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  • Articles  (96)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (96)
  • Annual Reviews  (66)
  • American Ceramics Society  (30)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Elsevier
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (86)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959  (10)
  • 1920-1924
  • 2001  (86)
  • 1955  (10)
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  • Articles  (96)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (86)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959  (10)
  • 1920-1924
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS OF TELEOST FISHES (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 63 (2001), S. 359-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Marine teleosts at high latitudes can encounter ice-laden seawater that is approximately 1oC colder than the colligative freezing point of their body fluids. They avoid freezing by producing small antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that adsorb to ice and halt its growth, thereby producing an additional non-colligative lowering of the freezing point. AFPs are typically secreted by the liver into the blood. Recently, however, it has become clear that AFP isoforms are produced in the epidermis (skin, scales, fin, and gills) and may serve as a first line of defense against ice propagation into the fish. The basis for the adsorption of AFPs to ice is something of a mystery and is complicated by the extreme structural diversity of the five antifreeze types. Despite the recent acquisition of several AFP three-dimensional structures and the definition of their ice-binding sites by mutagenesis, no common ice-binding motif or even theme is apparent except that surface-surface complementarity is important for binding. The remarkable diversity of antifreeze types and their seemingly haphazard phylogenetic distribution suggest that these proteins might have evolved recently in response to sea level glaciation occurring just 1-2 million years ago in the northern hemisphere and 10-30 million years ago around Antarctica. Not surprisingly, the expression of AFP genes from different origins can also be quite dissimilar. The most intensively studied system is that of the winter flounder, which has a built-in annual cycle of antifreeze expression controlled by growth hormone (GH) release from the pituitary in tune with seasonal cues. The signal transduction pathway, transcription factors, and promoter elements involved in this process are just beginning to be characterized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.359
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG REGULATED AND UNREGULATED PHOSPHORYLASES (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 30 (2001), S. 191-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Species and tissue-specific isozymes of phosphorylase display differences in regulatory properties consistent with their distinct roles in particular organisms and tissues. In this review, we compare crystallographic structures of regulated and unregulated phosphorylases, including maltodextrin phosphorylase (MalP) from Escherichia coli, glycogen phosphorylase from yeast, and mammalian isozymes from muscle and liver tissues. Mutagenesis and functional studies supplement the structural work and provide insights into the structural basis for allosteric control mechanisms. MalP, a simple, unregulated enzyme, is contrasted with the more complicated yeast and mammalian phosphorylases that have evolved regulatory sites onto the basic catalytic architecture. The human liver and muscle isozymes show differences structurally in their means of invoking allosteric activation. Phosphorylation, though common to both the yeast and mammalian enzymes, occurs at different sites and activates the enzymes by surprisingly different mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.191
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HYPOVIRUSES AND CHESTNUT BLIGHT: Exploiting Viruses to Understand and Modulate Fungal Pathogenesis (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 35 (2001), S. 1-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fungal viruses are considered unconventional because they lack an extracellular route of infection and persistently infect their hosts, often in the absence of apparent symptoms. Because mycoviruses are limited to intracellular modes of transmission, they can be considered as intrinsic fungal genetic elements. Such long-term genetic interactions, even involving apparently asymptomatic mycoviruses, are likely to have an impact on fungal ecology and evolution. One of the clearest examples supporting this view is the phenomenon of hypovirulence (virulence attenuation) observed for strains of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, harboring members of the virus family Hypoviridae. The goal of this chapter is to document recent advances in hypovirus molecular genetics and to provide examples of how that progress is leading to the identification of virus-encoded determinants responsible for altering fungal host phenotype, insights into essential and dispensable elements of hypovirus replication, revelations concerning the role of G-protein signaling in fungal pathogenesis, and new avenues for enhancing biological control potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.085929
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN OSTEOBLAST RESPONSE TO IMPLANT SURFACE MORPHOLOGY (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 31 (2001), S. 357-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Osteoblasts respond to surface topography with altered morphology, proliferation, and differentiation. The effects observed vary with cell culture model and the topographical features of the surface. In general, increased surface roughness is associated with decreased proliferation and increased differentiation. Cell responses to hormones, growth factors, and cytokines are altered as well, as is autocrine production of these factors. The cells interact with the surface via integrin receptors, and their expression is also surface roughness-dependent. Integrin binding to cell attachment proteins activates signal transduction cascades, including those mediated by protein kinase C and phospholipase A2. These signaling pathways are also used by regulatory factors, which results in synergistic responses. Prostaglandins are important mediators of the surface effects, and both constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase are involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.31.1.357
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphotropic Phase Boundary in the Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3O3)-BaTiO3-PbTiO3 System (2001)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 84 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) in the relaxor ferroelectric system Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3O3)-BaTiO3-PbTiO3 (PZN-BT-PT) with 15 mol% BT was investigated through dielectric permittivity and high-temperature X-ray diffraction measurements. It was revealed that MPB is a broad composition region extending from 12 to 18 mol% PT, within which the temperatures of the permittivity maximum are close to the ending temperatures for the phase transformation from coexisting rhombohedral and tetragonal phases to cubic phase on heating. When the specimen is cooled, the starting temperatures for the rhombohedral-to-tetragonal phase transition increase with increasing PT content. The large thermal hysteresis observed by X-ray diffraction is caused by the phase transformation between rhombohedral and tetragonal phases. On cooling, the MPB curves toward the PT-rich side, so that ceramics within this composition range undergoe successive phase transitions from cubic to rhombohedral and from rhombohedral to tetragonal phase. The diffuseness of the paraelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transition is remarkably decreased by the addition of PT. The enhanced dielectric permittivity peak values for the MPB compositions are correlated with the reduced lattice distortion and phase coexistence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00908.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructural Evolution in Liquid-Phase-Sintered SiC: Part I, Effect of Starting Powder (2001)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 84 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of starting SiC powder (β-SiC or α-SiC), with simultaneous additions of Al2O3 and Y2O3, on the microstructural evolution of liquid-phase-sintered (LPS) SiC has been studied. When using α-SiC starting powder, the resulting microstructures contain hexagonal platelike α-SiC grains with an average aspect ratio of 1.4. This anisotropic coarsening is consistent with interface energy anisotropy in α-SiC. When using β-SiC starting powder, the β→α phase transformation induces additional anisotropy in the coarsening of platelike SiC grains. A strong correlation between the extent of β→α phase transformation, as determined using quantitative XRD analysis, and the average grain aspect ratio is observed, with the maximum average aspect ratio reaching 3.8. Based on these observations and additional SEM and TEM characterizations of the microstructures, a model for the growth of these high-aspect-ratio SiC grains is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00880.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructural Evolution in Liquid-Phase-Sintered SiC: Part II, Effects of Planar Defects and Seeds in the Starting Powder (2001)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 84 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of planar-defect density in a β-SiC starting powder and the addition of α-SiC seeds to that powder on microstructural evolution in liquid-phase-sintered (LPS) SiC have been studied separately. Planar-defect density is altered by appropriate heat treatment of an as-received β-SiC starting powder. It was found that a decrease in the planar-defect density in the powder retards the β→α phase transformation rate. It is proposed that, because nucleation of α-SiC occurs on the planar defects present in the β-SiC starting powders, the nucleation rate and the attendant rate of transformation decrease with a reduction in planar-defect density. Consequently, this reduces the frequency of formation of elongated β/α composite grains, resulting in lower average aspect ratios, as the initial untransformed β-SiC grains coarsen in an equiaxed manner. In contrast, addition of external α-SiC seeds has no effect on the β→α phase transformation rate, although a significant reduction in the average aspect ratio occurs. It is proposed that preferential equiaxed coarsening of the α-SiC seeds over elongated coarsening of β/α composite grains occurs, resulting in a reduction of overall coarsening anisotropy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00881.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Silica Nanoparticle Size on the Stability of Alumina/Silica Suspensions (2001)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 84 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of the addition of silica particles (5, 15, 25, and 300 nm) on the zeta potential and viscosity of aqueous alumina slurries (250 nm particles) was investigated in a pH range where the surface charge was positive for alumina and negative for silica. For slurries formulated with the smaller silica particles, the isoelectric point shifted from pH 9.0 to pH ∼3 (depending on the particle size of the silica) with increasing volume fraction of silica particles. At pH 9, the original isoelectric point for the alumina alone, these mixed slurries had a shear-rate-independent, low viscosity (Newtonian behavior). Both of these results show that the smaller (≤25 nm) silica particles adsorb to the surface of alumina. The fraction of silica adsorbed to the alumina surface was dependent on the size of the silica particles, and was consistent with surface coverage calculations based on the effect of surface curvature on the limits of dense random parking. The larger silica particles (300 nm) could not physically cover the surface of the alumina particles, and simply formed a mixed, attractive particle network that exhibited a much higher viscosity with non-Newtonian (viz., shear rate thinning) behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00731.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and Magnetic Properties of La0.7Ca0.3MnO3−δ for (3 −δ) 〈 3.0 (2001)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 84 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Annealing studies were conducted on bulk La0.7Ca0.3MnO3−δ to determine the sensitivity of its structural and magnetic properties to oxygenation conditions. Standard bulk sintering conditions, thin-film annealing conditions for obtaining good magnetoresistive properties, and a reducing anneal, which corresponded to the onset of phase decomposition, were conducted. The main phase formed was a face-centered (fcc) pseudocubic double-perovskite structure, with cell parameters of a∼ 2ap∼ 0.772 nm, where ap is the single-perovskite cubic cell parameter. A minor superstructure—body-centered pseudotetragonal, with lattice parameters of c= 4ap and a=√2ap—was observed in samples with (3 −δ) 〈 3. A maximum of 20% of the superstructure was formed using the most-reducing conditions. The superstructure had a lower critical temperature than the main phase and depressed ferromagnetic order.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00736.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Etching for Microstructural Observation of Cemented Submicrometer-Sized Carbides (2001)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 84 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When carbide grains in a metal matrix are very small (less than ∼1 μm), the microstructure is difficult to observe and characterize, because the grain interfaces cannot be distinguished easily via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) when the material is etched conventionally in a Murakami solution or in H2O-diluted HCl. This difficulty can be overcome by etching in a newly developed etchant: 90H2O2–10HNO3 (by vol%). After an etching of a WC-Co sample that contained submicrometer-sized grains, the individual grains were distinctly observable via SEM. During the etching, the dissolution rates of WC grains were different, depending on their crystallographic plane, which allowed the grain boundaries to be distinguished through observation via SEM. In addition, dissolution of the cobalt matrix occurred much faster than did the etching of the WC grains. The WC/Co interface also was revealed clearly under high magnification, because of minimization of the electromagnetic interaction between the cobalt and the electron beam of the SEM apparatus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00765.x
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