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  • 1
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    Meso- to Large-Scale Structure of Subducting Water in the Subtropical Gyre of the Eastern North Atlantic Ocean (1998)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-3670
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0485
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
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    Acoustic doppler current profiling in the Western Pacific during the WOCE P10 cruise, November/December 1993 (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The objective of this cruise was to occupy a hydrographic section nominally along 149E from Papua New Guinea to the shelf off the coast of Japan near Yokohama as part of the one-time WOCE Hydrographic Programe survey of the Pacific Ocean, line P10. This report describes the processing of shipboard acoustic Doppler current profier (ADCP) data that were collected during this cruise. New GPS-based heading measurements ("Ashtech heading"). which increase the accuracy of the ADCP, are covered in detail. A subset of the processed data from the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent and from the Kuroshio is presented.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant No. OCE93-06689.
    Keywords: WOCE P10 ; Shipboard ADCP ; Ashtech heading ; Thomas G. Thompson (Ship) Cruise P10
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 3
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    Wintertime observations of Subtropical Mode Water formation within the Gulf Stream (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 36 (2009): L02607, doi:10.1029/2008GL035918.
    Description: We study the structure of Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) within the eastward-flowing Gulf Stream as it forms during strong winter cooling. Shipboard observations using SeaSoar and ADCP reveal that while active mixing by gravitational instabilities is common, large vertical and lateral shears of the Gulf Stream play a central role in determination of the modes of active mixing. Evidence is presented that low static stability and large vertical shear can combine to cause slantwise convection/symmetric instabilities, while the large anticyclonic shears to the south of the Gulf Stream core can cause low absolute vorticity and precondition the Ertel potential vorticity to be small and more susceptible to instabilities. The area of active mixing driven by surface forcing in the presences of shear occupies a swath 50–90 km wide immediately south of the Gulf Stream core at the northern edge of the Sargasso Sea.
    Description: Support came from the National Science Foundation grants OCE-0424865 (TJ and FB) and OCE-0549699 (LT).
    Keywords: Mode water formation ; Convection in ocean fronts
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
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    A large-amplitude meander of the shelfbreak front during summer south of New England : observations from the Shelfbreak PRIMER experiment (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004): C03006, doi:10.1029/2002JC001468.
    Description: In order to examine spatial and temporal variability of the shelfbreak front during peak stratification, repeated surveys using a towed undulating vehicle (SeaSoar) are used to describe the evolution of shelfbreak frontal structure during 26 July to 1 August 1996 south of New England. Spatial correlation (e-folding) scales for the upper 60 m of the water column were generally between 8 and 15 km for temperature, salinity, and velocity. Temporal correlation scales were about 1 day. The frontal variability was dominated by the passage of a westward propagating meander that had a wavelength of 40 km, a propagation speed of 0.11 m s−1, and an amplitude of 15 km (30 km from crest to trough). Along-front geostrophic velocities (referenced to a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profilers) were as large as 0.45 m s−1, although subject to significant along-front variations. The relative vorticity within the jet was large, with a maximum 0.6 of the local value of the Coriolis parameter. Seaward of the front, a small detached eddy consisting of shelf water was present with a diameter of approximately 15 km. Ageostrophic contributions to the velocity field are estimated to be as large as 0.3 m s−1 in regions of sharp curvature within the meander. These observations strongly suggest that during at least some time periods, shelfbreak exchange is nonlinear (large Rossby number) and dominated by features on a horizontal scale of order 10 km.
    Description: This work was performed under grants N-00014-95-1-0575 and N-00014-98-1-0059. as part of the ONR Shelfbreak PRIMER Initiative. Some additional analysis and writing was done under ONR grants N-00014-00-1-0931 and N-00014-01-1-0247.
    Keywords: Shelfbreak front ; Cross-shelf exchange ; Frontal dynamics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    The Atlantic Water boundary current in the Chukchi Borderland and Southern Canada Basin (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(8), (2020): e2020JC016197, doi:10.1029/2020JC016197.
    Description: Synoptic shipboard measurements, together with historical hydrographic data and satellite data, are used to elucidate the detailed structure of the Atlantic Water (AW) boundary current system in the southern Canada Basin and its connection to the upstream source of AW in the Chukchi Borderland. Nine high‐resolution occupations of a transect extending from the Beaufort shelf to the deep basin near 152°W, taken between 2003 and 2018, reveal that there are two branches of the AW boundary current that flow beneath and counter to the Beaufort Gyre. Each branch corresponds to a warm temperature core and transports comparable amounts of Fram Strait Branch Water between roughly 200–700 m depth, although they are characterized by a different temperature/salinity (T/S) structure. The mean volume flux of the combined branches is 0.87 ± 0.13 Sv. Using the historical hydrographic data, the two branches are tracked upstream by their temperature cores and T/S signatures. This sheds new light on how the AW negotiates the Chukchi Borderland and why two branches emerge from this region. Lastly, the propagation of warm temperature anomalies through the region is quantified and shown to be consistent with the deduced circulation scheme.
    Description: This work was funded by the following sources: National Science Foundation Grants PLR‐1504333, OPP‐1733564, and OPP‐1504394; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Grant NA14OAR4320158; and National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NNX10AF42G.
    Description: 2021-01-27
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Shelfbreak frontal structure and processes north of Cape Hatteras in winter (2009)
    Sears Foundation for Marine Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Sears Foundation for Marine Research, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of Sears Foundation for Marine Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Marine Research 66 (2008): 755-799.
    Description: The circulation north of Cape Hatteras is complicated by the proximity of the shelfbreak front, the Gulf Stream, and convergent shelf flow from the Middle and South Atlantic Bights. A three-week cruise in this region in January/February, 2005 was undertaken in order to study the structure of the shelfbreak front as it terminates near Cape Hatteras and to quantify the freshwater transport from the Middle Atlantic Bight shelf into the Gulf Stream. Two strongly contrasting conditions were identified. Early in the cruise, the Gulf Stream directly abutted the shelfbreak at Cape Hatteras and drove a northward flow over the continental shelf as far north as 35°45′N. All of the Middle Atlantic Bight shelf water terminated by 35°30′N. Ten days later, the Gulf Stream had moved away from the shelfbreak south of Cape Hatteras and strong winds from the north were present. During this time, the shelfbreak frontal jet was strong (maximum southward velocity of approximately 0.5 m s-1 with a Rossby number of 2) and abruptly turned eastward and offshore between 35°35′N and 35°45′N. Freshwater transport eastward from the shelfbreak jet was 7.4 mSv and southward over the shelf was 19.9 mSv, giving a total freshwater transport of 27.3 mSv. This likely represents an upper bound due to the strong wind forcing. Implications of these results for the freshwater budget of the Middle Atlantic Bight shelf, stability properties of the shelfbreak front in this region, and the formation of “Ford water” in the Gulf Stream are discussed.
    Description: Support for the Rutgers satellite archive is provided by NSF, ONR and NOAA. This work was supported under NSF Grant Number OCE-0327249.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    OC449-09 Data Report : St. Thomas, USVI to Bermuda, December 1-10, 2008 (2010)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Data collected during multiple surveys of hydrography, velocity, and biological quantities are presented from a 9-day cruise aboard the R/V Oceanus near the island of St. Thomas, USVI and a subsequent transit to Bermuda during December, 2008. This cruise (OC449-09) was undertaken primarily to field test a newly acquired towed-undulating body, the Scanfish. The Scanfish and a second towed body, the Video Plankton Recorder (VPR), were used to survey hydrographic, optical, and biological properties north and south of St. Thomas. Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) casts and plankton net-tows were made at locations along the survey transects for inter-comparison. The VPR was also used to profile conditions between St. Thomas and Bermuda during transit. An overview of the cruise is given along with descriptions of the data collection methods, processing steps taken, and data products available for distribution.
    Description: Funding for this research was provided by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) under a cooperative research agreement with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 8
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    WHOI Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Station (WHOTS) : WHOTS-4 2007 mooring turnaround cruise report (2008)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Timeseries (HOT) Site (WHOTS), 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the HOT program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. The first three WHOTS moorings (WHOTS-1 through 3) were deployed in August 2004, July 2005 and June 2006, respectively. This report documents recovery of the WHOTS-3 mooring and deployment of the fourth mooring (WHOTS-4). Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with R. Lukas of the University of Hawaii. A pCO2 system was installed on the WHOT-3 buoy in a cooperative effort with Chris Sabine at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was done on the University of Hawaii research vessel Kilo Moana, Cruise KM-07-08, by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 24 June and 1 July 2007. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-4 mooring on 25 June at approximately 22°40.2′N, 157°57.0′W in 4756 m of water. This was followed by meteorological intercomparisons and CTDs at the WHOTS-4 and WHOTS-3 sites. The WHOTS-3 mooring was recovered on June 28th followed by CTD operations at the HOT site and shipboard meteorological observations at several sites to the south of the mooring site. This report describes these cruise operations, as well as some of the in-port operations and pre-cruise buoy preparations.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA17RJ1223 for the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR).
    Keywords: Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Oceanographic buoys ; Marine meteorology ; Kilo Moana (Ship) Cruise KM0708
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 9
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    Acoustics and oceanographic observations collected during the QPE Experiment by Research Vessels OR1, OR2 and OR3 in the East China Sea in the Summer of 2009 (2010)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This document describes data, sensors, and other useful information pertaining to the ONR sponsored QPE field program to quantify, predict and exploit uncertainty in observations and prediction of sound propagation. This experiment was a joint operation between Taiwanese and U.S. researchers to measure and assess uncertainty of predictions of acoustic transmission loss and ambient noise, and to observe the physical oceanography and geology that are necessary to improve their predictability. This work was performed over the continental shelf and slope northeast of Taiwan at two sites: one that was a relatively flat, homogeneous shelf region and a more complex geological site just shoreward of the shelfbreak that was influenced by the proximity of the Kuroshio Current. Environmental moorings and ADCP moorings were deployed and a shipboard SeaSoar vehicle was used to measure environmental spatial structure. In addition, multiple bottom moored receivers and a horizontal hydrophone array were deployed to sample transmission loss from a mobile source and ambient noise. The acoustic sensors, environmental sensors, shipboard resources, and experiment design, and their data, are presented and described in this technical report.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-08-1-0763
    Keywords: QPE experiment and mooring information ; Acoustic and oceanography data in the East China Sea ; Quantifying, predicting and exploiting uncertainty initiative ; Ocean Researcher 1 (Ship) Cruise 911 ; Ocean Researcher 1 (Ship) Cruise 912 ; Ocean Researcher 2 (Ship) Cruise 1639 ; Ocean Researcher 2 (Ship) Cruise 1660 ; Ocean Researcher 2 (Ship) Cruise 1665 ; Ocean Researcher 2 (Ship) Cruise 1667 ; Ocean Researcher 3 (Ship) Cruise 1390 ; Ocean Researcher 3 (Ship) Cruise 1394
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 10
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    Increasing frequency of mid‐depth salinity maximum intrusions in the Middle Atlantic Bight (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gawarkiewicz, G., Fratantoni, P., Bahr, F., & Ellertson, A. Increasing frequency of mid‐depth salinity maximum intrusions in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127(7), (2022): e2021JC018233, https://doi.org/10.1029./2021jc018233.
    Description: Shelfbreak exchange processes have been studied extensively in the Middle Atlantic Bight. An important process occurring during stratified conditions is the Salinity Maximum Intrusion. These features are commonly observed at the depth of the seasonal pycnocline, and less frequently at the surface and bottom. Data collected from NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service Ecosystem Monitoring program as well as data collected from the fishing industry in Rhode Island show that the middepth intrusions are now occurring much more frequently than was reported in a previous climatology of the intrusions (Lentz, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001859). The intrusions have a greater salinity difference from ambient water and penetrate large distances shoreward of the shelf break relative to the earlier climatology. The longer term data from the Ecosystem Monitoring program indicates that the increase in frequency occurred in 2000, and thus may be linked to a recent regime shift in the annual formation rate of Warm Core Rings by the Gulf Stream. Given the increased frequency of these salty intrusions, it will be necessary to properly resolve this process in numerical simulations in order to account for salt budgets for the continental shelf and slope.
    Description: Data collection for the Shelf Research Fleet and salary for G. Gawarkiewicz, F. Bahr, and A. Ellertson were provided by the van Beuren Charitable Foundation of Newport, RI. G. Gawarkiewicz, F. Bahr, and A. Ellertson were also supported in analysis of this data by NSF grant OCE-1851261.
    Keywords: Hydrography ; Middle Atlantic Bight ; Shelfbreak front ; Warm core ring ; Intrusion ; Continental shelf processes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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