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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of rupture length vs. moment for synthetic earthquakes (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 211-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Mass-spring model ; seismic moment ; earthquake moment ; rupture length ; fractal ; velocity-dependent friction law
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract From the events synthesized from the one-dimensional dynamical mass-spring model proposed byBurridge andKnopoff (1967), the relation between rupture length Δ and earthquake momentM is studied for various model parameters. The earthquake moment is defined to be the total displacement of a connected set of mass elements which slide during an event. A parameter stiffness ratios is defined as the ratio of the spring constant between the two mass elements to that between one mass element and the moving plate. The velocity-dependent friction law (including weakening and hardening processes) is taken to control the sliding of a mass element. The distribution of the breaking strengths over the system is considered to be a fractal function. The cases for severals values and different velocity-dependent friction laws with different decreasing ratesr w of the frictional force with sliding velocity are studied numerically. The weakening process of the frictional force from the static one to the dynamic one obviously affects theM−Δ relation. Meanwhile, a rapid weakening process rather than a slow weakening process can result in aM−Δ relation, which is comparable to the observed one. Although an increase in thes value can yield an increase in the upper bound of the Δ value and the number of events with largeM and Δ values, the scaling of theM−Δ relation is not affected by the change of thes value. For the cases in this study, the theoretical Δ−M relations for small events withM〈1 are almost in the form: Δ∼M 1/2, while those for large events withM〉1 have a scaling exponent less than but close to 1. In addition, the fractal dimension, the friction drop ratio and the roughness of the distribution of the breaking strengths over the fault surface are the minor parameters influencing the Δ−M relation. A comparison between the theoreticalM−Δ relation and the observed one for strike-slip earthquakes shows that for large events the theoreticalM−Δ relation is quite consistent with the observed one, while for small events there is a one-order difference in the two relations. For the one-dimensional model, the decreasing rate of the dynamic frictional force with velocity is the main factor in affecting the characteristic value of the earthquake moment, at which the scaling of theM−Δ relation changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878632
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multifractal measures of earthquakes in west Taiwan (1996)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 146 (1996), S. 131-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Multifractal ; general fractal dimension ; epicentral distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The generalized fractal dimension for epicentral distribution of earthquakes in west Taiwan is measured. The entire area is first divided into two zones, i.e., north and south zones, after which the two zones are further separated into three subzones for the former and two for the latter. The logC q (r) versus logr function, whereC q (r) is the generalized correlation integral andr is the distance between two epicenters, shows that a linear relation between logC q and logr exists in the range ofr smaller thanr c . The value ofr c is 25 km for the north zone, 40 km for the south and 12 km for the three north subzones. The valuesr c =25 and 40 km are almost the smallest ones of the width of epicentral distributions of the north and south zones, respectively. The value ofr c =12 km for the three north subzones is approximately the smallest size of the cluster of epicenters. For the plots of two south subzones, the pattern of data points does not bend in the range ofr in consideration, and, thus, there is not such a critical radius. TheD q −q relations forq=0, 1, 2,..., 15 are constructed for the two zones and five subzones. Results show significant multifractality and a spatial variation in multifractality for epicentral distributions of earthquakes in west Taiwan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876673
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of seismic coupling on the scaling of seismicity (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 121 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Based on the dynamical mass-spring model proposed by Burridge & Knopoff (1967), the effects on seismicity and the scaling exponent (i.e. the b value) of the frequency-magnitude relation due to the variation in the stiffness ratio s, defined as the ratio of the spring constant between two masses to that between a mass and the moving plate, are studied. A linearly velocity-dependent friction law is taken to control the relative motion between a mass and the plate. The distribution of the breaking strengths of the system is considered to be a fractal function. Computational results show the strong dependence of the seismicity pattern and the scaling exponent upon the stiffness ratio s. The number of large events increases with s. For s 〈 20, the data points of both cumulative frequency and discrete frequency versus magnitude cannot be completely interpreted by a single line. For S 〉 120, only the delocalized events, for which all masses of the model slide almost simultaneously in a time span, are generated. For 20≤s≤120, the data points of frequency versus magnitude in a large magnitude range follow a power-law function very well. The lower bound of the magnitude range is almost constant, but the upper bound increases with s. The b value of the cumulative frequency-magnitude relation is smaller than that of the discrete frequency-magnitude one especially for a large value of s. The b value of the power-law function for 20≤s≤120 decreases with increasing s in the following forms: b∼s−2/3 for the cumulative frequencymagnitude relation and b∼−1/2 for the discrete frequency-magnitude one. In addition, the variations in several other parameters of the friction law also lead to different b values, but the distributions of b versus s still follow the previously mentioned relations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb05727.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the frequency distribution of interoccurrence times of earthquakes (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of seismology 2 (1998), S. 351-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-157X
    Keywords: interoccurrence time of earthquakes ; gamma distribution ; exponential distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The distributions of discrete frequency, N, versus interoccurrence time, t (in days), of M ≥ 7 earthquakes in the Taiwan region during the 1900–1994 period, M ≥ 6 earthquakes in the north-south seismic belt of China during the 1900–1990 period, and M ≥ 5.5 earthquakes in Southern California, U.S.A., during the 1914–1995 period are studied through two statistical models (gamma function and exponential function). Results show that both the exponential function and gamma function can describe the distributions. However, the former is more appropriate than the latter. This indicates that the three time series of earthquakes have a significant component of Poisson processes, even though the tectonic conditions, the fault distributions and the size of the three seismic regions are different.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009774819512
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  • 5
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    Some Intrinsic Properties of the Two-Dimensional Dynamical Spring-Slider Model of Earthquake Faults (2012)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-01
    Description: Some intrinsic properties of the two-dimensional (2D) dynamical spring-slider model, subjected to linear slip- or velocity-weakening friction with a uniform, isotropic distribution of static friction strengths at all sliders and loaded by an external constant driving force are studied. First, the continuum model of the spring-slider model is constructed. A comparison between the continuum model, without the driving force and friction, and a 2D wave equation indicates that some of the model parameters are a function of elastic properties of fault-zone materials. The occurrence of P and S waves must be included in the model. Second, the velocities of waves propagating in the model are investigated for three cases: case 1 includes the external force but excludes friction; case 2 includes the external force and slip-weakening friction; and case 3 includes the external force and velocity-weakening friction. Analytical results show that there are two types of waves for the first two cases: P-type waves for case 1 and S-type waves for case 2. The velocity is higher for the former than the latter. The velocities for the two types of waves are increased when the external force is added. Slip-weakening friction results in a decrease in the velocities of the two types of waves. For case 3, there are three types of waves. Velocity-weakening friction makes the velocities of the first type of wave higher than the P-type wave velocity, while it makes the velocity of the second type of wave higher or lower than the S-type wave velocity, depending on the degree of weakening. The velocity of the third type of wave is lower than the P-type wave velocity and higher than the S-type wave velocity.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 6
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    The relation of the Grüneisen parameter to the fractal dimension (2001)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0921-4526
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-2135
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 7
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    Inertial Effect on Interaction between Two Earthquake Faults (2020)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-26
    Print ISSN: 1593-5213
    Electronic ISSN: 2037-416X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
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  • 8
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    Piezoelectricity as a mechanism on generation of electromagnetic precursors before earthquakes (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-14
    Description: Summary To produce the electromagnetic (E&M) precursors of an earthquake, the existence of electric field due to stress-induced charges on the ground surface or in shallow depths of upper crust inside the fault zone is a basic condition. Here, we consider the piezoelectric effect or the elastic-electric coupling as a major mechanism on generating such an electric field. A one-dimensional model based on the elastic mechanics and electromagnetic Maxwell equations is built up to formulate the relationship between electric field and slip as well as stress on a fault before an earthquake. From the model, we may estimate the low-bound values of stress and slip to yield the critical electric field, Ec, for generation of electromagnetic signals. The normal and shear stresses on the fault planes for three faulting types are constructed. The normal stress is stronger than the shear stress to result in piezoelectricity. The depth ranges for yielding an average normal stress being able to generate Ec are similar for thrust and strike-slip faults and deep for normal faults. The possibility of generating Ec is almost the same for thrust and strike-slip faults and low for normal faults. The pre-earthquake slip could be related to nucleation phases or microfractures. The possible occurrence time of E&M signals may be several ten minutes to few hours before impending earthquakes. The major factor in yielding a piezoelectric field to generate the TEC anomalies before an earthquake is the existence of fault gouges composed mainly of clays. A thick gouge layer with low electric resistivity and a piezoelectric coupling coefficient ≥ 0.67 × 10−12 coul/nt is an important condition for yielding piezoelectricity.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society.
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  • 9
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    The Taiwan Telemetered Seismographic Network (1989)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-9201
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-7395
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 10
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    Seismic velocities, density, porosity, and permeability measured at a deep hole penetrating the Chelungpu fault in central Taiwan (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-01
    Print ISSN: 1367-9120
    Electronic ISSN: 1878-5786
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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