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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interception of comet Hyakutake's ion tail at a distance of 500 million kilometres (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 404 (2000), S. 576-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Remote sensing observations and the direct sampling of material from a few comets have established the characteristic composition of cometary gas. This gas is ionized by solar ultraviolet radiation and the solar wind to form ‘pick-up’ ions, ions in a low ionization state that ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35007015
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropies of solar cosmic rays (1969)
    Springer
    Solar physics 7 (1969), S. 486-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of the anisotropy during solar cosmic-ray events is discussed in terms of a simple model in which cosmic-ray particles propagate along the mean interplanetary magnetic field, undergoing pitch-angle scattering. It is shown that a generalized form of the telegraph equation should be used when the anisotropy is large (i.e. greater than 30%), but that the usual diffusion equation is adequate otherwise. The behavior of the anisotropy during the decay phase of solar cosmic-ray events is then considered, and several effects which can give rise to a small persisting anisotropy are described. Finally, observations of solar cosmic-ray anisotropies following flares are reviewed and it is concluded that the simplified mathematical treatment presented here adequately describes some of the general features of the behavior of the anisotropy, but does not provide a detailed quantitative description of the particle behavior, especially during the highly anisotropic phase of an event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00146151
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anomalously small magnetic field in the local interstellar cloud (1997)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 386 (1997), S. 374-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Interstellar hydrogen and helium atoms enter the Solar System owing to its relative motion with respect to the local interstellar cloud. Influenced only by solar gravity, these neutral species penetrate deep into the heliosphere, where some are ionized by solar radiation. We detect these ions ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/386374a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implications of a weak termination shock (1996)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 78 (1996), S. 129-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: anomalous cosmic rays ; solar wind ; termination shock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent observations from the Voyager spacecraft have suggested that the spectrum of the anomalous cosmic ray component is relatively steep at the termination shock, which is believed to be responsible for accelerating these particles. This conclusion argues that the termination shock must be weak, which in turn requires that the upstream Mach number in the solar wind must be quite low, ∼2.4. It is pointed out that such conditions are unlikely to prevail at all locations along the shock front. However, it is possible for such conditions to exist at the interface between high speed streams at high heliographic latitudes and the region at low latitudes where high and low speed streams have interacted and come into equilibrium. This discussion suggests a preferred location for the injection of the anomalous component into the shock acceleration process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170799
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The solar WIND and suprathermal ion composition investigation on the WIND spacecraft (1995)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 71 (1995), S. 79-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Solar Wind and Suprathermal Ion Composition Experiment (SMS) on WIND is designed to determine uniquely the elemental, isotopic, and ionic-charge composition of the solar wind, the temperatures and mean speeds of all major solar-wind ions, from H through Fe, at solar wind speeds ranging from 175 kms−1 (protons) to 1280 kms−1 (Fe+8), and the composition, charge states as well as the 3-dimensional distribution functions of suprathermal ions, including interstellar pick-up He+, of energies up to 230 keV/e. The experiment consists of three instruments with a common Data Processing Unit. Each of the three instruments uses electrostatic analysis followed by a time-of-flight and, as required, an energy measurement. The observations made by SMS will make valuable contributions to the ISTP objectives by providing information regarding the composition and energy distribution of matter entering the magnetosphere. In addition SMS results will have an impact on many areas of solar and heliospheric physics, in particular providing important and unique information on: (i) conditions and processes in the region of the corona where the solar wind is accelerated; (ii) the location of the source regions of the solar wind in the corona; (iii) coronal heating processes; (iv) the extent and causes of variations in the composition of the solar atmosphere; (v) plasma processes in the solar wind; (vi) the acceleration of particles in the solar wind; and (vii) the physics of the pick-up process of interstellar He as well as lunar particles in the solar wind, and the isotopic composition of interstellar helium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00751327
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction (1998)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 83 (1998), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005088213520
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radial gradients and anisotropies of cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium (1970)
    Springer
    Solar physics 12 (1970), S. 304-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Approximate equations which describe the behavior of cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium under suitable conditions are used to make comparisons between observations and theoretical predictions of radial gradients and radial anisotropies. In the high energy region there appear to be no inconsistencies between theory and observations. In the low energy region it is shown that theoretical predictions of the radial anisotropy expected from large radial gradients of the intensity are not inconsistent with observed radial anisotropies. However, in the latter case there are other inconsistencies, which suggest that some aspects of the observations or of the theory (or both) are unsatisfactory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227123
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport of cosmic rays in the solar corona (1972)
    Springer
    Solar physics 23 (1972), S. 204-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A model is proposed to explain the transport of energetic protons in the solar corona. The particles are assumed to undergo an enhanced gradient-B drift along thin current sheets separating discontinuous field structures in the corona. These discontinuities may represent the extension into the corona of photospheric granular and supergranular cell boundaries. We have made a quantitative analysis of this process by assuming that the particle propagation can be described by a diffusion equation. Comparison of predictions of the model with cosmic ray observations at ∼ 1 AU provide some support for the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00153904
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Global Processes that Determine Cosmic Ray Modulation (1998)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 83 (1998), S. 179-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The global processes that determine cosmic ray modulation are reviewed. The essential elements of the theory which describes cosmic ray behavior in the heliosphere are summarized, and a series of discussions is presented which compare the expectations of this theory with observations of the spatial and temporal behavior of both galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous component; the behavior of cosmic ray electrons and ions; and the 26-day variations in cosmic rays as a function of heliographic latitude. The general conclusion is that the current theory is essentially correct. There is clear evidence, in solar minimum conditions, that the cosmic rays and the anomalous component behave as is expected from theory, with strong effects of gradient and curvature drifts. There is strong evidence of considerable latitude transport of the cosmic rays, at all energies, but the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Despite the apparent success of the theory, there is no single choice for the parameters which describe cosmic ray behavior, which can account for all of the observed temporal and spatial variations, spectra, and electron vs. ion behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005074923940
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coronal Hole Boundaries and their Interactions with Adjacent Regions (1999)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 87 (1999), S. 43-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: coronal holes ; solar wind ; Ulysses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Coronal hole boundaries are the interfaces between regions where the coronal magnetic field contains a significant component which is open into the heliosphere and regions where the field is primarily closed. It is pointed out that there are constraints on the magnetic field which opens into the heliosphere that must be satisfied in the corona: it must come into pressure equilibrium in the high corona, and the component of the field which connects to the polar regions of the Sun must differentially rotate. A model is presented in which satisfying these constraints determines which field lines are open and which are closed, and thus where the polar coronal hole boundaries occur. Some of the consequences of this model are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005153730158
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