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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 31 (1985), S. 89-101 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The energy storage terms for a mature mixed forest at Petawawa, Ontario are reported for 38 days in the summer of 1982 when the forest was in full leaf. Hourly, daily and daytime values of the storage terms are documented. The biomass storage term, Q v , should be calculated from measurement of biomass temperature change. For hourly periods, the storage terms can be of significant size with respect to net radiation, Q *. This is especially the case at night, in the early morning after sunrise, and near sunset. The importance of the storage terms is still pronounced when daytime totals are considered — the ratio of the total storage (Q s ) to Q * varied from 1 to 15% for the whole sample, but is typically between 5 and 10%. For daily totals when the canopy is dry and the net radiation high, Q s is typically 2 to 3 % of Q *. However, it can be up to 10% of Q * under particular conditions (overcast days, or during or immediately following rainfall).
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 32 (1985), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Components of the radiation and energy balances were measured over a clear-cut area and a mature, mixed forest during the summer of 1981 at the Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Chalk River, Ontario. The work concentrated on the clear-cut site which supported a canopy layer composed primarily of bracken fern and logging remnants. Forty days of radiation data were collected at the clear-cut site. After the first four weeks of measurements (the ‘green’ season), most of the ferns quickly died, and their foliage changed appearance from a green to brownish colour (the ‘brown’ season). The daily mean reflection coefficient of solar radiation determined over the ‘green’ season was 0.20 and decreased to 0.13 for the ‘brown’ season. The corresponding value for the forest was 0.13, based on a limited amount of data. The clear-cut site received 11% and 21% less net radiation than the forest on a 24-hr and daylight-hours basis, respectively, as a consequence of the higher reflection coefficient and larger daytime longwave radiation emission. A reversing temperature difference measurement system (RTDMS), incorporating ten-junction thermopiles was employed at each site in order to determine Bowen ratios (β) via differential psychrometry. Both systems performed well, especially the RTDMS over the forest which was capable of resolving very small differences of temperature, typically less than 0.2 °C over a height of 3 m. The mean hourly Bowen ratio, calculated from values from 0800 to 1600 hr, varied from 0.2 to 1.0 for the forest and from 0.4 to 0.8 for the clear-cut site in the ‘green’ season. A significant canopy heat storage component of the energy balance, Q S , was found at the clear-cut site. In the early morning, a portion of the available energy was used to heat the biomass materials and air within the canopy layer. The stored heat within the canopy was released later in the day, increasing the available energy total. The daily mean value of the Priestley-Taylor coefficient α (Priestley and Taylor, 1972) for the ‘green’ season at the clear-cut site was 1.14, and individual values tended to increase during wet surface conditions and decrease when the surface dried. The daylight mean α value during dry canopy conditions at the forest was 1.05, and much higher values occurred when the canopy was wet. The enhancement of α for the wet forest was a result of the evaporation of intercepted rain (which is not limited by stomatal resistance) and the concomitant transfer of sensible heat to the forest.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 21 (1981), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The design and performance of a reversing temperature difference measurement system are reported. This system employs five-junction copper-constantan thermopiles for the measurement of δT and δT w, while a linearized thermistor is used to measure T w. Field performance has been checked against a precision lysimeter as well as against a second temperature difference measurement system in which diodes are used for temperature measurement. In both cases, the agreement between the systems is satisfactory for the measurement of hourly values of the Bowen ratio.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 26 (1983), S. 337-354 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Synchronous observations of the energy balances of a suburban and a rural area in the Vancouver region are used to investigate the impact of urbanization on energy exchange. Net radiation and rural soil heat flux density were directly measured, suburban heat storage was parameterized, and the turbulent heat flux densities were evaluated using the Bowen ratio-energy balance method. Most comparisons were conducted during a period of drying following an unusually wet early summer. These conditions produced atypical but very interesting results. With cloudless skies and high radiant input, suburban-rural differences of both net radiation and evapotranspiration were contrary to previous results and intuition. In both cases, suburban values were greater than their rural counterparts. In most respects the rural site behaved as expected, and the explanation for these findings is thought to be related to advective assistance of evapotranspiration from the suburban area. Under lesser radiant forcing the suburban budget acted in greater conformity with past experience and suburban-rural differences were similarly more in agreement with expectation.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 16 (1968), S. 391-417 
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden verschiedene Methoden zur Berechnung der potentiellen Evapotranspiration (PE) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Energiebilanzgleichung besprochen. Es wurden stündliche und tägliche Werte der PE für eine bewässerte, mit Gras bepflanzte Fläche nahe Simcoe in Süd-Ontario für den Sommer 1967 berechnet, wobei das Bowen-Verhältnis, die Penman-Lösung der Energiebilanzgleichung, Thornthwaites Temperaturgleichung und das Wasseräquivalent der Strahlungsbilanz Verwendung fanden. Die Werte des Bowen-Verhältnisses wurden als Standard verwendet, mit dem die anderen Methoden verglichen wurden. Um die Berechnungen durchführen zu können, wurden Messungen der Temperatur-, Feuchtigkeits- und Windprofile, der Strahlungsbilanz, des Bodenwärmestroms, der Hüttentemperatur und-feuchtigkeit und des Windes vorgenommen. Es wurden sehr gute Ergebnisse aus der Penman-Gleichung (unter Verwendung der Windfunktion vonBusinger) für einzelne Stunden an Tagen, an denen vorausgehender Regen oder Bewässerung tatsächliche PE-Bedingungen schufen, erhalten. An anderen, trockenen Tagen ergaben sich wesentlich zu hohe Penman-Werte. Das Wasseräquivalent der Strahlungsbilanz war mit dem Bowen-Verhältnis für stündliche Werte hoch korreliert, aber die Werte wurden ständig über-schätzt. Eine schlechte Korrelation zwischen den Werten nach Thornthwaite und der Strahlungsbilanz wird an Hand der täglichen Werte gezeigt, was für ihren nur schwachen Zusammenhang mit der Energiebilanzgleichung spricht. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Beziehung zwischen der kumulativen Trockensubstanzproduktion des Grases und der kumulativen PE linear ist, aber das Produktionsvermögen fiel von 1 g/525 mm bei Bewässerung auf 1 g/1287 mm nach Aufhören der Bewässerung.
    Abstract: Résumé On discute ici différentes méthodes de calcul de l'évapotranspiration potentielle (EP) en tenant spécialement compte de l'équation du bilan d'énergie. On calcule pour l'été 1967 les valeurs horaires et journalières d'EP pour une surface irriguée recouverte d'herbe au voisinage de Simcoe dans le sud de l'Ontario. Pour ce faire, on a utilisé le rapport de Bowen, la solution proposée par Penman de résolution de l'équation du bilan d'énergie, l'équation de température de Thornthwaite ainsi que l'équivalent en eau du bilan radiatif. On a utilisé comme référence les valeurs du rapport de Bowen et on leur a comparé les autres méthodes. Afin de pouvoir effectuer les calculs, on a mesuré la température, l'humidité de l'air et le vent à différentes hauteurs, le bilan radiatif, le flux de chaleur dans le sol, la température et l'humidité sous abri et le vent standard. On a obtenu de très bons résultats de l'équation de Penman (en utilisant la fonction de vent selonBusinger) mais cela seulement pour certaines heures de la journée durant lesquelles de la pluie ou des irrigations antérieures favorisaient effectivement l'EP. Durant les jours secs, les valeurs de Penman étaient au contraire beaucoup trop élevées. L'équivalent en eau du bilan radiatif a donné de hauts coefficients de corrélation avec le rapport de Bowen pour des valeurs horaires. Pourtant celles-ci furent toujours trop élevées. Les valeurs journalières provenant de la formule de Thornthwaite ne concordent que très mal avec le bilan de radiation, ce qui prouve qu'elles n'ont qu'une faible relation avec l'équation du bilan d'énergie. On démontre en outre qui'il existe une relation linéaire entre la production cumulée de matière sèche de l'herbe et l'EP cumulée, mais que le pouvoir de production est tombé de 1 g pour 525 mm lors de l'irrigation à 1 g pour 1287 mm après que l'irrigation eut pris fin.
    Notes: Summary Several approaches to the evaluation of potential evapotranspiration (PE) are discussed from the point of view of the energy balance equation. Hourly and daily PE were evaluated for an irrigated ryegrass site near Simcoe in Southern Ontario during the summer of 1967 using the Bowen ratio and Penman solution of the energy balance equation, Thornthwaite's temperature equation and the water equivalent of the net radiation. The Bowen ratio values were used as the standard against which the other methods were compared. For the evaluations, measurements of temperature, humidity and wind profiles, net radiation, soil heat flux, screen temperature and humidity and wind run were made. Excellent results were obtained from the Penman equation (using Businger's with function) for individual hourly periods on days when previous rainfall or irrigation ensured true PE conditions. On other drier days, Penman values were consistently too large. The water equivalent of the net radiation was highly correlated with Bowen ratio values on a hourly basis but overestimated consistently. A poor correlation between Thornthwaite values and the net radiation is demonstrated on a daily basis, which indicates its tenuous connection with the energy balance equation. The relation between cumulative dry matter productivity of the ryegrass and cumulative PE is shown to be linear, but the productivity rate changed from 1 g/525 mm when the crop was irrigated to 1 g/1287 mm after irrigation had ceased.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2006-01-01
    Description: Light detection and ranging (lidar) is becoming an increasingly popular technology among scientists for the development of predictive models of forest biophysical variables. However, before this technology can be adopted with confidence for long-term monitoring applications in Canada, robust models must be developed that can be applied and validated over large and complex forested areas. This will require "scaling-up" from current models developed from high-density lidar data to low-density data collected at higher altitudes. This paper investigates the effect of lowering the average point spacing of discrete lidar returns on models of forest biophysical variables. Validation of results revealed that high-density models are well correlated with mean dominant height, basal area, crown closure, and average aboveground biomass (R2 = 0.84, 0.89, 0.60, and 0.91, respectively). Low-density models could not accurately predict crown closure (R2 = 0.36). However, they did provide slightly improved estimates for mean dominant height, basal area, and average aboveground biomass (R2 = 0.90, 0.91, and 0.92, respectively). Maps were generated and validated for the entire study area from the low-density models. The ability of low-density models to accurately map key biophysical variables is a positive indicator for the utility of lidar data for monitoring large forested areas.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1981-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0006-8314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1472
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1983-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0006-8314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1472
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1985-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0006-8314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1472
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1985-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0006-8314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1472
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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