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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 86 (1982), S. 3781-3789 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 87 (1983), S. 460-466 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Der Zitterwels, Malapterurus electricus, entlädt sich mit Salven monophasischer Impulse. Die Dauer des einzelnen Impulses ist abhängig von der Temperatur, sie beträgt bei 28° C etwa 1,3 msec. Die untersuchten Tiere (4,5–60 cm lang) erreichten Spitzenspannungen zwischen 25 und 182 V (gemessen in Wasser zwischen den Organenden). 2. Die Salven des Zitterwelses beginnen mit hoher Frequenz. Diese beträgt bei 28° C etwa 450 Hz und ändert sich mit der Temperatur des Mediums. Bis zum Ende der Salve nimmt die Frequenz gleichmäßig ab, kann aber auf einen erneuten Reiz hin wieder gesteigert werden. Dabei wird die Anfangsfrequenz im allgemeinen nie mehr erreicht. 3. Salven sendet das Tier nicht nur bei mechanischer Reizung zur Abwehr (Abwehrsalven), sondern regelmäßig auch beim Fang von Beutefischen aus (Beutefangsalven). Durch Stoß ausgelöste Abwehrsalven bestehen aus 3–67 Impulsen, Beutefangsalven aus 14–562 Impulsen. 4. Die Beutefangsalven beginnen zusammen mit dem Zustoßen und Schnappen nach der Beute und enden mit deren Verschlucken. 5. Beutefangsalven werden vor allem durch geschmackliche Reize ausgelöst. Geschmacksrezeptoren sind über den gesamten Körper des Tieres verteilt. Werden die in der Schwanzregion liegenden Rezeptoren denerviert, so fällt die Entladungstätigkeit aus, wenn dieses Gebiet geschmacklich gereizt wird. 6. Werden Wasserbewegungen in geringer Entfernung vor dem Kopf des Zitterwelses erzeugt, kommt es ebenfalls zur Beutefanghandlung und Entladungstätigkeit. 7. Die Ausschaltung des Gesichtssinns und des Geruchssinns bleibt ohne Einfluß auf die Beutefanghandlung und das Entladungsverhalten. 8. Die Zitterwelse reagieren sehr empfindlich, wenn man sie auf künstliche elektrische Reize dressiert.
    Notes: Summary 1. 55 electric catfishes (4.5–60 cm long) have been studied. — The electric catfish, Malapterurus electricus, produces monophasic pulses of only one type. The duration of a single pulse is a function of water temperature (1.3 msec at 28° C) (Fig. 3). 19 electric catfishes, used in these experiments, discharged impulses from 25 to 182 V (measurements were made in water of a specific resistance of 1700 Ohm · cm). 2. The electric discharge of Malapterurus consists of bursts, which are composed of several pulses (Fig. 6). These bursts are elicited not only when the fish is touched, but also and very regularly during the capture of its prey, a little fish. Wheras the bursts, released by tapping the head or body of the fish consist of 3–67 pulses (most frequently 10–12 pulses) (Fig. 5), the number of pulses per burst fluctuates between 14 and 562 while swallowing its prey. 3. The pulse rate within a burst varies over a large range and only the beginning of a burst is marked by a low fluctuation of signal frequency. In this part of discharge the pulse rate is at its highest and correlated to the temperature of the aquarian water (450 Hz at 28° C) (Fig. 12). From the initial maximum to the end of the burst the repetition rate decreases, but another stimulation of the fish again rises the frequency. 4. The electric discharges of the catfish are part of the prey capturing behaviour. Immediately while thrusting forward and snapping at its prey, the catfish emits the first signals (Figs. 14and 15). The discharge is correlated to the subsequential reactions and stops after the prey is swallowed. When Malapterurus catches a small prey its bursts are short (35–1524 ms), but when the prey is large they become longer (max. 24,8 sec). 5. The most important stimulus, which releases the prey capturing behaviour together with electric discharges is a gustatory one. A Malapterurus, touched at the tail with a glass-rod, covered with mucus of other fishes, at once emits a long train of pulses. If all sensory pathways, going from the tail to the brain, are eliminated, except Ramus lateralis accessorius VII, which innervates the terminal buds at the trunk and tail, the animal shows still the described reactions. But when the R. lat. acc. VII is cut, no more discharges could be observed. 6. Snapping reaction and discharges are also elicited by small water disturbances produced in the vicinity of the head of the catfish. 7. Fishes whose vision and sense of smell have been eliminated show no failure in prey capture. 8. Some blinded individuals were trained to weak artificial electric stimuli. Conditioning is easily and quickly established. The catfish is very sensitive to such stimuli.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 19 (1990), S. 148-153 
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The studies reported here suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) are associated, in part, with interference with interleukin 2 (IL-2) regulatory action. Concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated DNA synthesis in murine splenocytes was inhibited from 18.6 to 44.1% at sub-toxic concentrations of UDMH (10 to 50 μg/ml) and IL-2-dependent DNA synthesis in CTLL-20 cells was inhibited from 11.3 to 41.58% at subtoxic concentrations of UDMH (10 to 50 μg/ml). In addition, UDMH suppressed phorbol myristic acetate (PMA)-stimulated IL-2 production in EL-4 cells by up to 30% and slightly suppressed IL-2 production by Con A-stimulated murine splenocytes. In all cases, inhibition was evident at sub-toxic UDMH concentrations and was demonstrated to be independent of inactivation of IL-2 or interference with IL-2 absorption. It is suggested that UDMH has the potential to modify immune function through interference with IL-2 production and especially the lymphoproliferative response to IL-2.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 199 (1964), S. 171-183 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The analytical applicability of thiourea for sulphide precipitations has been investigated. It has been found that several heavy metals can be precipitated quantitatively, the precipitate being of stoichiometric composition and easy filterability. Single determinations of heavy metals may be performed either directly by weighing as sulphide or in an indirect way by determination of the excess thiourea with silver nitrate or by acidimetric titration of the OH-ions consumed in the precipitation. Several examples are given for the separation of different metals made possible by the differing conditions for precipitation. The precipitation of metals with thiourea is a real sulphide precipitation, yet it must not be equated with the precipitation by hydrogen sulphide in respect to pH and solubility conditions. It is a method of its own, offering in some cases certain advantages over the H2S precipitation and being suitable for useful combinations with the application of H2S.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die analytischen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Thioharnstoff zu Sulfidfällungen untersucht. Dabei wird festgestellt, daß eine Reihe von Schwermetallionen mit Thioharnstoff quantitativ als Sulfide ausfällbar sind. Die Niederschläge haben stöchiometrische Zusammensetzung und sind sehr leicht filtrierbar. Weiter wird gezeigt, daß durch Fällung mit Thioharnstoff Einzelbestimmungen von Schwermetallen durchführbar sind, und zwar sowohl, indem man das Sulfid unmittelbar als Wägeform benützt, wie auch indirekt durch Bestimmung des überschüssigen Thioharnstoffs mit Hilfe von Silbernitrat bzw. acidimetrisch durch Bestimmung der bei der Fällung verbrauchten OH-Ionen. Schließlich wird noch auf die Möglichkeit eingegangen, die sich aus den unterschiedlichen Fällungsbedingungen für die Trennung verschiedener Metalle ergeben. An einigen Beispielen werden sie — ohne Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit — erläutert. Es zeigt sich hierbei, daß die Fällung der Metalle mit Thioharnstoff zwar eine echte Sulfidfällung liefert, jedoch hinsichtlich pH und Löslichkeitsverhältnissen nicht der Fällung mit Schwefelwasserstoff gleichgesetzt werden darf, sondern vielmehr eine eigenständige Methodik darstellt, die in manchen Fällen Vorteile gegenüber der Schwefelwasserstoff-Fällung bietet und diese Fällungsart bei passender Kombination sinnvoll zu ergänzen vermag.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 1 (1976), S. 45-61 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Agonistic motor behaviour and concurrent electric signalling were studied in individually held, residential Gnathonemus petersii. Aggressive behaviour was elicited by presenting a specimen of a closely related species, Mormyrus rume, for 3 min a day. 2. The principal agonistic motor patterns are described (Fig. 2). Among them head butt, approach and lateral display were further analysed. 3. The electrical activity displayed during agonistic behaviour was found to differ fundamentally both from isolated resting and swimming conditions. The mean discharge rate recorded during aggressive behaviour (31 Hz, Fig. 3 c) is approximately twice the rate observed in an isolated swimming fish (Fig. 3b) and three times the rate displayed by a resting animal (Fig. 3a). An attacking G. petersii exhibits a much greater range of electric organ discharge (EOD) intervals than isolated swimming or resting individuals. EOD-interval histograms recorded from attacking fish show two sharp modes at high discharge rate; there are no intermediate intervals. 4. During the course of an attack, the initially low and variable discharge rate increases fairly linearly as the distance from the attacked fish diminishes (Fig. 9). The EOD rate associated with physical contact (head butt) comprises between 60 and 80 Hz in 24 of 28 attacks analysed; the dominant mode of the distribution is 61 Hz (Fig. 8). 5. During subsequent lateral display, G. petersii emits a high discharge rate pattern consisting of two types of “steady-state” activities which may last up to a few seconds: the first is a fairly regular alternation of approx. 16 and 8 ms intervals (paired pulses); this pattern gives rise to the two peaks of high discharge rate in the interval histogram (Fig. 3c). The second is a regular sequence of either 16 or 8 ms intervals (Fig. 4A). The only female among the animals used in our study showed the same display but did not exhibit the highest possible discharge rate (i.e. a regular sequence or 8 ms intervals; Fig. 4B). The high discharge rate is terminated by a sudden discharge break (Figs. 4A and 6). 6. It is suggested that the attack-associated EOD rate increase is a remnant of an ordinary locomotory pattern which has changed its function to a ritualised aggressive signal that occurs in a socially significant and well-defined context. The high discharge rate might serve three functions: (i) behavioural isolation of closely related, sympatrically living mormyrids (perhaps by character displacement); (ii) recognition of sexes; (iii)_synchronisation of mates during courtship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 85 (1952), S. 593-605 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Der Magnesiumwasserstoff MgH2 läßt sich durch thermische Zersetzung von Magnesium-diäthyl bei 200° im Hochvakuum rein darstellen: Mg(C2H2 → MgH2+2C2H4. Bei der Pyrolyse von Magnesium-dibutyl wird ein durch Magnesium verunreinigter Magnesiumwasserstoffgebildet, da sich hier bereits eine Nebenreaktion MgR2 → Mg + R2 bemerkbar macht, die bei der thermischen Zersetzung von Magnesium-diphenyl zur Hauptreaktion wird.Im Gemisch mit Magnesiumhalogenid entsteht der Magnesiumwasserstoff bei der Pyrolyse von äthyl- und Butyl- magnesiumhalogenid: 2 Mg(C2HX → MgH2 + 2C2H4, während beim Phenyl-magnesium-halogenid wie beim Magnesium-diphenyl die Diphenyl-Bildung  -  wahrscheinlich unter gleichzeitiger Entstehung von Magnesium-subhalogenid MgX  -  in den Vordergrund tritt: 2 MgRX → 2 MgX + R2.Der Magnesiumwasserstoff MgH2 stellt eine weiße, feste, nicht flüchtige, ätherunlösliche, wasserempfindliche und leicht oxydable Substanz dar, die im Hochvakuum erst oberhalb 280° in die Elemente zerfällt und mit Bor- und Aluminiumwasserstoff Doppel-hydride der Formel MgH2·2 BH3 = (Mg(BH2 („Magnesiumboranat“) bzw. MgH2·2 AlH3 = Mg(AlH2 („Magnesiumalanat“) bildet.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 44 (1972), S. 147-151 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nach kurzer Besprechung einiger Eigenschaften des Lithiums und seiner Verbindungen wird das Verhalten des Lithiums als aktiver Bestandteil bei elektrochemischen Vorgängen dargestellt, und zwar einerseits seine Abscheidung als Metall, andererseitssein In-Lösung-Gehen aus einer Lösungselektrode in der Lithium-Batterie. Schließlich wird noch berichtet über den Zusatz von Lithium-Verbindungen als inaktiven Bestandteil bei elektrochemischen Vorgängen, z. B. in alkalischen Sammlern und bei der Aluminium-Elektrolyse.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    X-Ray Spectrometry 7 (1978), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The analysis of energy-dispersive X-ray spectra in the low energy region is complicated by the fact that the shape of the background curve is distorted by absorption and the characteristic peaks partially overlap. A computer program (FORTRAN) has been developed, which fits to the measured spectrum an artificially generated one, composed of calculated background and peaks. The parameters defining the artificial spectrum are simultaneously adapted. After four to five iterations of that adaptation, good agreement with the measured spectrum is achieved. This procedure takes about 3 min, using a small computer system.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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