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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paragenesis and petrogenesis of a corundum-bearing marble at Hunza (Kashmir) (1976)
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 11 (1976), S. 278-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A calcite-marble containing gem-quality ruby is exposed in the Hunza Valley, northwestern part of the Karakoram mountains, Pakistan zone of Kashmir. The marble forms concordant intercalations within sillimanite- and garnet-bearing biotite-plagioclase gneisses and mica schists. The metamorphic sequence is cut by discordant aplite and pegmatite dikes. The following mineral assemblages are recognized in the marble: 1) Calcite+corundum+phlogopite±margarite±sheridanite±Al-rich pargasite±anorthite (An 96.7), 2) calcite+spinel±corundum+phlogopite+sheridanite. Microprobe analyses are given for the essential minerals including corundum (ruby) and three different colour varieties of spinel. On the basis of recent experimental data, especially in the system CaO - Al2O3 - SiO2 - H2O -CO2 (and related subsystems), we assume that, during the regional metamorphism, temperatures of about 600 – 620°C and a water vapour pressure of about 6 kb were realized in part of the Hunza area. The gas phase must have contained roughly 20 mole-% of CO2. Thus the total fluid pressure may have reached about 7 kb. Presumably, temperatures increased in northwest direction, perhaps up to about 700°C. The estimated P-T conditions are consistent with a geothermal gradient of about 25°C/km.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203079
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contributions to the mineral chemistry of Hawaiian rocks (1972)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 37 (1972), S. 253-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Feldspar phenocrysts, microphenocrysts, groundmass feldspar, interstitial material of feldspar composition, and residual SiO2-K2O-rich glass in 24 rocks of the tholeiitic, alkalic, and nephelinic suites from Haleakala and West Maui volcanoes, Maui, Hawaii, were analyzed quantitatively with the electron microprobe. Rocks studied include tholeiite, olivine tholeiite, oceanite, alkalic olivine basalt, alkalic basalt, hawaiite, mugearite, trachyte, basanite, and basanitoid. Results and conclusions: i) In all rocks studied, An decreases and Or increases from phenocrysts to microphenocrysts to groundmass feldspar to interstitial material of feldspar composition. ii) Phenocrysts occur in rocks of the tholeiitic and alkalic suites and, in spite of differences in bulk rock compositions, overlap in composition. iii) Groundmass feldspar in rocks of the tholeiitic suite are nearly identical in composition; the same is true for rocks of the nephelinic suite. However, in the highly differentiated alkalic suite, groundmass feldspar composition ranges from labradorite to sanidine; i.e. the higher the bulk rock CaO, the higher is the An content, and the higher the bulk K2O, the higher is the Or content. iv) In general, rocks with phenocrysts have groundmass feldspar less An-rich than those without phenocrysts. v) In rocks of the tholeiitic suite, normative feldspar approaches modal feldspar. However, in rocks of the alkalic and nephelinic suites, normative feldspar, because of the presence of highly alkalic interstitial material and the absence of nepheline in the mode but its presence in the norm, is drastically different from modal feldspar. vi) Hawaiites contain labradorite and not andesine, as per definition, and mugearite contains andesine and not oligoclase, as groundmass feldspar. In fact, when considering phenocrysts and interstitial material of feldspar composition, hawaiites range from bytownite to sanidine and mugearite from andesine to sodic sanidine, but normative feldspar plots in the andesine field for hawaiites and the oligoclase field for mugearite. vii) Rocks of the three suites can be distinguished on the basis of Or and An in groundmass feldspar, the presence of thin rims of groundmass composition of phenocrysts of rocks of the alkalic suite, and the presence of interstitial material of anorthoclase to sanidine composition in rocks of the alkalic and nephelinic suites. iix) Rocks transitional between the tholeiitic and alkalic suites are observed and are characterized by transitional mineral compositions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371008
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineralogy and petrology of silicate inclusions in iron meteorites (1970)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 25 (1970), S. 297-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Silicate inclusions in 17 iron meteorites have been analyzed by the electron microprobe and classified, according to their phase assemblages, compositions, and textures, into three major types: Odessa, Copiapo, and Weekeroo Station, and three miscellaneous types: Enon, Kendall County, and Netschaëvo. Phase compositions in both Odessa- and Copiapo-type inclusions are very similar, but the two types are different in texture and constituent phases. Weekeroo Station-type inclusions are very different in every respect from other inclusions. For Odessa- and Copiapo-type inclusions, the distribution coefficients of Fe2+ and Mg in coexisting orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene indicate equilibration temperatures of ∼1,000° C, and the Ca/(Ca+Mg) ratios indicate temperatures of 900° C to 1,000° C. Equilibration temperatures determined for chromite-olivine pairs have a higher range of 1,154° C to 1,335° C. Minor element distributions among coexisting ferromagnesian silicates in these inclusions follow consistent patterns and are constant for any given sample, suggesting equilibrium assemblages. Major and minor element distributions for Weekeroo Station inclusions are anomalous, indicating nonequilibrium. Compositional data, the fragmentary shapes of many inclusions, the highly differentiated characteristic of two types of inclusions, the apparent disequilibrium between kamacite in inclusions and kamacite of the iron host, and the relict chondrules found in Netschaëvo suggest that many of the inclusions did not form cogenetically with the iron host, but represent pre-existing stony material that was taken up by an iron melt, probably not in the core of the parent body (or bodies).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399290
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contributions to the mineral chemistry of Hawaiian rocks (1975)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 50 (1975), S. 173-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Phenocryst and groundmass pyroxenes in 24 rocks of the tholeiitic, alkalic, and nephelinic suites from Haleakala and West Maui volcanoes, Maui, Hawaii, were analyzed quantitatively by electron microprobe. Results and conclusions: i) Tholeiites contain augite, pigeonite, and bronzite; alkalic rocks contain salite, augite, and ferroaugite; and nephelinic rocks have salite, sometimes of Wo〉50 mole %. ii) The three suites can be distinguished by Ca contents of pyroxenes: High-Ca pyroxenes of tholeiitic rocks have Wo30–40; those of alkalic rocks have Wo38–48; and those of the nephelinic rocks have Wo47–51; i.e. Wo in clinopyroxene increases from tholeiitic, to alkalic, to nephelinic suites, iii). In the alkalic suite, rock types can be distinguished on the basis of clinopyroxene composition: Alkalic olivine and alkalic basalts have Wo38–45, hawaiites and mugearites have Wo45–48. Trachytes can be distinguished from both groups by higher Fe (Fs22–30) and Ca contents (Wo43–47). iv) Pyroxenes in tholeiitic rocks show higher intrarock variability (e.g. Fs12Wo40-Fs37Wo30) than those of the alkalic and nephelinic suites, v) Na2O bulk-rock content affects Na2O content of the precipitating high-Ca pyroxene; e.g. Na2O in groundmass pyroxene increases from tholeiitic, to alkalic (mafic members only), to nephelinic suites; a similar relationship is present within the differentiated alkalic suite, vi) In tholeiites, changes in groundmass high-Ca pyroxene compositions are related to changes in bulk rock compositions, e.g. FeO/FeO+MgO+CaO in clinopyroxene increases as this ratio increases in the bulk rock; this is not true for alkalic and nephelinic rocks, vii) In groundmass high-Ca pyroxene, Al2O3, Na20, and TiO2 contents increase and MnO content decreases with increasing Wo content from tholeiitic, to alkalic (mafic members only), to nephelinic suites, viii) Groundmass high-Ca pyroxenes are richer in MnO and Na2O and poorer in Cr2O3 compared to coexisting phenocrysts. High-Ca pyroxene phenocrysts in nephelinic rocks and in one mugearite are depleted in SiO2 and enriched in Al2O3 relative to coexisting groundmass clinopyroxene, indicating increased SiO2 activity during crystallization. Some tholeiites show the reverse; this Si—Al relationship is not clear in other samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371038
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contributions to mineral chemistry of Hawaiian rocks (1971)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 31 (1971), S. 267-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Small gabbroic dikes of high TiO2 content transect massive hawaiite in the Kaena Quarry, Waianae Range, Oahu. One dike studied consists of two rock types: (a) border zone alkali gabbro of high titanomagnetite and titanaugite content and, (b) interior mugearite that contains iron-rich pyroxenes and K-feldspar. The dike probably formed as an in situ latestage segregation enriched in TiO2, SiO2, and alkalis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371149
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restudy of pyroxene-pyroxene equilibration temperatures for ordinary chrondrite meteorites (1974)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 43 (1974), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Electron microprobe analyses of orthopyroxene and Ca-clinopyroxene in 21 ordinary petrographic type 6 chondrites (7 H-, 8 L-, and 6 LL-group chondrites) result in differentK D (distribution coefficient) values for H-, L-, and LL-group chondrites, which suggest different equilibration temperatures for each group. If we consider the Blander model (Blander 1972), the differences in Fe-Mg distributions for these groups reflect only their different Wo (CaSiO3) contents, and are not due to differences in equalibration temperature. Ca-clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene in contact with each other give a lower analytical spread and more meaningful results than those analyzed at random. Olivine and orthopyroxene in nearly all analyzed chondrites are homogenous within and between grains; Ca-clinopyroxene shows heterogenous compositions in petrographic types 4 and 5, but is homogenous in type 6. Ca-clinopyroxene in disequilibrated chondrites contains unusual amounts of minor elements Al, Ti, and Cr, a feature that can be used to denote meteorites of this type. Equilibration temperatures for ordinary chondrites, based on the pyroxene-pyroxene geothermometer are not known, although a range of 750–950° C appears to be a fair estimate. The exact equilibration temperatures can be determined only after this geothermometer is carefully calibrated experimentally or empirically, with due consideration given to Wo content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572711
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fullerenes in Allende meteorite (1994)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 372 (1994), S. 507-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - The detection of fullerenes (C60 and C70) in deposits from meteor impacts1"3 has led to renewed interest in the possibility that fullerenes are present in meteorites. Although fullerenes have not previously been detected in the Murchi-son and Allende meteorites4, the Allende ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/372507a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Petrographic and electron microprobe study of the Monturaqui impactite (1972)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 36 (1972), S. 95-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Cindery, glassy impactites from the Monturaqui meteorite crater contain unshocked and shocked mineral and rock fragments together with Ni-Fe-Co-P spherules tightly bound in a partly devitrified matrix of clear, green or brown glass. Shock effects range from lightly shocked (≦100 kb) to intensely shocked (≈650 kb). Electron microprobe analyses of the metal spherules show that composition is related to grain size, the smallest (2–10 μ) spherules being highest in Ni, the largest spherules (0.4 to 1.5 mm) being lowest in Ni. The lowest Ni content of analyzed spherules is 7.8 wt %, which suggests that the original meteorite may have been an octahedrite. Analysis of the mixed matrix glasses indicates extreme compositional differences compared to granite country rock. A series of high-temperature heating experiments, using various heating and cooling rates and atmospheric conditions were conducted to simulate the effects observed in the impactites. Results suggest that (a) higher Ni content in smaller spherules resulted from residual concentration after preferential melting at temperatures greater than 1400° C and oxidation of Fe; and (b) mixed matrix glasses that are low in SiO2 and high in “FeO” resulted from preferential melting of lower melting components of the granite at temperatures greater than 1300° C under rapid heating and cooling conditions, together with contamination by Fe, Ni and Co from the meteorite. In addition, Fe enrichment in glasses that surround the larger spherules depends essentially on the amount of oxidation prior to and during incorporation of the spherules into the glass matrix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371181
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Kelly chondrite: A parent body surface metabreccia (1974)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 44 (1974), S. 157-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Kelly brecciated chondrite, originally classified as a polymict breccia, is actually a monomict breccia, based on conclusions from this study. Microprobe analyses of differently textured clasts are very similar to each other and also to well-known LL-type chondrites. Clast and matrix olivine compositions range between Fa27–31, well within the range of LL-chondrite olivine. A correlation was found between the degree of recrystallization and plagioclase composition; least recrystallized plagioclase is more Ca-rich than fully recrystallized plagioclase. Petrographic observations of shocked, annealed, and unshocked clasts coupled with particle size distribution measurements strongly indicate that Kelly is similar to lunar metabreccias in mode of formation, i.e., repeated mixing and accumulation of disaggregated surface rocks and impacting debris followed by partial annealing under moderate temperatures. At least three breccia generations are indicated. We propose that Kelly is an LL-chondrite parent body metabreccia that represents the final accumulation phase of the parent body. Only LL-type fragments were found in Kelly, which suggests that the parent body consisted of only LL-chondrites and was not a multi-shelled body of H-, L-, and LL-chondrites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385788
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Composition and origin of lithic fragments and glasses in apollo 11 samples (1971)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 32 (1971), S. 211-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Approximately 100 glasses and 52 lithic fragments from Apollo 11 lunar fines and microbreccias were analyzed with the electron microprobe. Ranges in bulk composition of lithic fragments are considerably outside the precision (〈±1%) and accuracy (±2–5%) of the broad electron beam technique. Results of this study may be summarized as follows: i) A large variety of rock types different from the hand specimens (basalt) were found among the lithic fragments, namely anorthosites, troctolitic and noritic anorthosites, troctolites, and norites (different from Apollo 12 norites). ii) In analogy to the hand specimens, the basaltic lithic fragments may be subdivided into low-K and high-K groups, both of which extend considerably in composition beyond the hand specimens. iii) Glasses were divided into 6 groups: Group 1 are the compositional analogs of the anorthositic-troctolitic lithic fragments and were apparently formed in single-stage impact events directly from parent anorthosites and troctolites. iv) Group 2 glasses are identical in composition to Apollo 12 KREEP glass and noritic lithic fragments, but have no counterparts in our Apollo 11 lithic fragment suite. Occurrence of KREEP in Apollo 11,12, and 14 samples is indicative of its relatively high abundance and suggests that the lunar crust is less depleted in elements that are common in KREEP (e.g. K, rare earths, P) than was originally thought on the basis of Apollo 11 basalt studies. v) Group 3 glasses are the compositional analogs of the basaltic lithic fragments, but low-K and high-K glasses cannot be distinguished because of loss of K (and Na, P) by volatilization in the vitrification process. vi) Group 4 glasses have no compositional analogs among the lithic fragments and were probably derived from as yet unknown Fe-rich, moderately Ti-rich, Mg-poor basalts. vii) Group 5 (low Ti-high Mg peridotite equivalent) and 6 (ilmenite peridotite equivalent) glasses have no counterparts among the Apollo 11 lithic fragments, but rock equivalents to group 5 glasses were found in Apollo 12 samples. Group 6 glasses are abundant, have narrow compositional ranges, and are thought to be the products of impact melting of an as yet unrecognized ultramafic rock type. iix) The great variety of igneous rocks (e.g. anorthosites, troctolites, norites, basalts, peridotites) suggests that large scale melting or partial melting to considerable depth must have occurred on the moon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00643335
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