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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of Nongreen Plastids (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Plant Physiology 31 (1980), S. 375-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4294
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.31.060180.002111
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Osmotic sensitivity in relation to salt sensitivity in germinating barley seeds (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 9 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were tested for germination sensitivity to progressively higher concentrations of salt, mannitol, and betaine. The three solutes were equally inhibitory at equal osmotic potential, but there was a consistent difference in osmotic sensitivity between two cultivars, CM-67 and Briggs (Briggs was the most sensitive). There was no difference between the two cultivars in salt or water uptake from salt solutions during imbibition. Brief presoaking in water did not improve salt resistance, indicating that a hydration-dependent decrease in membrane permeability is not involved in salt tolerance. The calcium content of Briggs was higher than CM-67. These results suggest that salt inhibits barley germination primarily by osmotic effects, and that salt influx during imbibition does not play a role in this inhibition. A hypothesis regarding salt effects on germination is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1986.tb02104.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The inhibitory effect of NaCl on barley germination (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 9 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The possibility that the nature of the inhibitory effect of NaCl is different during imbibition compared to germination was investigated. Germination in both NaCl and betaine (a non-toxic solute) improved with pre-imbibition in water. Seeds imbibed in inhibitory concentrations of either solute could be induced to germinate by brief exposure to water. Electron micrographs of tissue from seeds imbibed in 0.5 kmol m−3 NaCl for 25 h showed cells identical to those in seeds imbibed in water for only 1 h, but seeds imbibed for 6 h in water exhibited many changes in ultrastructure. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that seed hydration must reach a critical value before germination can proceed, and that the inhibitory effect of NaCl is primarily osmotic in barley seeds that have not reached this hydration threshold. Although isotonic solutions of betaine and NaCl were equally inhibitory to germination, isotonic solutions of betaine and NaCl were not equally inhibitory to continued development in seeds which had been pre-imbibed in water. Calcium ions improved both germination and plumule emergence of pre-imbibed seeds in NaCl solutions, but calcium had little effect on pre-imbibed seeds placed in betaine. Very high concentrations of NaCl or betaine inhibited germination, but did not kill dry seeds. Both solutes, on the other hand, were lethal at high concentrations to germinating seeds. NaCl killed germinating seeds more rapidly than betaine, but calcium reduced the rate of killing to nearly that of betaine. We conclude that hydrated seeds are sensitive to both osmotic and toxic effects of NaCl and that calcium mitigates the toxic effect of NaCl, but not the osmotic effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1986.tb02105.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure and membrane permeability in cowpea seeds (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 5 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The leakage of electrolytes and the localization of chloride within the cells of NaCl-imbibed seeds indicates the plasmalemma is quite permeable during the early stages of imbibition. However, lanthanum is not able to penetrate the plasmalemma, suggesting that the plasmalemma is not entirely porous. Freeze-fracture microscopy indicates that the plasmalemma is highly convoluted but reveals a fairly normal fracture plane. These observations suggest the membrane is a bilayer and leakiness may be more related to the degree of order within the bilayered membrane than to a primary restructuring and/or reorganization of the membrane components in the dry state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1982.tb00936.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural aspects of the cytoplasmic origin and accumulation of oil in olive fruit (Olea europaea) (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 101 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The development of oil bodies and oil droplets in fruits of olive was examined at the ultrastructural level. Both oil bodies that form in young fruits and oil droplets that develop with fruit maturation are cytoplasmic bodies. The formation of the small oil bodies occurs in localized regions of the cytoplasm. These bodies are closely associated and fuse together, forming a small oil droplet that protruded against and indented the vacuolar membrane. As the fruit matures, new oil bodies appear to form and fuse with the oil droplet, resulting in the formation of a single large oil droplet of about 30 μm in diameter in most mature mesocarp cells. The cytoplasmic region where the oil bodies formed had a granulate, ultrastructural appearance, and cytoplasmic components such as membranes and ribosomes were noticeably absent in these regions. The granulate material coated the oil bodies and oil droplets, and appeared as a thin, compressed band between the round inner surface of the droplets and the indented tonoplast. We suggest that this granulate material is involved in the synthesis of the oil and, with enlargement of the oil bodies, this coat becomes thinner in regions where they are closely associated, resulting in zones where confluence of the oil occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb01826.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural and lipid changes associated with the aging of citrus leaves (1978)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 94 (1978), S. 221-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During maturation and senescence of leaves of navel orange (Citrus sinensis L.), total lipids per gram of leaf steadily decline. The decline is attributable to the galactolipid and phospholipid partners, while chlorophylls, carotonoids and tocopherols increase during maturation. The phospholipid/galactolipid ratio declines steadily during maturation and senescence but the monogalactosyldiglyceride/digalactosyldiglyceride ratio remains relatively constant. The phospholipid composition remains relatively constant even though the total phospolipid declines markedly. Ultrastructural changes concomittant with changes in lipid composition include the development of an extensive internal membrane system (grana-fretwork system), and several large-plastoglobuli in the chloroplasts of mature green leaves. With the conversions of chloroplasts to chromoplasts in the senescing leave the internal membrane system is reduced and numerous, large plastoglobuli appear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276773
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chloride localization in the leaf ofTamarix (1975)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 83 (1975), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The distribution of chloride in the leaf and salt gland ofTamarix aphylla (L.) Karst was investigated electron microscopically using the silver precipitation technique for chloride. Identification of the electron dense deposits as AgCl was done by electron diffraction. Significant increases of AgCl deposition occurred in the leaf apoplast, the plasmodesmata of the transfusion zone, and the sub-cuticular spaces of the salt glands of salt-treated, secreting material as compared to distilled-water-treated, non-secreting material. These results suggest that the apoplast serves as a shunt from the xylem to the salt gland under conditions of high salinity. The accumulation of chloride in the sub-cuticular space of the glands indicates that this region is a collecting chamber for salts and this is discussed in relation to secretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01289326
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of grana formation by lincomycin (1972)
    Springer
    Planta 108 (1972), S. 89-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The antibiotic lincomycin is a specific inhibitor of chloroplast ribosomal activity in greening leaves of Pisum sativum at 1 μg/ml, and prevents both the formation of chloroplast membranes and their stacking into grana. This finding suggests that one function of chloroplast ribosomes is to synthesise at least one protein component of thylakoid membranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00386509
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Freeze-fracture observations on membranes of dry and hydrated pollen from Collomia, Phoenix and Zea (1986)
    Springer
    Planta 168 (1986), S. 291-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Collomia ; Membrane organization ; Phoenix ; Pollen membranes ; Zea (pollen membranes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pollen from Collomia grandiflora Dougl. ex Lindl., Phoenix dactylifera L. and Zea mays L. was examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Particular attention was paid to the organization of the cell membranes in the naturally dehydrated, as compared to the fully hydrated, state. All membranes examined had a normal bilayer organization similar to that seen in the hydrated cells of these and other plants. This organization of dry pollen membranes is discussed as it relates to physiological studies (e.g., leakage of ions during hydration), and to biophysical properties of biological and model membranes under various conditions of hydration and dehydration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392352
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Freeze-fracture evidence of gel-phase lipid in membranes of senescing cowpea cotyledons (1985)
    Springer
    Planta 163 (1985), S. 360-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Lipid (gel phase) ; Membrane structure ; Microdomain ; Senescence (structural changes) ; Vigna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structural details of membrane organization in germinating and senescing cotyledons of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) were studied by thin section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Germination- and senescence-related changes in the ultrastructure of parenchymal cells of cowpea cotyledons, as detected in thin sections, closely resemble those described for other leguminous seeds. Additionally, electron-dense deposits associated with the membranes, particularly the plasmalemma and endoplasmic reticulum, were seen to increase with advancing senescence. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy demonstrated that the membranes of cotyledons of 2-d-old seedings appear to be normal, with evenly dispersed intramembranous particles. However by 4 d, small areas or domains of the plasmalemma were free of intramembranous particles. These particle-free areas increased in both size and number as senescence progressed. We interpret these particle-free areas to be structural evidence for lateral phase separations of the membrane lipids into microdomains of gel-phase lipid from which intrinsic membrane proteins are excluded. Our results support wide-angle X-ray diffraction studies which have demonstrated the presence of gel-phase lipids in senescing bean cotyledons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395144
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