ALBERT

Note: Table of Contents: 1 The Solid Phase of Marine Sediments / DIETER K. FÜTTERER 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Sources and Components of Marine Sediments 1.2.1 Lithogenous Sediments 1.2.2 Biogenous Sediments 1.2.3 Hydrogenous Sediments 1.3 Classification of Marine Sediments 1.3.1 Terrigenous Sediments 1.3.2 Deep-Sea Sediments 1.4 Global Patterns of Sediment Distribution 1.4.1 Distribution Patterns of Shelf Sediments 1.4.2 Distribution Patterns of Deep-Sea Sediments 1.4.3 Distribution Patterns of Glay Minerals 1.4.4 Sedimentation Rates 2 Geophysical Perspectives in Marine Sediments 2.1 Physical Properties of Marine Sediments / MONIKA BREITZKE 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Porosity and Wet Bulk Density 2.1.2.1 Analysis by Weight and Volume 2.1.2.2 Gamma Ray Attenuation 2.1.2.3 Electrical Resistivity (Galvanic Method) 2.1.2.4 Electrical Resistivity (Inductive Method) 2.1.3 Permeability 2.1.4 Acoustic and Elastic Properties 2.1.4.1 Biot-Stoll Model 2.1.4.2 Full Waveform Ultrasonic Gore Logging 2.1.5 Sediment Classification 2.1.5.1 Full Waveform Gore Logs as Acoustic Images 2.1.5.2 P-and S-Wave Velocity, Attenuation, Elastic Moduli and Permeability 2.1.6 Sediment Echosounding 2.1.6.1 Synthetic Seismograms 2.1.6.2 Narrow-Beam Parasound Echosounder Recordings 2.2 Sedimentary Magnetism / ULRICH BLEIL 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Biogenie Magnetic Minerals in Marine Sediments 2.2.3 Reduction Diagenesis of Magnetic Minerals in Marine Environments 3 Quantification of Early Diagenesis: Dissolved Constituents in Marine Pore Water / HORST D. SCHULZ 3.1 Introduction: How to Read Pore Water Concentration Profiles 3.2 Calculation of Diffusive Fluxes and Diagenetic Reaction Rates 3.2.1 Steady State and Non-Steady State Situations 3.2.2 The Steady State Situation and Fick's First Law of Diffusion 3.2.3 Quantitative Evaluation of Steady State Concentration Profiles 3.2.4 The Non-Steady State Situation and Fick's Second Law of Diffusion 3.2.5 The Primary Redox-Reactions: Degradation of Organic Matter 3.3 Sampling of Pore Water for Ex-Situ Measurements 3.3.1 Obtaining Sampies of Sediment for the Analysis of Pore Water 3.3.2 Pore Water Extraction from the Sediment 3.3.3 Storage, Transport and Preservation of Pore Water 3.4 Analyzing Constituents in Pore Water, Typical Profiles 3.5 In-Situ Measurements 3.6 Influence of Bioturbation, Bioirrigation, and Advection 4 Organic Matter: The Driving Force for Early Diagenesis / JÜRGEN RULLKÖTTER 4.1 The Organic Carbon Cycle 4.2 Organic Matter Accumulation in Sediments 4.2.1 Productivity Versus Preservation 4.2.2 Primary Production of Organic Matter and Export to the Ocean Bottom 4.2.3 Transport of Organic Matter through the Water Column 4.2.4 The Influence of Sedimentation Rate on Organic Matter Burial 4.2.5 Allochthonous Organic Matter in Marine Sediments 4.3 Early Diagenesis 4.3.1 The Organic Carbon Content of Marine Sediments 4.3.2 Chemical Composition of Biomass 4.3.3 The Principle of Selective Preservation 4.3.4 The Formation of Fossil Organic Matter and its Bulk Composition 4.3.5 Early Diagenesis at the Molecular Level 4.3.6 Biological Markers (Molecular Fossils) 4.4 Organic Geochemical Proxies 4.4.1 Total Organic Carbon and Sulfur 4.4.2 Marine Versus Terrigenous Organic Matter 4.4.3 Molecular Paleo-Seawater Temperature and Climate Indicators 4.5 Analytical Techniques 4.5.1 Sam pie Requirements 4.5.2 Elemental and Bulk Isotope Analysis 4.5.3 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography 4.5.4 Organic Petrography 4.5.5 Bitumen Analysis 4.6 The Future of Marine Geochemistry of Organic Matter 5 Bacteria and Marine Biogeochemistry / Bo BARKER JORGENSEN 5.1 Role of Microorganisms 5.1.1 From Geochemistry to Microbiology - and back 5.1.2 Approaches in Marine Biogeochemistry 5.2 Life and Environments at Small Scale 5.2.1 Hydrodynamics of Low Reynolds Numbers 5.2.2 Diffusion at Small Scale 5.2.3 Diffusive Boundary Layers 5.3 Regulation and Limits of Microbial Processes 5.3.1 Substrate Uptake by Microorganisms 5.3.2 Temperature as a Regulating Factor 5.3.3 Other Regulating Factors 5.4 Energy Metabolism of Prokaryotes 5.4.1 Free Energy 5.4.2 Reduction-Oxidation Processes 5.4.3 Relations to Oxygen 5.4.4 Definitions of Energy Metabolism 5.4.5 Energy Metabolism of Microorganisms 5.4.6 Chemolithotrophs 5.4.7 Respiration and Fermentation 5.5 Pathways of Organic Matter Degradation 5.5.1 Depolymerization of Macromolecules 5.5.2 Aerobic and Anaerobic Mineralization 5.5.3 Depth Zonation of Oxidants 5.6 Methods in Biogeochemistry 5.6.1 Incubation Experiments 5.6.2 Radioactive Tracers 5.6.3 Example: Sulfate Reduction 5.6.4 Specific Inhibitors 5.6.5 Other Methods 6 Early Diagenesis at the Benthic Boundary Layer: Oxygen and Nitrate in Marine Sediments / CHRISTIAN HENSEN AND MATTHIAS ZABEL 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Oxygen and Nitrate Distribution in Seawater 6.3 The Role of Oxygen and Nitrate in Marine Sediments 6.3.1 Respiration and Redox Processes 6.3.1.1 Nitrification and Denitrification 6.3.1.2 Coupling of Oxygen and Nitrate to other Redox Pathways 6.3.2 Determination of Consumption Rates and Senthic Fluxes 6.3.2.1 Fluxes and Concentration Profiles Determined by In-Situ Devices 6.3.2.2 Ex-Situ Pore Water Data from Deep-Sea Sediments 6.3.2.3 Determination of Denitrification Rates 6.3.3 Oxic Respiration, Nitrification and Denitrification in Different Marine Environments 6.3.3.1 Quantification of Rates and Fluxes 6.3.3.2 Variation in Different Marine Environments: Case Studies 6.4 Summary 7 The Reactivity of Iron / RALF R. HAESE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Pathways of Iron Input to Marine Sediments 7.2.1 Fluvial Input 7.2.2 Aeolian Input 7.3 Iron as a Limiting Nutrient for Primary Productivity 7.4 The Early Diagenesis of Iron in Sediments 7.4.1 Dissimilatary Iran Reductian 7.4.2 Solid Phase Ferric Iron and its Bioavailability 7.4.2.1 Properties of Iron Oxides 7.4.2.2 Bioavailability of Iron Oxides 7.4.2.3 Bioavailability of Sheet Silicate Sound Ferric lron 7.4.3 Iron and Manganese Redax Cycles 7.4.4 Iron Reactivity towards S, O2, Mn, NO3, P, HCO3, and Si-AI 7.4.4.1 lron Reduction by HS and Ligands 7.4.4.2 Iron Oxidation by O2, NO3, and Mn4+ 7.4.4.3 Iron-Sound Phosphorus 7.4.4.4 The Formation of Siderite 7.4.4.5 The Formation of lron Searing Aluminosilicates 7.4.5 Discussion: The Importance of Fe-and Mn-Reactivity in Various Enyironments 7.5 The Assay for Ferric and Ferrous Iron 8 Sulfate Reduction in Marine Sediments / SABINE KASTEN AND BO BARKER JØRGENSEN 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sulfate Reduction and the Degradation of Organic Matter 8.3 Biotic and Abiotic Processes Coupled to Sulfate Reduction 8.3.1 Pyrite Formation 8.3.2 Effects of Sulfate Reduction on Sedimentary Solid Phases 8.4 Determination of Sulfate Reduction Rates 9 Marine Carbonates: Their Formation and Destruction / RALPH R. SCHNEIDER, HORST D. SCHULZ AND CHRISTIAN HENSEN 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Marine Environments of Carbonate Production and Accumulation 9.2.1 Shallow-Water Carbonates 9.2.2 Pelagic Calcareous Sediments 9.3 The Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium in Marine Aquatic Systems 9.3.1 Primary Reactions of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium with Atmospheric Contact in Infinitely Diluted Solutions 9.3.2 Primary Reactions of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium without Atmospheric Contact 9.3.3 Secondary Reactions of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium in Seawater 9.3.4 Examples for Calculation of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium in Ocean Waters 9.4 Carbonate Reservoir Sizes and Fluxes between Particulate and Dissolved Reservoirs 9.4.1 Production Versus Dissolution of Pelagic Carbonates 9.4.2 Inorganic and Organic Carbon Release trom Deep-Sea Sediments 10 Influences of Geochemical Processes on Stable Isotope Distribution in Marine Sediments / TORSTEN SICKERT 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Fundamentals 10.2.1 Principles of Isotopic Fractionation 10.2.2 Analytical Procedures 10.3 Geochemicallnfluences on 18O/16O Ratios 10.3.1 δ18O of Seawater 10.3.2 δ18O in Marine Carbonates 10.4 Geochemical Influences on 13C/12C Ratios 10.4.1

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Editor's Preface Translator's Preface Preface to Volume I of the Russian edition, Polypodiaceae-Butomaceae Preface to Volume II of the Russian edition, Gramineae Abbreviations Used in Citing Floristic and Systematic Literature FAMILY I / Polypodiaceae—True Ferns GENUS 1 / Woodsia—Woodsia GENUS 2 / Cystopteris—Bladder Fern GENUS 3 / Dryopteris—Shield Fern GENUS 4 / Thelypteris—Thelypteris GENUS 5 / Gymnocarpium—Oak Fern GENUS 6 / Polystichum—Holly Fern GENUS 7 / Athyrium—Lady Fern GENUS 8 / Asplenium—Spleenwort GENUS 9 / Cryptogramma—Rock Brake GENUS 10 / Polypodium—Polypody FAMILY II / Ophioglossaceae—Adder's Tongue Family GENUS L / Botrychium—Moonwort FAMILY III / Equisetaceae—Horsetails GENUS 1 / Equisetum—Horsetail FAMILY IV / Lycopodiaceae—Club-Mosses GENUS 1 / Lycopodium—Club-Moss FAMILY V / Selaginellaceae—Selaginella Family GENUS 1 / Selaginella—Selaginella, Little Club-Moss FAMILY VI / Pinaceae—Pine Family GENUS IA / Abies—Fir GENUS 1 / Picea—Spruce GENUS 2 / Larix—Larch GENUS 3 / Pinus—Pine FAMILY VII / Cupressaceae—Cypress Family GENUS 1 / Juniperus—Juniper FAMILY VIII / Sparganiaceae—Bur-Reed Family GENUS 1 / Sparganium—Bur-Reed FAMILY IX / Potamogetonaceae—Pondweed Family GENUS 1 / Potamogeton—Pondweed GENUS 2 / Zostera—Eel-Grass FAMILY X / Juncaginaceae—Arrow-Grass Family GENUS 1 / Triglochin—Arrow Grass GENUS 2 / Scheuchzeria—Scheuchzeria FAMILY XI / Alismataceae—Water-Plantain Family GENUS 1 / Alisma—Water-Plantain FAMILY XII / Butomaceae—Flowering Rush Family GENUS 1 / Butomus—Flowering Rush FAMILY XIII / Gramineae—Grasses GENUS 1 / Typhoides—Reed Canary Grass GENUS 2 / Anthoxanthum—Vernal-Grass GENUS 3 / Hierochloe—Sweet Grass GENUS 4 / Milium—Wood Millet GENUS 5 / Phleum—Timothy GENUS 6 / Alopecurus—Foxtail GENUS 7 / Arctagrostis—Arctagrostis GENUS 8 / Agrostis—Bent GENUS 9 / Calamagrostis—Reed Grass GENUS 10 / Apera—Silky Bent GENUS 11 / Vahlodea—Vahlodea GENUS 12 / Deschampsia—Hair Grass GENUS 13 / Trisetum—Trisetum GENUS 14 / Helictotrichon—Oat Grass GENUS 15 I Beckmannia—Slough Grass GENUS 16 / Phragmites—Reed GENUS 17 / Molinia—Moor Grass GENUS 18 / Koeleria—June Grass GENUS 19 / Melica—Melic GENUS 20 / Pleuropogon—Semaphore Grass GENUS 21 / Dactylis—Cocksfoot GENUS 22 / Poa—Bluegrass GENUS 23 / Dupontia—Dupontia GENUS 24 / Arctophila—Arctophila GENUS 25 / Colpodium—Colpodium GENUS 26 / Catabrosa—Brook Grass GENUS 27 / Phippsia—Phippsia GENUS 27A / Glyceria—Manna Grass GENUS 28 / Puccinellia—Alkali Grass GENUS 29 / Festuca—Fescue GENUS 30 / Zerna—Perennial Brome Grass GENUS 31 / Bromus—Brome Grass GENUS 32 / Nardus—Matgrass GENUS 33 / Roegneria—Rhizomeless WheatGrass GENUS 34 / Elytrigia—WheatGrass GENUS 35 / Leymus—Wild Rye GENUS 36 / Hordeum—Barley APPENDIX I I Summary of Data on the Geographical Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic TABLE 1 / Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic, Polypodiaceae-Butomaceae TABLE 2 / Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic, Gramineae Index of Plant Names

Note: Abstract Résumé Acknowledgments Welcome to Yellowknife Part I: The landscape and the people Geological evolution of the landscape Bedrock geology Surficial geology Climate and vegetation History of Yellowknife From gold to government Significant events Part II: Living with frozen ground Permafrost Regional distribution Permafrost occurrence in Yellowknife Significance of peat Significance of moisture Ice lenses Thaw stable and thaw unstable ground Thaw settlement Frost heave Development Buildings Roads Utilities Thermosyphons Climate change - an uncertain future for permafrost Climate and permafrost history Air temperature trends over the last century Response of air temperatures to doubling of greenhouse gases Effect of climate warming on permafrost in Yellowknife Impacts of climate warming Part III: Guide to field stops Introduction The Capital Tour - Capital Site to Bowling Green building Stop 1. The Capital Site - a profusion of peat Stop 2. Legislative Assembly - design with nature Stop 3. Legislative Assembly roadway - perils of paving peat Stop 4. Walking path - tipping trails Stop 5. Legislative Assembly parking lot - preserving permafrost Stop 6. Frame Lake - Yellowknife's aquatic centrepiece Stop 7. National Defence building - seeking solid ground Stop 8. Visitors Centre - rocking and rolling Stop 9. 49 Street thermosyphons - keeping it cool Stop 10. Bowling Green building - swallowing sidewalks The City Tour - 49 Avenue to Niven Lake Stop 11. 49 and 49 intersection - rolling roadways Stop 12. 49 Avenue - sagging sidewalks Stop 13. Downtown Yellowknife - safe on sand Stop 14. Gold Range Hotel - making things work Stop 15. Centre Square Mall - stemming shifting sands Stop 16. Boston Pizza - fast food on a slab Stop 17. Royal Oak Mines Inc. houses - half a century later Stop 18. 52 Avenue - up, up, and ... away Stop 19. 49 Street hill - leaving good ground Stop 20. 54 Avenue - frozen dangers underfoot Stop 21. Rockcliffe Apartments - creeping crawl space Stop 22. School Draw subdivision - houses on the move Stop 23. School Draw Park - from basements to basketballs Stop 24. Rock outcrop - on the shores of glacial Lake McConnell Stop 25. Detah ice road - crystal highway Stop 26. Old Town - doing things the old-fashioned way Stop 27. Franklin Avenue - whither frozen ground? Stop 28. Fritz Theil Park - from dump to diamond I Stop 29. Old sewage line - pipes and peat Stop 30. Niven Lake - a subarctic oasis I Part IV: The Niven Lake Trail Introduction Stop 1. A biological magnet for waterbirds Stop 2. The land of little sticks Stop 3. The wonder of wetlands Stop 4. Niven Lake -urban oasis for wildlife Stop 5. Peat, beautiful peat Stop 6. Honolulu north? Stop 7. Home sweet home -all year round Stop 8. Those mud-slinging, bug-poking shorebirds Glossary of terms Selected references List of field guides for Yellowknife

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction. - 2. History of Arctic exploration. - 3. The meteorology and climate of the Arctic. - 4. Landforms of the Arctic. - 5. The Arctic Seas. - 6. Arctic flora and fauna. - 7. Native peoples. - 8. Transportation. - 9. Political geography of the Arctic. - 10. Regional description of the Canadian Arctic. - 11. Alaska. - 12. The Soviet Arctic. - 13. Svalbard. - 14. Greenland. - 15. The history of Antarctic exploration. - 16. The Antarctic continent. - 17. Meteorology and climate of the Antarctic. - 18. The Antarctic Seas. - 19. The sub-Antarctic islands. - Index.

Note: Contents I Review of Current Concepts 1 Introduction 1.1 Sequence Stratigraphy: A New Paradigm? 1.2 From Sloss to Vail 1.3 Problems and Research Trends: The Current Status 1.4 Stratigraphic Terminology 2 Methods for Studying Sequence Stratigraphy 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Erecting a Sequence Framework 2.2.1 The Importance of Unconformities 2.2.2 Facies Cycles 2.2.3 Stratigraphic Architecture: The Seismic Method 2.3 Methods for Assessing Regional and Global Changes in Sea Level, Other Than Seismic Stratigraphy 2.3.1 Areas and Volumes of Stratigraphic Units 2.3.2 Hypsometric Curves 2.3.3 Backstripping 2.3.4 Sea-Level Estimation from Paleoshorelines and Other Fixed Points 2.3.5 Documentation of Meter-Scale Cycles 2.4 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis 3 The Four Basic Types of Stratigraphic Cycle 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Supercontinent Cycle 3.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 3.4 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 3.5 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 4 The Basic Sequence Model 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Terminology 4.3 Depositional Systems and Systems Tracts 4.4 Sequence Boundaries 4.5 Other Sequence Concepts 5 The Global Cycle Chart II The Stratigraphic Framework 6 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens to Hundreds of Millions of Years 6.1 Climate, Sedimentation, and Biogenesis 6.2 The Supercontinent Cycle 6.2.1 The Tectonic-Stratigraphic Model 6.2.2 The Phanerozoic Record 6.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 6.3.1 Intercontinental Correlations 6.3.2 Tectonostratigraphic Sequences 6.4 Main Conclusions 7 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 7.1 Extensional and Rifted Clastic Continental Margins 7.2 Foreland Basin of the North American Western Interior 7.3 Other Foreland Basins 7.4 Forearc Basins 7.5 Backarc Basins 7.6 Cyclothems and Mesothems 7;7 Carbonate Cycles of Platforms and Craton Margins 7.8 Evidence of Cyclicity in the Deep Oceans 7.9 Main Conclusions 8 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Neogene Clastic Cycles of Continental Margins 8.3 Pre-Neogene Marine Carbonate and Clastic Cycles 8.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems 8.5 Lacustrine elastic and Chemical Rhythms 8.6 Clastic Cycles of Foreland Basins 8.7 Main Conclusions III Mechanisms 9 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny 9.1 Mantle Processes and Dynamic Topography 9.2 Supercontinent Cycles 9.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 9.3.1 Eustasy 9.3.2 Dynamic Topography and Epeirogeny 9.4 Main Conclusions 10 Milankovitch Processes 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Nature of Milankovitch Processes 10.2.1 Components of Orbital Forcing 10.2.2 Basic Climatology 10.2.3 Variations with Time in Orbital Periodicities 10.2.4 Isostasy and Geoid Changes 10.2.5 The Nature of the Cyclostratigraphic Data Base 10.2.6 The Sensitivity of the Earth to Glaciation 10.2.7 Glacioeustasy in the Mesozoic? 10.2.8 Nonglacial Milankovitch Cyclicity 10.3 The Cenozoic Record 10.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems 10.5 The End-Ordovician Glaciation 10.6 Main Conclusions 11 Tectonic Mechanisms 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Rifting and Thermal Evolution of Divergent Plate Margins 11.2.1 Basic Geophysical Models and Their Implications for Sea-Level Change 11.2.2 Some Results from the Analysis of Modern Data Sets 11.3 Tectonism on Convergent Plate Margins and in Collision Zones 11.3.1 Magmatic Arcs and Subduction 11.3.2 Tectonism Versus Eustasy in Foreland Basins 11.3.2.1 The North American Western Interior Basin 11.3.2.2 The Appalachian Foreland Basin 11.3.2.3 Pyrenean and Himalayan Basins 11.3.3 Rates of Uplift and Subsidence 11.3.4 Discussion 11.4 Intraplate Stress 11.4.1 The Pattern of Global Stress 11.4.2 In-Plane Stress as a Control of Sequence Architecture 11.4.3 In-Plane Stress and Regional Histories of Sea-Level Change 11.5 Basement Control 11.6 Other Speculative Tectonic Hypotheses 11.7 Sediment Supply and the Importance of Big Rivers 11.8 Environmental Change 11.9 Main Conclusions IV Chronostratigraphy and Correlation: Why the Global Cycle Chart Should Be Abandoned 12 Time in Sequence Stratigraphy 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hierarchies of Time and the Completeness of the Stratigraphic Record 12.3 Main Conclusions 13 Correlation, and the Potential for Error 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The New Paradigm of Geological Time? 13.3 The Dating and Correlation of Stratigraphic Events: Potential Sources of Uncertainty 13.3.1 Identification of Sequence Boundaries 13.3.2 Chronostratigraphic Meaning of Unconformities 13.3.3 Determination of the Biostratigraphic Framework 13.3.3.1 The Problem of Incomplete Biostratigraphic Recovery 13.3.3.2 Diachroneity of the Biostratigraphic Record 13.3.4 The Value of Quantitative Biostratigraphic Methods 13.3.5 Assessment of Relative Biostratigraphic Precision 13.3.6 Correlation of Biozones with the Global Stage Framework 13.3.7 Assignment of Absolute Ages 13.3.8 Implications for the Exxon Global Cycle Chart 13.4 Correlating Regional Sequence Frameworks with the Global Cycle Chart 13.4.1 Circular Reasoning from Regional Data 13.4.2 A Rigorous Test of the Global Cycle Chart 13.4.3 A Correlation Experiment 13.4.4 Discussion 13.5 Main Conclusions 14 Sea-Level Curves Compared 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Exxon Curves: Revisions, Errors, and Uncertainties 14.3 Other Sea-Level Curves 14.3.1 Cretaceous Sea-Level Curves 14.3.2 Jurassic Sea-Level Curves 14.3.3 Why Does the Exxon Global Cycle Chart Contain So Many More Events Than Other Sea-Level Curves? 14.4 Main Conclusions V Approaches to a Modern Sequence-Stratigraphic Framework 15 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Definitions 15.2.1 The Hierarchy of Units and Bounding Surfaces 15.2.2 Systems Tracts and Sequence Boundaries 15.3 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Clastic Depositional Systems 15.3.1 Pluvial Deposits and Their Relationship to Sea-Level Change 15.3.2 The Concept of the Bayline 15.3.3 Deltas, Beach-Barrier Systems, and Estuaries 15.3.4 Shelf Systems: Sand Shoals and Condensed Sections 15.3.5 Slope and Rise Systems 15.4 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate Depositional Systems 15.4.1 Platform Carbonates: Catch-Up Versus Keep-Up 15.4.2 Carbonate Slopes 15.4.3 Pelagic Carbonate Environments 15.5 Main Conclusions 16 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Sequences 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Model Design 16.3 Selected Examples of Model Results 16.4 Main Conclusions VI Discussion and Conclusions 17 Implications for Petroleum Geology 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis 17.2.1 The Basis of the Methodology 17.2.2 The Development of an Allostratigraphic Framework 17.2.3 Choice of Sequence-Stratigraphic Models 17.2.4 The Search for Mechanisms 17.2.5 Reservoir Characterization 17.3 Controversies in Practical Sequence Analysis 17.3.1 The Case of the Tocito Sandstone, New Mexico 17.3.2 The Case of Gippsland Basin, Australia 17.3.3 Conclusions: A Modified Approach to Sequence Analysis for Practicing Petroleum Geologists and Geophysicists 17.4 Main Conclusions 18 Conclusions and Recommendations 18.1 Sequences in the Stratigraphic Record 18.1.1 Long-Term Stratigraphic Cycles 18.1.2 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 18.1.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 18.2 Mechanisms 18.2.1 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny 18.2.2 Milankovitch Processes 18.2.3 Tectonic Mechanisms 18.3 Chronostratigraphy and Correlation 18.3.1 Concepts of Time 18.3.2 Correlation Problems, and the Basis of the Global Cycle Chart 18.3.3 Comparison of Sea-Level Curves 18.4 Modern Sequence Analysis 18.4.1 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model 18.4.2 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Stratigraphic Sequences 18.5 Implications for Petroleum Geology 18.6 The Global-Eustasy Paradigm: Working Backwards from the Answer? 18.6.1 The Exxon Factor 18.6.2 Conclusions . 18.7 Recommendations References Author Index Subject Index

Note: Table of Contents: CHAPTER 1: THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES: Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. - Stable Isotopes: Standards and Measurement. - Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. - Radioisotopes. - Isotope Fractionation. - Isotope Fractionation (a), Enrichment (e), and Separation (D). - CHAPTER 2: TRACING THE HYDROLOGIGICAL CYCLE: Craig's Meteoric Relationship in Global Fresh Waters. - Partitioning of Isotopes Through the Hydrological Cycle. - Condensation, Precipitation, and the Meteoric Water Line. - A Closer Look at Rayleigh Distillation. - Effects of Extreme Evaporation. - CHAPTER 3: PRECIPITATION: The T - d18O Correlation in Precipitation. - Local Effects on T - d18O. - Ice Cores and Paleotemperature. - CHAPTER 4: GROUNDWATER: Recharge in Temperate Climates. - Recharge in Arid Regions. - Recharge from River-Connected Aquifers. - Hydrograph Separation in Catchment Studies. - Groundwater Mixing. - CHAPTER 5: TRACING THE CARBON CYCLE: Evolution of Carbon in Groundwaters. - Carbonate Geochemistry. - Carbon-13 in the Carbonate System. - Dissolved Organic Carbon. - Methane in Groundwaters. - Isotopic Composition of Carbonates. - CHAPTER 6: GROUNDWATER QUALITY: Sulphate, Sulphide and the Sulphur Cycle. - Nitrogen Cycles in Rural Watersheds. - The "Fuhrberger Feld" Study. - Source of Chloride Salinity. - Landfill Leachates. - Degredation of Chloro-organics and Hydrocarbon. - Sensitivity of Groundwater to Contamination. - Summary of Isotopes in Contaminant Hydrology. - CHAPTER 7: IDENTIYING AND DATING MODERN GROUNDWATERS: The "Age" of Groundwater. - Stable Isotopes. - Tritium in Precipitation. - Dating Groundwaters with Tritium. - Groundwater Dating with 3H -3He. - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). - Thermonuclear 36Cl. - Detecting Modern Groundwaters with 85Kr . - Submodern Groundwater. - CHAPTER 8: AGE DATING OLD GROUNDWATERS: Stable Isotopes and Paleogroundwaters. - Groundwater Dating with Radiocarbon. - Correction for Carbonate Dissolution. - Some Additional Complications to 14C Dating. - 14C Dating with Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC). - Case Studies for 14C dating with DOC and DIC. - Chlorine-36 and Very Old Groundwater. - The Uranium Decay Series. - CHAPTER 9: WATER-ROCK INTERACTION: Mechanisms of Isotope Exchange. - High Temperature Systems. - Low Temperature Water-Rock Interaction. - Strontium Isotopes in Water and Rock. - Isotope Exchange in Gas-Water Reactions. - High pH Groundwaters-The Effect of Cement Reactions. - CHAPTER 10: FIELD METHODS FOR SAMPLING: Groundwater. - Water in the Unsaturated Zone. - Precipitation. - Gases. - Geochemistry. - References. - Subject Index. - Each chapter has Problems sections.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Summary poem. - Introduction. - 1. Oceanic freshwater fluxes in the climate system / Anders Stigebrandt. - 2. Global atmospheric circulation patterns and relationships to Arctic freshwater fluxes / J. E. Walsh. - 3. Atmospheric components of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance and their interannual variability / R. G. Barry and M. C. Serreze. - 4. Hydroclimatology of the Arctic drainage basin / L. C. Bowling, D. P. Lettenmaier and B. V. Matheussen. - 5. The Arctic Ocean's freshwater budget: sources, storage and export / Eddy C. Carmack. - 6. The Arctic ocean freshwater budget of a climate general circulation model / Howard Cattle and Douglas Cresswell. - 7. Atmospheric components of the Arctic Ocean bydrologic budget assessed from Rawinsonde data / M. C. Serreze and R. G. Barry. - 8. Reanalyses depictions of the Arctic atmospheric moisture budget / D. H. Bromwich, R. I. Cullather and M. C. Serreze. - 9. Moisture transport to Arctic drainage basins relating to significant precipitation events and cyclogenesis / John R. Gyakum. - 10. Atmospheric climate models: simulation of the Arctic Ocean fresh water budget components / V. M. Kattsov, J. E. Walsh, A. Rinke and K. Dethloff. - 11. Discharge observation networks in Arctic regions: computation of the river runoff into the Arctic Ocean, its seasonality and variability / W. E. Grabs, F. Portmann and T. de Couet. - 12. Arctic river flow: a review of contributing areas / I. A. Shiklomanov, A. I. Shiklomanov, R. B. Lammers, B. J. Peterson and C. J. Vorosmarty. - 14. River input of water, sediment, major ions, nutrients and trace metals from Russian territory to the Arctic Ocean / V. V. Gordeev. - 15. The dispersion of Siberian river flows into coastal waters: meteorological, hydrological and hydrochemical aspects / I. P. Semiletov, N. I. Savelieva, G. E. Weller, I. I. Pipko, S. P. Pugach, A. Yu. Gukov and L. N. Vasilevskaya. - 16. The variable climate of the Mackenzie River basin: its water cycle and fresh water discharge / R. E. Stewart. - 17. Arctic estuaries and ice: a positive-negative estuarine couple / R. W. Macdonald. - 18. Satellite views of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance / D. A. Rothrock, R. Kwok and D. Groves. - 19. Tracer studies of the Arctic freshwater budget / P. Schlosser, B. Ekwurzel, S. Khatiwala, B. Newton, W. Maslowski and S. Pfirman. - 20. Exchanges of freshwater through the shallow straits of the North American Arctic / Humfrey Melling. - 21. The transformations of Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean and their significance for the freshwater budget / Bert Rudels and Hans J. Friedrich. - 22. Modelling the variability of exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas / Rüdiger Gerdes. - 23. Sea ice growth, melt and modeling: a survey / Michael Steele and Gregory M. Flato. - 24. Fresh water freezing/melting cycle in the Arctic Ocean / G. V. Alekseev, L. V. Bulatov and V. F. Zakharov. - Colour plates. - Subject index.