ALBERT

Description: During a 10-year study more than 2,000 phytoplankton samples were collected from the entire coast of Peru and analyzed. In general, diatoms were the most abundant group of organisms in all seasons. Predominant species were Rhizosolenia delicatula, Skeletonema costatum Thalassiosira subtilis, Thalassionema nitzschioides and several species of the genus Chaetooeros. Dinoflagellates and flagellates were observed frequently during summer. The mean distribution of the phytoplankton concentration during the 10 years shows the existence of several centers with higher cell densities along the coast, coinciding with the areas of more intense and persistent upwelling. Four major centers have been identified: Pimentel (˜6°S), Chimbote (˜9°S), Callao (˜12°S), and Tambo de Mora-Pisco (˜15°S); and two minor centers, Talara (˜4°S) and Ilo (˜17°S). The relative importance of each center seems to change according to the season. The highest phytoplankton concentration tended to be in the northern part of the coast during fall and winter and in the south through spring and summer.

Description: This paper challenges Kühl and Mann's suggestion (1973) that an increase in organic matter in the Ems Estuary between 1950 and 1970 caused a five- to tenfold increase in the turbidity in that period. Their hypothesis is refuted because: (a) during that period the discharge of organic matter via both the River Ems and the River Westerwoldsche A did not change significantly; (b) the increase in particulate organic carbon in the western Dutch Wadden Sea and possibly also in the Ems Estuary resulting from eutrophication of the North Sea by the River Rhine during 1950–70 is unlikely to have been more than twofold; and (c) Secchi-disc data do not support the five- to tenfold increase in turbidity. It is suggested that dredging is probably responsible for the increase in turbidity because the volume of material dredged annually increased fourfold between 1950 and 1970. The mean annual concentration of suspended matter increased by a factor ranging from 1.3 to 2.1 between 1954 and the period 1970 to 1979. The fluctuations in concentrations of suspended matter showed a statistically significant correlation with the distance dredged annually and not with the volume dredged annually. This indicated that the relation depended more on how "extensive" rather than on how "intensive" the dredging was. The fluctuations in concentrations of suspended matter are caused by the intensified erosion and sedimentation cycle that is initiated after the local natural equilibrium between channel morphology and current pattern is disturbed. This explanation is supported by the morphological changes that occurred in part of the study area between 1975 and 1979. Further support for this hypothesis was found in the changes of the tidal regime in the estuary. It is postulated that the complete cessation of dredging would probably be accompanied by the concentrations of suspended solids falling from the 1979 levels to values nearer those obtained in 1954. The biological implications of the processes described are discussed.Key words: dredging, suspended matter, tidal regime, Ems Estuary, turbidity