ALBERT

Description: The storage concession "Minerbio Stoccaggio" (Bologna, Northern Italy) covers a 69 km 2 area, 65% of hich is located in the Minerbio municipality. Since 1979, a microseismic network for the monitoring of seismicity, eventually induced by gas storage activities, has been installed in this area. The network was operated by Stogit S.p.A, a subsidiary company of Snam, which is the largest storage operator in Italy. In 2016, the microseismic network, consisting of three surface stations and one 100-m-deep borehole sensor with minimum interstation distances of about 3.0 km, was integrated with 12 regional stations installed in an 80 × 80 km 2 area centered on the surface projection of the reservoir. In 2018, the microseismic network was enhanced by adding one surface and three 150-m-deep borehole stations. In this work, we evaluate the detection improvement of the microseismic network, integrated with the regional stations. We define two crustal volumes for earthquake detection: the inner domain of detection, IDD (10 × 10 × 5) km 3 , within which we should ensure the highest network performance, and the extended domain of detection, EDD (22 × 22 × 11) km 3 . By comparing the simulated power spectral density of hypothetical seismic sources located in EDD with the average power spectra of ambient seismic noise observed at each station site, we calculate detection and localization thresholds for the two above-mentioned networks. Under unfavourable noise conditions, we find that the present operative seismic network allows locating earthquakes with M L ≥ 0.8 occurring at the depth of the reservoir and with M L ≥ 1.0 if located within IDD.

Description: Funding information This study received financial support from BComune di Minerbio^ under the grant BSperimentazione ILG Minerbio^ (grant number 0913.010)

Description: Published

Description: 967–977

Description: 3SR TERREMOTI - Attività dei Centri

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This work describes the analysis of the strong-motion data from the Engineering Strong Motion database (ESM, http://esm.mi.ingv.it), aimed at: (1) extract a dataset of accelero- metric waveforms recorded during the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence; (2) iden- tify the recording stations to be used as reference sites for further seismological analysis; (3) select the records to be used as input for seismic microzonation of higher level at 137 municipalities. Firstly, a residual analysis is carried out on the extracted dataset to perform: (1) the quality check of the waveforms recorded by temporary networks installed soon after the occurrence of the rst main shock (M 6.0, 24 August 2016); (2) the estimation of the site-to-site residual term for each recording station with the aim of recognising potential reference rock sites. Finally, the software REXELite, integrated within the ESM website, is adopted to select suites of spectrum-compatible accelerograms, that will be used as input for calculating site ampli cations through 1D and 2D simulations at sites which suf- fered the greatest damage. The results of this work demonstrate the success of the synergy among Italian institutions. The setup of key infrastructures, such as emergency networks and data repositories, together with the knowledge developed during national projects, turned out to be successful in terms of timely intervention during the emergency phase and the planning of the post-emergency.

Description: Published

Description: 5533–5551

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This chapter provides an overview of last two decades, European experiences in educational seismology and describes the different contexts in which they have been developed. The basic idea of these educational projects is that Seismology may represent an efficient communication vehicle for teaching a wide range of basic Earth sci-ence topics through laboratory practices and educational activities. Moreover it is also an effective tool to raise in the young citizens the awareness on the earthquake risk and possible mitigation actions. In this frame several seismic stations with different technologies were installed in schools across Europe. The scientific support of re-searchers and the need to establish strong links between teachers and researchers attribute to the school an active role in the knowledge process using the scientific laboratory practice by adopting the “learning by doing” modern approach of science communication (R. Schank and C. Cleary, 1995, Engines for Education, Ed. Routledge, 248 pp). Some educational activities correlated with seismological projects are presented, following different strategies depending on the country, but all aimed at building a new way to communicate science in the schools. The new vogue is the opening toward social networks and blogs. This generalizes the concept of an educational Geoscience website making it an e-platform for science communication and multimedia data sharing, where researchers, teachers, students and education op-erators can interact and constantly be kept informed of ongoing activities and relevant events. All of these 'seismology at school' initiatives rely on the concept of school networking and will merge in the European project NERA (Network of European Research Infrastructures for Earthquake Risk Assessment and Mitigation, http://www.nera-eu.org/) where a spe-cific workpackage is dedicated to networking school seismology programs.

Description: Published

Description: 145-170

Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio

Description: restricted

Description: The Disruption Index is used here for the assessment of urban disruption in the Mt. Etna area after a natural disaster. The first element of the procedure is the definition of the seismic input, which is based on information about the historical seismicity and seismogenic faults. The second element is the computation of the seismic impact on the building stock and infrastructure in the region considered. Information on urban-scale vulnerability was collected and a geographic information system was used to organize the data relating to buildings and network systems (e.g., typologies, schools, strategic structures, lifelines). The central idea underlying the definition of the Disruption Index is the identification and evaluation of the impacts on a target community, considering the physical elements that contribute most to the severe disruption. The results of this study are therefore very useful for earthquake preparedness planning and for the development of strategies to minimize the risks from earthquakes. This study is a product of the European “Urban Disaster Prevention Strategies using Macroseismic Fields and Fault Sources” project (UPStrat-MAFA European project 2013).

Description: Published

Description: Torino

Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio

Description: open

Description: Tritium is a naturally occurring radionuclide, due to interactions of cosmic-rays with the upper layers of the atmosphere; but its presence in the environment is mainly due to residual fallout from nuclear weapons atmosphere tests, carried out from 1952 till 1980. Tritium reaches the Earth’s surface mainly in the form of precipitation, becoming part of the hydrological cycle, then the interest of tritium content analysis in drinking water is both for dosimetry and health-risk and for using tritium as a natural tracer in the groundwater circulation system. This paper presents results from a survey carried out in the Mt. Etna area (east and west flanks) and in the southern side of Nebrodi in Sicily (Italy), in order to determine tritium activity concentrations in water samples by using liquid scintillation counter. The investigated areas show quite low tritium concentrations, much below the Italian limit of 100 Bq L-1 for drinking water and even comparable with the minimum detectable activity value. The effective dose due to tritium for public drinking water consumption was also evaluated.

Description: Published

Description: 861-866

Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio

Description: JCR Journal

Description: restricted

Description: The results of a detailed seismic microzonation study performed at Canazei (Trentino—Northern Italy) are here presented. We investigated the local seismic response of this small village using a Level 3 seismic microzonation, the most accurate according to the Italian Code of Seismic Microzonation. This method consists of gradual steps of knowledge to consider different aspects of the amplification phenomena. A multidisciplinary approach has been performed, including a local geological study, geophysical investigations, geotechnical characterization of lithologies and numerical analyses. The obtained elastic response spectra were compared to the spectra prescribed by the Italian Building Code. Our results show the geologic and geophysical subsoil heterogeneities, responsible for different local seismic responses in terms of acceleration spectra and amplification factors.

Description: Published

Description: 1085-1089

Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio

Description: reserved

Description: This study describes the water circulation in Ungwana Bay and relate the distribution of the salinity, temperature and turbidity fields to the hydrodynamics and the distribution and migration of prawns.

Description: Published

Description: In Kenya beach seines were prohibited through Fisheries Department legislation in 2001. Despite this ban, and the authorities’ attempts to enforce it, the beach seine fishery is still commonly used both at the Coast and in Lake Victoria; at the Coast the use of beach seines is increasing. Attempts to replace the beach seines with other gear have proved to be not as effective as hoped. In order to gain a better understanding of beach seining in the country, the root causes for its continued use and the difficulties in enforcing the ban, the newly established Ministry of Fisheries Development has requested FAO to include Kenya in the Global Study on Beach Seining currently being conducted by the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department of Rome Headquarters. From January to May 2008, the NGO Coastal Oceans Research and Development – Indian Ocean (CORDIO) East Africa has carried out the study with the financial support of the FAO Sub Regional Office for Eastern Africa based in Addis Ababa. In line with the term of reference of the study, a field survey has been undertaken in five landing sites (four in Coast Province and two in Nyanza Province) using participatory rural appraisal techniques and with the direct involvement of the local staff of the Fisheries Department. The follwing summarises the key findings and recommendations. Fishers from both Lake Victoria and the Coast were well aware of the negative impacts caused by beach seining operations. The most notable examples cited by both groups of fishers was the destruction of fish breeding ground habitats and the capture of juveniles. These were caused by the bottom dragging deployment method used to haul the nets, and the fine mesh, respectively. The most important positive impact of beach seining in both locations was income generation and employment leading also to food security from the consumption of part of the catches. In fact the catch sharing arrangements ensured that most of the fishing community benefit from the beach seine fishery. In addition, in both locations, the role of youth and women, the first especially during beach seining operations, the second more in marketing and processing of the catches was found to be very important. Within the scope of the present study it was not possible to measure the total number of households involved in beach seining, but for the Coast the total number of fishers was estimated to be anywhere between 11,000 and 18,000 out of a total 65,000 artisanal fishers. At Lake Victoria there are estimated to be 4,676 beach seine fishers in Suba District where the field study was done. This District accounts for around 51% of beach seine fishers in the Lake, therefore a total of around 9,400 beach seine fishers may be operating in Lake Victoria (Kenyan waters). Dependency on this gear extends further if the following figures are used: 186,336 people are enumerated to depend on fishing and fishery related activities for their livelihood in Suba District. Using the rough calculation of 30% are beach seine related, this gives an overall figure of 112,000 for the whole Lake. Thus in total, in Kenya, probably around 20,000 fishers are using beach seines, and at least a further 200,000 people may be dependent on this gear for their food and livelihoods. The use of the beach seine has persisted in both locations, despite the ban and despite the level of enforcement being higher in Lake Victoria than at the Coast. Beach seine use has increased over the last two years at the Coast. The major difference among the two case studies is that the majority of fishers at the Coast were driven to the beach seine fishery due to a lack of alternatives, while fishers in Lake Victoria are attracted to the beach seine gear due to the rich Nile perch fishery associated with the gear and the ready market that is readily available for the landed fish. The following management recommendations are proposed as temporary measures for the immediate term to address the difficulties in enforcement. They are put forward for discussion and consultation, particularly with the policy and management agency (FiD) and also the fishers themselves. We propose an iterative approach whereby options are put forward by different stakeholders and are then discussed and consensus reached on the most appropriate way forward.

Description: Published

Description: This study thus highlights the degree of variability in zooxanthellae population dynamics there may be among coral species and between sites at widely different geographic locations.

Description: Obura,D.o., Tamelander,,& Linden,0.(Eds) (2008).Ten years afte rbleaching-facing the consequences of climate change in the Indian Ocean.CORDIO Status Report 2008.Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean/Sida-SAREC. Mombasa. http://www.cordioea.org

Description: Published

Description: The growing population along the coastal region as a result of natural population growth and in-migration is exerting increasing pressure on coastal resources. It is realised that the development of facilities and public services has failed to keep pace with the growing population and demand. This state of affairs prevails in the Mombasa District in general, and the Kisauni area in particular. The Kisauni area experiences inadequacies in the infrastructure and public services, notably water supply and waste management infrastructure. The largely unplanned high-density settlements and slums in Kisauni are among the most poorly served areas. This is manifested in the shortage of clean drinking water, leaving the inhabitants with groundwater to supplement their supply, or in most cases as the sole option. An assessment of the intrinsic aquifer vulnerability using the DRASTIC model employing GIS analytical tools (ESRI’s ArcView 3.2 and Spatial Analyst 2.0) indicated that the northern and south-eastern parts of Kisauni and the south-western part of the Mombasa Island are the most vulnerable to pollution. The groundwater stream flow in the Kisauni area, assessed using the modelling tool Modflow with Pmpath (Chiang & Kinzelbach, 1993), indicated that the dominant groundwater flow direction is towards the Mtwapa creek along the northern boundary and Tudor creek along the southern boundary of the study site and relatively less intense flow towards the Indian Ocean. Monitoring data on physico-chemical characteristics showed that water obtained from abstraction facilities located in the limestone geological zone is brackish and unsuitable for drinking. Whereas, within the sand geological zone, groundwater of acceptable potable standard is obtainable. It was, however, realised that groundwater in particularly the high population density Kisauni areas has raised concentrations of nitrates, which was attributed to contamination from on-site waste disposal systems, dominated by pit latrines and septic tank / soak pit systems as the mode of sewage disposal. Other sources of groundwater contamination in the area are uncollected municipal refuse. Generally, nitrate/nitrite concentrations were elevated with concentrations of NO3-1/NO2-1-N varying from 0.4 to 44.4 mg l-1. Relatively higher concentrations of nitrate/nitrite were recorded during the long rain season in June/July. The nitrate concentration levels, however, have not exceeded the 50 mg l-1 level set by WHO for potable water. The Kisauni area is indicated as experiencing a high degree of groundwater contamination by microbial contaminants, especially in the high-density housing settlements, attributed to onsite sewage disposal methods dominated by pit latrines and septic tank / soak pit systems. The contamination levels are more severe during the rain season when aquifer recharge is enhanced. Direct intervention by the Mombasa City local authority in conjunction with the Ministry of Water & Irrigation to alleviate the situation has consisted of supplying chlorinating agents free of charge which helps to control outbreaks of water borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid.

Description: Published