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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tumor Inhibitors. XXIII.1 The Cytotoxic Principles of Marah oreganus H.2 (1967)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of medicinal chemistry 10 (1967), S. 337-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00315a011
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low frequency sounding technique for predicting progressive failure of rock (1979)
    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1979), S. 79-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Niederfrequenz-Schallverfahren zur Vorausbestimmung des progressiven Gesteinbruches Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt in großen Zügen die verschiedenen Verfahren an, die zur Vorhersage des Versagens von Fels bei Obertage- und Untertagearbeiten Verwendung finden können. Die sich bei Spannungserhöhung sowie beim Zusammenbruch ergebenden Veränderungen der Gesteinsparameter werden im allgemeinen dargestellt. Ein neues, auf dem Nachweis der Veränderungen des Ansprechens von Fels auf induzierte Schwingungen sehr kleiner Frequenz und kleiner Amplitude beruhendes Prüfverfahren wird beschrieben. Die Grenzen der zur Zeit für diesen Zweck verfügbaren Apparatur werden angegeben, und die sich aus dem neuen Verfahren ergebenden Probleme werden besprochen. Die Voraussetzungen des Systems sowie der Analysenmethoden werden erörtert. Die an einem Gelatinemodell unter Laborbedingungen gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden beschrieben. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich, daß die bei der Bruchentwicklung vorkommenden Veränderungen des Frequenz- und Amplitudenansprechens des Modells einen vorläufigen Hinweis auf einen drohenden Gesteinszusammenbruch liefern können.
    Abstract: Résumé Technique sonique à basse fréquence pour la prédiction de la fracture progressive de la roche Cet article expose à grands traits les diverses techniques employées pour prédire des avaries de roche dans les exploitations minières à ciel ouvert ou souterraines. Les changements des paramètres de la roche pendant l'augmentation des contraintes et au moment de l'avarie sont indiqués. Une nouvelle technique expérimentale est décrite, elle est basée sur les changements de la réponse d'une masse rocheuse à la surimposition de vibrations de basse amplitude et de très basse fréquence. Les limitations de l'appareillage disponible pour ce but sont indiquées et les problèmes posés par la nouvelle technique sont discutés. Les exigences du système et la méthode d'analyse sont discutées. Des résultats obtenus au laboratoire avec un modèle en gélatine sont décrits. Ces résultats montrent clairement que les changements de la réponse à la fréquence et à l'amplitude du modèle développant des fractures peuvent donner à l'avance des indications d'une avarie imminente.
    Notes: Summary Low Frequency Sounding Technique for Predicting Progressive Failure of Rock The paper outlines the various techniques used for predicting failure of rock in open strip or underground mining operations. Changes occurring in mechanical parameters of rock on increase in stress and at failure are outlined. A new experimental technique is described, which is based upon detection of changes in the response of the rock mass to imposed very low frequency, low amplitude vibrations. The limitations of the existing equipment available for the purpose are outlined and the problems posed by the new technique discussed. The requirements of the system and the method of analysis are discussed. Results obtained on a gelatine model under laboratory conditions are described. These results clearly show that changes in the frequency and amplitude response of the model with developemnt of fractures can give advance indication of imminent failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239951
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  • 3
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    Medium Energy Electron Flux in Earth's Outer Radiation Belt (MERLIN): A Machine Learning Model (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: The radiation belts of the Earth, filled with energetic electrons, comprise complex and dynamic systems that pose a significant threat to satellite operation. While various models of electron flux both for low and relativistic energies have been developed, the behavior of medium energy (120–600 keV) electrons, especially in the MEO region, remains poorly quantified. At these energies, electrons are driven by both convective and diffusive transport, and their prediction usually requires sophisticated 4D modeling codes. In this paper, we present an alternative approach using the Light Gradient Boosting (LightGBM) machine learning algorithm. The Medium Energy electRon fLux In Earth's outer radiatioN belt (MERLIN) model takes as input the satellite position, a combination of geomagnetic indices and solar wind parameters including the time history of velocity, and does not use persistence. MERLIN is trained on 〉15 years of the GPS electron flux data and tested on more than 1.5 years of measurements. Tenfold cross validation yields that the model predicts the MEO radiation environment well, both in terms of dynamics and amplitudes o f flux. Evaluation on the test set shows high correlation between the predicted and observed electron flux (0.8) and low values of absolute error. The MERLIN model can have wide space weather applications, providing information for the scientific community in the form of radiation belts reconstructions, as well as industry for satellite mission design, nowcast of the MEO environment, and surface charging analysis.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The radiation belts of the Earth, which are the zones of charged energetic particles trapped by the geomagnetic field, comprise complex and dynamic systems posing a significant threat to a variety of commercial and military satellites. While the inner belt is relatively stable, the outer belt is highly variable and depends substantially on solar activity; therefore, accurate and improved models of electron flux in the outer radiation belt are essential to understand the underlying physical processes. Although many models have been developed for the geostationary orbit and relativistic energies, prediction of electron flux in the 120–600 keV energy range still remains challenging. We present a data‐driven model of the medium energies (120–600 keV) differentialelectron flux in the outer radiation belt based on machine learning. We use 17 years of electron observations by Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. We set up a 3D model for flux prediction in terms of L‐values, MLT, and magnetic latitude. The model gives reliable predictions of the radiation environment in the outer radiation belt and has wide space weather applications.
    Description: Key Points: A machine learning model is created to predict electron flux at MEO for energies 120–600 keV. The model requires solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices as input and does not use persistence. MERLIN model yields high accuracy and high correlation with observations (0.8).
    Description: Horizon 2020 – The EU Research and Innovation programme
    Keywords: 523.5 ; machine learning ; radiation belts ; electron flux ; empirical modeling ; magnetosphere ; electrons
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Quantifying the Effects of EMIC Wave Scattering and Magnetopause Shadowing in the Outer Electron Radiation Belt by Means of Data Assimilation (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-21
    Description: In this study we investigate two distinct loss mechanisms responsible for the rapid dropouts of radiation belt electrons by assimilating data from Van Allen Probes A and B and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) 13 and 15 into a 3-D diffusion model. In particular, we examine the respective contribution of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave scattering and magnetopause shadowing for values of the first adiabatic invariant μ ranging from 300 to 3,000 MeV G−1. We inspect the innovation vector and perform a statistical analysis to quantitatively assess the effect of both processes as a function of various geomagnetic indices, solar wind parameters, and radial distance from the Earth. Our results are in agreement with previous studies that demonstrated the energy dependence of these two mechanisms. We show that EMIC wave scattering tends to dominate loss at lower L shells, and it may amount to between 10%/hr and 30%/hr of the maximum value of phase space density (PSD) over all L shells for fixed first and second adiabatic invariants. On the other hand, magnetopause shadowing is found to deplete electrons across all energies, mostly at higher L shells, resulting in loss from 50%/hr to 70%/hr of the maximum PSD. Nevertheless, during times of enhanced geomagnetic activity, both processes can operate beyond such location and encompass the entire outer radiation belt.
    Keywords: 538.76 ; data assimilation ; EMIC waves ; magnetopause shadowing ; innovation vector ; Kalman filter ; radiation belt losses
    Language: English
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    A Comparison of Radial Diffusion Coefficients in 1‐D and 3‐D Long‐Term Radiation Belt Simulations (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-31
    Description: Radial diffusion is one of the dominant physical mechanisms driving acceleration and loss of radiation belt electrons. A number of parameterizations for radial diffusion coefficients have been developed, each differing in the data set used. Here, we investigate the performance of different parameterizations by Brautigam and Albert (2000), https://doi.org/10.1029/1999ja900344, Brautigam et al. (2005), https://doi.org/10.1029/2004ja010612, Ozeke et al. (2014), https://doi.org/10.1002/2013ja019204, Ali et al. (2015), https://doi.org/10.1002/2014ja020419; Ali et al. (2016), https://doi.org/10.1002/2016ja023002; Ali (2016), and Liu et al. (2016), https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl067398 on long‐term radiation belt modeling using the Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) code, and compare the results to Van Allen Probes observations. First, 1‐D radial diffusion simulations are performed, isolating the contribution of solely radial diffusion. We then take into account effects of local acceleration and loss showing additional 3‐D simulations, including diffusion across pitch‐angle, energy, and mixed diffusion. For the L* range studied, the difference between simulations with Brautigam and Albert (2000), https://doi.org/10.1029/1999ja900344, Ozeke et al. (2014), https://doi.org/10.1002/2013ja019204, and Liu et al. (2016), https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl067398 parameterizations is shown to be small, with Brautigam and Albert (2000), https://doi.org/10.1029/1999ja900344 offering the smallest averaged (across multiple energies) absolute normalized difference with observations. Using the Ali et al. (2016), https://doi.org/10.1002/2016ja023002 parameterization tended to result in a lower flux than both the observations and the VERB simulations using the other coefficients. We find that the 3‐D simulations are less sensitive to the radial diffusion coefficient chosen than the 1‐D simulations, suggesting that for 3‐D radiation belt models, a similar result is likely to be achieved, regardless of whether Brautigam and Albert (2000), https://doi.org/10.1029/1999ja900344, Ozeke et al. (2014), https://doi.org/10.1002/2013ja019204, and Liu et al. (2016), https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl067398 parameterizations are used.
    Description: Key Points: 3‐D simulations using different radial diffusion coefficients, except Ali et al. (2016), produce similar results. Using Ali et al. (2016) DLL, simulated flux is significantly lower than observations. 3‐D modeling with Brautigam and Albert (2000) DLL results in a slightly smaller normalized difference (averaged over energies) to observations.
    Description: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000104
    Description: European Union's Horizon 2020
    Description: https://doi.org/10.25346/S6/U9WFPD
    Keywords: ddc:538.7
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 6
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    Evidence of a North Atlantic right whale calf (Eubalaena glacialis) born in northeastern U.S. waters (2009)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of John Wiley & Sons for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Mammal Science 25 (2009): 462-477, doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00261.x.
    Description: The general temporal and geographical patterns of North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) calving events have been clarified during the last quarter century of research (Kraus and Rolland 2007). Right whales give birth to a single calf every three to five years after a twelve- to thirteen-month gestation period (Best 1994; Kraus and Hatch 2001). Most calves are born between December and March in the coastal waters of the southeastern U.S., the only known calving ground for this species (Kraus et al. 2007; Winn et al. 1986). Although historical whaling records suggest that there were once two winter calving grounds, one off the southeastern U.S. and the other off northwestern Africa, it appears that only the former is still used today (Notarbartolo di Sciara et al. 1998; Reeves and Mitchell 1986; 1988). In the late winter, right whales leave the calving grounds and migrate to their foraging grounds off the northeastern U.S. and Canadian Maritimes. North Atlantic right whales can be found in Cape Cod and Massachusetts Bays throughout the late winter and early spring (Hamilton and Mayo 1990; Mayo and Marx 1990; Schevill et al. 1986), in the Great South Channel during mid-spring to early summer (Kenney et al. 1995), and in the Bay of Fundy (Kraus et al. 1982) and on the Scotian Shelf (Mitchell et al. 1986; Stone et al. 1988) during the summer and fall. Some individuals (mostly pregnant females and juveniles) return to the calving grounds off the southeastern U.S. in December and January, but the location of the rest of the population during those months is currently unknown (although recent evidence suggests that right whales are present in the Gulf of Maine and on the Scotian Shelf throughout the winter (Mellinger et al. 2007; T. Cole pers comm. ; S. Van Parijs pers comm. ).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Maternal CD4+T cells protect against severe congenital cytomegalovirus disease in a novel nonhuman primate model of placental cytomegalovirus transmission (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-19
    Description: Elucidation of maternal immune correlates of protection against congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) is necessary to inform future vaccine design. Here, we present a novel rhesus macaque model of placental rhesus CMV (rhCMV) transmission and use it to dissect determinants of protection against congenital transmission following primary maternal rhCMV infection. In this model, asymptomatic intrauterine infection was observed following i.v. rhCMV inoculation during the early second trimester in two of three rhCMV-seronegative pregnant females. In contrast, fetal loss or infant CMV-associated sequelae occurred in four rhCMV-seronegative pregnant macaques that were CD4+T-cell depleted at the time of inoculation. Animals that received the CD4+T-cell–depleting antibody also exhibited higher plasma and amniotic fluid viral loads, dampened virus-specific CD8+T-cell responses, and delayed production of autologous neutralizing antibodies compared with immunocompetent monkeys. Thus, maternal CD4+T-cell immunity during primary rhCMV infection is important for controlling maternal viremia and inducing protective immune responses that prevent severe CMV-associated fetal disease.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 8
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    Antigenic diversity is generated by distinct evolutionary mechanisms in African trypanosome species (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-13
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    Direct single-molecule measurements of phycocyanobilin photophysics in monomeric C-phycocyanin (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-28
    Description: Phycobilisomes are highly organized pigment–protein antenna complexes found in the photosynthetic apparatus of cyanobacteria and rhodophyta that harvest solar energy and transport it to the reaction center. A detailed bottom-up model of pigment organization and energy transfer in phycobilisomes is essential to understanding photosynthesis in these organisms and informing rational design of artificial light-harvesting systems. In particular, heterogeneous photophysical behaviors of these proteins, which cannot be predicted de novo, may play an essential role in rapid light adaptation and photoprotection. Furthermore, the delicate architecture of these pigment–protein scaffolds sensitizes them to external perturbations, for example, surface attachment, which can be avoided by study in free solution or in vivo. Here, we present single-molecule characterization of C-phycocyanin (C-PC), a three-pigment biliprotein that self-assembles to form the midantenna rods of cyanobacterial phycobilisomes. Using the Anti-Brownian Electrokinetic (ABEL) trap to counteract Brownian motion of single particles in real time, we directly monitor the changing photophysical states of individual C-PC monomers from Spirulina platensis in free solution by simultaneous readout of their brightness, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence lifetime, and emission spectra. These include single-chromophore emission states for each of the three covalently bound phycocyanobilins, providing direct measurements of the spectra and photophysics of these chemically identical molecules in their native protein environment. We further show that a simple Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET) network model accurately predicts the observed photophysical states of C-PC and suggests highly variable quenching behavior of one of the chromophores, which should inform future studies of higher-order complexes.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Thermionic Emission of Thin Films of Alkaline Earth Oxide Deposited by Evaporation (1950)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1950-01-15
    Print ISSN: 0031-899X
    Electronic ISSN: 1536-6065
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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