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.67
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STEM AND PROGENITOR CELLS: Origins, Phenotypes, Lineage Commitments, and Transdifferentiations (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 17 (2001), S. 387-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Multipotent stem cells are clonal cells that self-renew as well as differentiate to regenerate adult tissues. Whereas stem cells and their fates are known by unique genetic marker studies, the fate and function of these cells are best studied by their prospective isolation. This review is about the properties of various highly purified tissue-specific multipotent stem cells and purified oligolineage progenitors. We contend that unless the stem or progenitor cells in question have been purified to near homogeneity, one cannot know whether their generation of expected (or unexpected) progeny is a property of a known cell type. It is interesting that in the hematopoietic system the only long-term self-renewing cells in the stem and progenitors pool are the hematopoietic stem cells. This fact is discussed in the context of normal and leukemic hematopoiesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.387
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR BASES OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 17 (2001), S. 215-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Circadian rhythms are found in most eukaryotes and some prokaryotes. The mechanism by which organisms maintain these roughly 24-h rhythms in the absence of environmental stimuli has long been a mystery and has recently been the subject of intense research. In the past few years, we have seen explosive progress in the understanding of the molecular basis of circadian rhythms in model systems ranging from cyanobacteria to mammals. This review attempts to outline these primarily genetic and biochemical findings and encompasses work done in cyanobacteria, Neurospora, higher plants, Drosophila, and rodents. Although actual clock components do not seem to be conserved between kingdoms, central clock mechanisms are conserved. Somewhat paradoxically, clock components that are conserved between species can be used in diverse ways. The different uses of common components may reflect the important role that the circadian clock plays in adaptation of species to particular environmental niches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.215
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EARLY WORK ON FLUID MECHANICS IN THE IC ENGINE (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 33 (2001), S. 319-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Early work of Ricardo is described, in which squish is used in flat-head engines to generate turbulence levels comparable to those in overhead-valve engines, leading to rapid flame propagation, and suppressing knock. Work by NACA before World War II is described, in which turbulence levels were measured in overhead-valve engines, indicating indirectly that surprisingly high levels were achieved just before ignition, possibly due to a tumble instability. Finally, work of Obukhov of 30 years ago is described, in which instabilities of tumbling flow are investigated in ellipsoids crudely modeling the engine cylinder as the piston rises; this suggests that there is an instability leading to intense small-scale motion just before ignition. Suggestions for further work are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.33.1.319
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    JUNCTION FLOWS (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 33 (2001), S. 415-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Junction flows occur when a boundary layer encounters an obstacle attached to the same surface. Physical phenomena that have been observed for blunt and streamlined obstacles are discussed for both laminar and turbulent approaching boundary layers. The pressure gradients around an obstacle produce a three-dimensional separation with horseshoe vortices that wrap around the obstacle. Except for very low Reynolds number laminar flows, these vortices are highly unsteady and are responsible for high turbulence intensities, high surface pressure fluctuations and heat transfer rates, and erosion scour in the nose region of the obstacle. Calculation methods are also reviewed; methods that capture the large-scale chaotic vortical motions should be used for computations. Some work on the control, modification, or elimination of such vortices is also reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.33.1.415
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