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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on enhanced degradable plastics: 1. The geographic variability in outdoor lifetimes of enhanced photodegradable polyethylenes (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 1 (1993), S. 31-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Enhanced photodegradable polyethylenes ; disintegration ; degradation ; deterioration ; degradable plastics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Studies on three types of enhanced photodegradable polyethylenes showed tensile elongation at break to be a suitable parameter for assessing disintegration due to outdoor weathering. Disintegration rates varied greatly with exposure location, with Arizona the harshest environment and Washington and New Jersey the mildest. The rate of breakdown of the enhanced degradable polyethylenes relative to unmodified plastic was termed an enhancement factor. For the materials studied, average enhancement factors generally ranged from five to fifteen. The location-dependent variability in rate parameters can be mostly explained in terms of different average radiation levels and temperatures at these locations. A duplicate exposure protocol was developed to determine if the test data were complicated by short-term fluctuations in sunlight or temperature during exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01457651
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress-optical properties of poly(oxypropylene) networks (1987)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 25 (1987), S. 1935-1948 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Strain birefringence of poly(oxypropylene) was studied using several poly(oxypropylene) model networks of different crosslink densities. Most of the measurements were carried out in elongation, in both the unswollen and the swollen states, over the temperature range 10-70°C. The optical configuration parameter was found to be Δa = (4.33 ± 0.09) × 10-24 cm3 at 25°C with a very small temperature coefficient. Theoretical calculations based on rotational isomeric state theory were employed to interpret the experimental data. The results indicate the intermolecular correlations to be low for this polymer, and, contrary to other systems, the stress-optical coefficient C decreased with increasing average molecular weight between crosslinks. This fact was attributed to the end-group effect introduced by the crosslinking agent.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1987.090250913
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elastic behavior of chitosan films (1997)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 517-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: elasticity ; chitosan ; biopolymer ; stress-strain ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermoelastic behavior and equilibrium stress-strain properties of chitosan films lightly crosslinked with gluteraldehyde and swollen with water were studied. Precautions were taken to preclude changes in the swelling ratio of swollen sample films during the experiment. The results indicate that at relatively low extensions the elastic behavior of the biopolymer is entropic in origin. The equilibrium stress-strain isotherms of chitosan did not obey Mooney-Rivlin equation because of sharp increases in stress with extension ratio at high extensions. This is attributed mainly to interchain hydrogen-bonded interactions, but a possible contribution due to strain-induced crystallization cannot be ruled out. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weathering of polyethylene (LDPE) and enhanced photodegradable polyethylene in the marine environment (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 39 (1990), S. 363-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The outdoor weathering of polyethylene homopolymer under exposure in air and in sea water was studied. Rate of deterioration as indicated by the loss in mean ultimate extension was found to be slower when the material was weathered in sea water compared to that in air. The difference in rates is explained in terms of the lack of heat buildup in plastic material floating in sea water. A similar study on a commercially available ethylene-carbon monooxide copolymer indicated rapid photodegradation under both exposure conditions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070390213
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weathering of polystyrene foam on exposure in air and in seawater (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 42 (1991), S. 1589-1596 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Expanded extruded polystyrene foam was exposed outdoors in air and floating in seawater. The degradation of the materials was determined by ultraviolet spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and measurement of yellowness, viscosity, and tensile properties. The samples underwent extensive yellowing, reduction in average molecular weight, and embrittlement in the exposed surface layer. Furthermore, the rate of deterioration was shown to be faster in seawater than in air, possibly due to the removal by the seawater of the outer protective yellow-colored layer formed during early exposure to sunlight.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070420612
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light stabilization of polymers using opaque pigments (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 33 (1987), S. 1389-1395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The ultraviolet light screening characteristics of monodisperse and polydisperse opaque spherical pigment particles are examined in the nonreflection limit. The screening capability for polydisperse particle size distributions is most uniquely described in terms of the area-average radius. The light screening is related to the pigment's area-average radius and volume fraction loading. Light intensity as a function of depth is stated for systems containing an opaque pigment and a soluble UV light absorber.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070330426
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photodegradation of rigid PVC formulations. I. Wavelength sensitivity to light-induced yellowing by monochromatic light (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 935-946 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Light-induced yellowing of extruded rigid poly(vinyl chloride) formulations containing 0, 2.5, and 5 phr of titanium dioxide under exposure to monochromatic light was studied. Both photoyellowing and photobleaching were observed as wavelength-dependent phenomena in the range of 280-500 nm. Action spectra for yellowing of the different compounds were similar. In the case of the formulation with no titanium dioxide, significant color changes were observed on the back surface of the sample, indicating transmission of the longer wavelength light through the 1-mm thickness of the sample.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370408
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectral sensitivity of polycarbonate to light-induced yellowing (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 42 (1991), S. 2105-2107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070420739
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protection of polymers from degradation by ultraviolet light: Compensation for increased UV light intensity by increased UV absorber concentration (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 33 (1987), S. 2249-2252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070330632
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photodegradation of rigid PVC formulations. II. Spectral sensitivity to light-induced yellowing by polychromatic light (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 2789-2802 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The wavelength sensitivity of a compounded extruded rigid poly(vinyl chloride) formulation to yellowing under exposure to filtered xenon radiation is determined using a cut-on filter technique. Spectral sensitivity of the formulation in the absence and the presence of 2.5 phr of rutile titanium dioxide was examined, and the results were compared to those previously reported for the yellowing of an identical vinyl formulation exposed to monochromatic light. Maximum in the activated spectrum for yellowing under exposure to filtered xenon radiation was found to be in the wavelength region 300-320 nm for both types of samples. The results agreed qualitatively with those previously obtained in the study of the same material exposed to monochromatic light.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070371001
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