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  • 1
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    Two-dimensional resonances in Alpine valleys identified from ambient vibration wavefields (2006)
    In:  Geophysical Journal International, Oslo, Wiley, vol. 165, no. 3, pp. 889-905, pp. 1008, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006
    Keywords: Two-dimensional ; NOISE ; Micro-tremor (seismic noise) ; Synthetic seismograms ; Seismic arrays ; Spectral analysis ; Site amplification ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology ; GJI ; Rhone ; valley, ; sedimentary ; basin, ; seismic ; array, ; seismic ; noise, ; spectral ; analysis, ; synthetic ; waveforms, ; Faeh ; Fah
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Expected seismic shaking in Los Angeles reduced by San Andreas fault zone plasticity (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-14
    Description: Computer simulations of large ( M  ≥ 7.8) earthquakes rupturing the southern San Andreas fault from SE to NW (e.g., ShakeOut, widely used for earthquake drills) have predicted strong long-period ground motions in the densely populated Los Angeles basin due to channeling of waves through a series of interconnected sedimentary basins. Recently, the importance of this waveguide amplification effect for seismic shaking in the Los Angeles basin has also been confirmed from observations of the ambient seismic field in the SAVELA experiment. By simulating the ShakeOut earthquake scenario (based on a kinematic source description) for a medium governed by Drucker-Prager plasticity, we show that nonlinear material behavior could reduce the earlier predictions of large long-period ground motions in the Los Angeles basin by up to 70% as compared to viscoelastic solutions. These reductions are primarily due to yielding near the fault, although yielding may also occur in the shallow low-velocity deposits of the Los Angeles basin if cohesions are close to zero. Fault zone plasticity remains important even for conservative values of cohesions, suggesting that current simulations assuming a linear response of rocks are overpredicting ground motions during future large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Off-fault Deformations and Shallow Slip Deficit from Dynamic Rupture Simulations with Fault Zone Plasticity (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-07-21
    Description: Kinematic source inversions of major ( M ≥ 7) strike-slip earthquakes show that the slip at depth exceeds surface displacements measured in the field, and it has been suggested that this shallow slip deficit (SSD) is caused by distributed plastic deformation near the surface. We perform dynamic rupture simulations of M 7.2–7.4 earthquakes in elastoplastic media and analyze the sensitivity of SSD and off-fault deformation (OFD) to rock quality parameters. While linear simulations clearly underpredict observed SSD and OFDs, nonlinear simulations for a moderately fractured fault damage zone predict a SSD of 44–53% and OFDs of 39–48%, consistent with the 30–60% SSD and 46±10% (1 σ ) OFD reported for the 1992 M 7.3 Landers earthquake. Both SSD and OFDs are sensitive to the quality of the fractured rock mass inside the fault damage zone, and surface rupture is almost entirely suppressed in poor quality material.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    High-frequency ground motion amplification during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake explained by soil dilatancy (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-11
    Description: Ground motions of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake recorded at Onahama port (Iwaki, Fukushima prefecture) rank among the highest accelerations ever observed, with the peak amplitude of the 3-D acceleration vector approaching 2 g . The response of the site was distinctively non-linear, as indicated by the presence of horizontal acceleration spikes which have been linked to cyclic mobility during similar observations. Compared to records of weak ground motions, the response of the site during the M w 9.1 earthquake was characterized by increased amplification at frequencies above 10 Hz and in peak ground acceleration. This behaviour contrasts with the more common non-linear response encountered at non-liquefiable sites, which results in deamplification at higher frequencies. We simulate propagation of SH waves through the dense sand deposit using a non-linear finite difference code that is capable of modelling the development of excess pore water pressure. Dynamic soil parameters are calibrated using a direct search method that minimizes the difference between observed and simulated acceleration envelopes and response spectra. The finite difference simulations yield surface acceleration time-series that are consistent with the observations in shape and amplitude, pointing towards soil dilatancy as a likely explanation for the high-frequency pulses recorded at Onahama port. The simulations also suggest that the occurrence of high-frequency spikes coincided with a rapid increase in pore water pressure in the upper part of the sand deposit between 145 and 170 s. This sudden increase is possibly linked to a burst of high-frequency energy from a large slip patch below the Iwaki region.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 5
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    3D Simulations of M 7 Earthquakes on the Wasatch Fault, Utah, Part II: Broadband (0-10 Hz) Ground Motions and Nonlinear Soil Behavior (2012)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-01
    Description: We predict broadband (BB, 0–10 Hz) ground motions for M  7 earthquakes on the Salt Lake City segment of the Wasatch fault (WFSLC), Utah, which include the effects of nonlinear site response. The predictions are based on low-frequency (LF, 0–1 Hz) finite-difference (FD) simulations for six different rupture models generated during a previous study ( Roten et al. , 2011 ), which we combine with high-frequency (HF, 1–10 Hz) shear-to-shear (S-to-S) back-scattering operators to generate BB synthetics. Average horizontal spectral accelerations at 5 and 10 Hz (0.2-s SAs and 0.1-s SAs, respectively) calculated from the linear BB synthetics exceed estimates from four recent ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) at near-fault (〈5 km) locations on the sediment by more than one standard deviation, but agree with the GMPEs at larger rupture distances. The overprediction of the near-fault GMPE values is largely eliminated after corrections of the BB synthetics for nonlinear soil effects are applied, reducing the SAs from the simulations by up to 70%. These corrections are based on amplitude-, frequency-, and site-dependent correction functions from 1D nonlinear simulations at ~450 locations in the Salt Lake basin, using a simple soil model based in part on published laboratory experiments on Bonneville clay samples. We obtain geometric mean 1-s SAs from from the six scenarios of more than 0.75 g on the hanging-wall side of the fault. Geometric mean 0.2-s SAs exceed 1 g on the hanging-wall and on the footwall sediments in the central Salt Lake basin, and peak horizontal ground accelerations range from 0.45 to 〉0.60 g in the same general locations. Online Material: Table of coefficients and amplitude-dependent correction functions for nonlinear soil effects, and figures showing maps of SAs at various frequencies, PGA and PGV, with and without correction for nonlinear soil effects, results of 1D nonlinear simulations, and comparison to ground motion prediction equations.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 6
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    3D Simulations of M 7 Earthquakes on the Wasatch Fault, Utah, Part I: Long-Period (0-1 Hz) Ground Motion (2011)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-01
    Description: We predict ground motions in the Salt Lake basin (SLB) during M 7 earthquakes on the Salt Lake City segment of the Wasatch fault (WFSLC). First we generate a suite of realistic source representations by simulating the spontaneous rupture process on a planar, vertical fault with the staggered-grid split-node finite-difference (FD) method. The initial distribution of shear stress is the sum of both a regional depth-dependent shear stress appropriate for a dipping, normal fault and a stochastically generated residual shear stress field associated with previous ruptures. The slip-rate histories from the spontaneous rupture scenarios are projected onto a detailed 3D model geometry of the WFSLC that we developed based on geological observations. Next, we simulate 0- to 1-Hz wave propagation from six source models with a 3D FD code, using the most recent version of the Wasatch Front Community Velocity model. Horizontal spectral accelerations at two seconds (2-s SAs) reveal strong along-strike rupture direction effects for unilateral ruptures, as well as significant amplifications by the low-velocity sediments on the hanging-wall side of the fault. For ruptures nucleating near the southern end of the segment, we obtain 2-s SAs of up to 1.4g near downtown SLC, caused by a combination of rupture-direction and basin-edge effects. Average 3-s SAs and 2-s SAs from the six scenarios are generally consistent with values predicted by four next-generation attenuation models.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 7
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    Quantification of Cyclic Mobility Parameters in Liquefiable Soils from Inversion of Vertical Array Records (2014)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: High-frequency acceleration pulses recorded during recent damaging earthquakes show that the evolution of pore water pressure in liquefiable soils may have a significant effect on earthquake ground motions. Such observations suggest that advanced constitutive soil models capable of treating the phase transformation behavior of liquefiable soils should be used for reliable predictions of earthquake site response. Advanced constitutive models require knowledge of the dilatancy parameters that describe the potential of soils to generate excess pore water pressure. We demonstrate that these dilatancy parameters can be determined directly from field observations by inverting strong motions recorded on vertical arrays (i.e., installation of surface and borehole accelerometers). We analyze the records of the 1987 M  6.6 Superstition Hills earthquake, the 1993 M  7.8 Kushiro-Oki, Japan, earthquake, and the 2011 M  9.0 Tohoku, Japan, earthquake to quantify the dilatancy parameters at the Wildlife liquefaction array (WLA), at Kushiro port (KP), and the KiK-net site FKSH14, respectively. Synthetic acceleration time series obtained from the minimum misfit models are describing the time and frequency evolution of the observations more precisely than previously published models. Dilatancy parameters obtained for WLA and KP suggest that soils at these sites were more resistant to liquefaction than predicted from field and laboratory tests. We also infer a high liquefaction resistance (CRR 7.5 =0.5) for the site FKSH14, which exhibited dilation pulses of up to during the Tohoku earthquake. These findings indicate that even soils with a strong liquefaction resistance may exhibit cyclic mobility effects during strong and prolonged ground motions.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 8
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    Assessment of Site Effects in Alpine Regions through Systematic Site Characterization of Seismic Stations (2014)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: In the framework of the renewal project of the Swiss Strong Motion Network (SSMNet), a procedure for site characterization has been established. The aim of the procedure was to systematically derive realistic 1D velocity profiles at each station. It is mainly based on the analysis of surface waves, particularly from passive experiments, and includes cross checks of the derived amplification functions with those obtained through spectral modeling of recorded earthquakes. The systematic use of three component surface-wave analysis, allowing the derivation of both Rayleigh and Love dispersion curves, also contributes to the improvement of the quality of the retrieved profiles. The procedure is applied to the 30 SSMNet stations installed on various site types within the project, covering different aspects of seismic risk. The characterization of these 30 sites gives an overview of the variety of possible effects of surface geology on ground motion in the Alpine area. Such effects ranged from deamplification at hard-rock sites to amplification up to a factor of 15 in lacustrine sediments with respect to the Swiss reference rock velocity model. The derived velocity profiles are shown to reproduce observed amplification functions from empirical spectral modeling. Although many sites are found to exhibit 1D behavior, the procedure allows the detection and qualification of 2D and 3D effects. The sites are therefore classified with respect to the occurrence of 2D/3D resonance and edge-generated surface waves. In addition to the large and deeply incised alpine valleys of the Rhône, the Rhine, and the Aar, smaller structures such as local alpine valleys and alluvial fans are shown to exhibit 2D/3D behavior.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 9
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    Expression of the c-fos protooncogene by human and murine erythroblasts (1989)
    American Society of Hematology
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    Publication Date: 1989-08-15
    Description: The expression of the c-fos protooncogene was investigated by in situ hybridization in normal murine bone marrow cells. A strong signal was found in murine marrow cells having the morphologic features of erythroblasts. This result was confirmed in human marrow cells using a double labeling technique (in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry). A majority (70%) of the cells expressing c-fos mRNA were glycophorin A-positive. In contrast, granulocytic precursors (CD 15-positive) or monocytes and their precursors (CD 14-positive cells) did not significantly hybridize with the c-fos probe. In addition, c-fos mRNA (2.2Kb) was detected by Northern blotting in RNA extracted from homogeneous populations of erythroblasts obtained by immune panning from fetal liver and from adult blood BFU-E-derived colonies. Fos protein was also detected in erythroblasts by immunofluorescence. The high level of c-fos mRNA previously found in hematopoietic tissue should therefore be related to the transcription of the c-fos gene during terminal erythroid differentiation.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by American Society of Hematology
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  • 10
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    Expression of the c-fos protooncogene by human and murine erythroblasts (1989)
    American Society of Hematology
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    Publication Date: 1989-08-15
    Description: The expression of the c-fos protooncogene was investigated by in situ hybridization in normal murine bone marrow cells. A strong signal was found in murine marrow cells having the morphologic features of erythroblasts. This result was confirmed in human marrow cells using a double labeling technique (in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry). A majority (70%) of the cells expressing c-fos mRNA were glycophorin A-positive. In contrast, granulocytic precursors (CD 15-positive) or monocytes and their precursors (CD 14-positive cells) did not significantly hybridize with the c-fos probe. In addition, c-fos mRNA (2.2Kb) was detected by Northern blotting in RNA extracted from homogeneous populations of erythroblasts obtained by immune panning from fetal liver and from adult blood BFU-E-derived colonies. Fos protein was also detected in erythroblasts by immunofluorescence. The high level of c-fos mRNA previously found in hematopoietic tissue should therefore be related to the transcription of the c-fos gene during terminal erythroid differentiation.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by American Society of Hematology
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