ALBERT

Description: The effects of aquaculture industry on the environment were evaluated by studying the water quality of Bushehr costal water during culture season 2005 and 2006. The variations of selected parameters such as total phosphorus, ammonia, chlorophyll a, pH, salinity and... Were monitored in effluent canal, influent canal and open sea in Helleh and Mond regions as monthly. Following occurrence of White Spot Disease (W.S.D) in the shrimp ponds of Bushehr province, shrimp culture suspended and entrance of effluent waters completely were blocked since August 2005, despite the absence of aquaculture sewage evaluation of environment and sampling were continued. During releasing of sewage of shrimp ponds to the coastal waters of Bushehr in Jun 2005, the average amount of ammonia in Helleh and Mond were obtained to be 0.161 mg/l and 0.194 mg/l, however the average amount of total phosphorus in Helleh and Mond regions were 0.149 mg/l and 0.043 mg/l, respectively. Although effluent water suspension, amount of ammonia and total phosphorus were increased in both region especially in June 2006. Comparing present data in Jun 2005 and recorded data from culture period 1997-2003 with permitable range of municipal and aquaculture waste show that; aquaculture industry on both regions have not had any obvious negative effect on the coastal waters of Bushehr but it seems if other sources of pollutions in the region is not controlled, then the aquaculture industry can contribute to occurrence of environmental problems.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Study of shrimp nursery ground in the Northern part of Bushehr province from Farakeh creek to Genaveh The fourth phase of "study of shrimp nursery ground in the Northern part of Bushehr province" was carried from October 2000 to August 2001. Sampling was carried for larval stages by using Bongo net with 500 micrometer mesh size, and for adults with Trawl net of I centimeter mesh size. In 12 stations, 25576 juvenile and adult shrimp and 651.13 larves were collected and identified. Most of these samples belonged to the families of Sergestidae, Penaeidae Caridea. Acetes cfsergestidae family, both in adults and larval stage (57% for adult and 84% for larval stage) were identified. Adults wrere caught only in Ramleh creek in Feb. 2001, and the most presence of Acetes' larvae were also in Ramleh creek in Dec. 2000. 33% of adults were belonged to Metapenaus stebbingii of Penaeidae family. The most presence of this species was in Feb. and Mar. 2001. Although no larvae of this species was found in the field, it seems there is no significance between pH, salinity and area temperature with the presence of these species of shrimp.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: This study examined the effects of a commercial Lactobacillus probiotic on growth, survival and resistance of western white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) larvae against salinity and formalin stresses in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecology Research Center. In this experiment, larvae were fed 6 times a day from mysis I (M1) step to post larvae 5 over 3 treatments including a control treatment C (without probiotic) and 2 experimental treatments namely A (having probiotic enriched rotifer) and B (having probiotic enriched rotifer and adding probiotic powder directly to the water). Larvae were stocked in 9 plastic tanks (20-liter) containing 10 L of seawater at a density of 50 larvae per liter. Three replicates were used for each treatment. At the end of the experimental period biometric larvae were studied under salinity and formalin stresses. Results showed that using probiotic bacteria had significant and positive effects on shrimp resistance, survival and growth (p〈0.05) and that growth and survival rate of larvae fed with A and B treatments were significantly higher than that of the control group (p〈0.05). The results of the stress tests also indicated that probiotic containing treatments (A and B) had significantly higher survival rates in salinity and formalin stresses than the control treatment (p〈0.05). The highest survival rate and resistance were observed in treatment B which was not statistically different from that of treatment A (p〉0.05). According to the results we may conclude that the use of probiotic powder is effective in increasing growth, survival and resistance rate of western white shrimp in the larval and post larval stages.

Description: Published

Description: This study is a part of the national and technology master plan entitled "Attain to technical knowledge of specific pathogen free shrimp production and cut off to dependence on foreign products". The goals of this work were to assess and analysis the risk factors of production of specific pathogen free Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp in its all stages (broodstocking, laravl production, shrimp farming, feeding and water quality), determining the pattern of outcomes monitoring, management and control of outcomes from April 2012 to September 2015 in Bandargah research station and Persian Gulf SPF Shrimp research station and their environment, belonging to Shrimp Research Center, located in Bushehr. Identification and screening of risk factors have been done based on Environment Aspect and Effect Analysis method, (EA)2, using a fine statement questionnaire and quantification of risks. The number of identified risk factors in Bandargah research station was 15 while it was 13 in Persian Gulf SPF Shrimp research station. The more number of risk factors in Bandargah station in respect to its number in Persian Gulf station is might due to lower level of biosecurity, physical structure and aging of Bandargah station and existence of two possible source of contamination, the Bushehr nuclear power plant pollutants and Bandargah fishing harbor, near to the station. On the basis of results, the maximum values of APN in Bandargah station was 42 while it was 30 in Persian Gulf station. These results revealed that the level of risk in Bandargah station is lower than that in Persian Gulf station.The most probable risks in both studied research stations are related to transmission of pathogens in shrimp feeding and water intake pollution.

Description: Published

Description: This research has been done in the marine waters of Bushehr province in Persian Gulf in the geographical district of 52° 06ʹ to 52° 34ʹ E to 27° 23ʹ to 27° 46ʹ N conducted from the far east south of Boushehr province (Nayband headland) to the western south of Kangan (Berkeh choopan) located in the Persian Gulf using local fiberglass floats in 16 stations in spring, summer, fall and winter in 2011. The present study seeks to protect/monitor environmental conditions stemming from the effect of “special economic region-pars energy” on the biological resources of Persian Gulf. This research follows the similar research which had been done before (in 2006) by the oil research institute. All the results which determine the progress have been compared with the results of the performed results by the oil research center. They were also compared with the national standards (organization of environmental protection) and global standards (global health organization and American environmental agency). Thus, physiochemical factors such as temperature, salinity, acidity, dissolved oxygen, tarnishing and chemical oxygen seeking were recorded and measured. Nutrient materials such as silicate, phosphate, nitrate, ammonia, sulfides and organic carbons were investigated. The environmental conditions of the investigated waters were reported normal compare to the whole region. Small variation was reported around the exhausting wastewaters. The deposition of the investigated regions has had sandy graining. The organic materials were also allowed. The concentration of Nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, silicate and sulfide is sometimes lower than the allowed level. But, there had been observed large amount of increase of phosphate and sulfide compare to the previous studies. The issue of the increase of phosphate has been seen in other studies. (Izadpanahi et al, 2005, 2009) Other organic and mineral contaminants (heavy metals) were investigated as well. It can be concluded from the changes of the concentration per year that metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium, nickel were increasing through the year in water and precipitation phases. Other metals such as iron and copper have had experienced the same progress with steeper gradient. Comparing the measured values with the allowed limits in different regions of the region (nonindustrial, industrial, inside the development region) indicate the comprehensive development in the whole region. The total concentration of oil hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic multi cyclic hydrocarbons were also investigated. The obtained results suggest that fortunately the investigated region is appropriate in normal circumstances from the pollution viewpoint. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, plankton, benthos were investigated as well. The concentration of aerobic bacteria had no significant differences with each other except in spring p=0.001 and summer p=0.041 Anaerobic bacteria had no significant relation with each other in water phase and sediment phases. (P=0.05) The concentration of phytoplankton and zooplanktons were similar in different seasons of the year. They were lower than the other studies. Comparisons of the abundance of benthos with other regional studies inside the Persian Gulf suggest that the habitat of such creatures was not destroyed due to the industrial activities so far. High difference or small differences of the measured values of many parameters (specially contaminants) shows the effectiveness of the mainstream of the water of Persian Gulf on developing contaminants inside the region (Siraf seaport to Kangan seaports)

Description: Published

Description: The national research plan with title of "Study on health status of Iran Coldwater hatchery and rearing farms" was done in order to identification and tracking of main causative agents of recent mortality in Iran Coldwater hatchery and rearing farms and recognize of infected zones and design of landscape distribution of Epizootic Coldwater fish diseases in the country. This plan was conducted parallel and in same time in some polar provinces of Coldwater fish production such as Mazandaran, Gilan, Ardebil, West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan and Kurdistan in three years from 2006-2008. In this regard, about 23,21 and 20 farms in Mazandaran province, 30 farms in West and East Azerbaijan and Kurdistan provinces and 19 farms in Gilan and Ardebil were selected as randomly and tracking were done yearly from 2006-2008. This research was conducted according to regular planning consists of farms visit that was done according to statistical plan and completion of Questionnaires and sampling. The findings in Mazandaran province revealed that fish infections background and infectious diseases were increased in period of 2006-2008. In fact, 56% of all fish farms in 2006, 71% in 2007 and 85% in 2008 were recorded as infected farms. In other side, average weight of fish final products was more 500gr in consume market. So, regarding to long period of fish culture in mentioned fish occurrence of more morbidity could be expected. The streptococcus infections were most important fish bacterial diseases that have more incidence and pathogenicity in collected questionnaires. Also it revealed more occurrences in summer season in above 15oC temperature in affected fish farms. Also, Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM) and Saprolegniasis were reported as second and third degree in examined farms. Meanwhile, findings of control, prevention and treatment of our survey revealed that using of antibiotics and detergent materials were increased in mentioned province. Indeed, 34.7% of all fish farms in 2006, 71.4% in 2007 and 75% in 2008 have applied treatment operation and using of detergent materials in affected farms. In other side, frequent using of Erythromycin antibiotic was reported several times in 2008 so fish farmer faced to Bacterial resistance and should be using from Florfenicol as alternative antibacterial. Also, in feed sampling from all fish farms about 3 fish farms in 2006 and 5 fish farms in 2008 were faced with food poisoning that originated from high TVN and peroxidase in fish food consumed. These farms revealed mass mortality that stopped after change feeding regime. In conclusion absence of fish health management could be considered as main agent of mentioned mortality in Mazandaran province. The findings of our survey in West and East Azerbaijan and Kurdistan revealed that absence of sufficient experiences in fish farmers and their neglect from water quality concepts, farm cleanness, using of suitable detergent materials for fish ponds and instruments and disability in continuous monitoring of physic-chemical factors of consumed water could be considered as most important problems. So, fish morbidity and mortality, growth decrement and low production rate were expected. Unfortunately, despite the occurrence of infectious and non- infectious diseases in examined fish farms, there were no documents and information about diseases history, clinical signs in dead fish, feeding regime, fish mortality (rate of daily mortality, age and weight of moribund fish), treatment operation, drugs usage, growth rate, physico-chemical factors and fish density. So planning for control and prevention of mentioned diseases were unsuccessful in affected fish farms. Also, occurrence of some epizootic fish viral diseases such as VHS, IPN and IHN were observed frequently with mass mortality about 40100% in some examined fish farms that produced some tragic economic lost in the mentioned provinces. Similarly, some bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases were observed repeatedly in some inspected farms such as Flavobacterium, streptococcus infections. Also, some unknown causative agents in parasitic diseases were observed several times such as Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina, Chilodonella, Diplostomum and fungal diseases such as Saprolegniasis. In conclusion it seems that absence of fish health management, inadequate rate of hygienic technical services, absence of quarantine programs for transfer of new eyed-eggs, juvenile and live broodstocks packages without health certificates from authorized organizations, uncontrolled entry of foreign eyed-eggs (France, Denmark, Australia and Armenia) and neglect in using of suitable detergent materials for fish ponds, instruments, consumed water and infected eggs, not screening of broodstocks in hatcheries could be considered as most important causative agents in occurrence of infectious diseases and main problems in affected farms in mentioned provinces. Similarly, our findings in Gilan and Ardebil provinces revealed that their problems were similar to other provinces. In fact, neglect in establish of necessary Infrastructures in fish farms and dereliction in health management concepts could be considered as main reasons of occurrence of fish infectious and non-infectious diseases in studied fish farms in mentioned provinces. In fact, often fish farms visited hadn't suitable structures without control and prevention approach. There were not observed detergent using, quarantine programs and prevention methods. Entrance of unknown persons, birds and wild animals were ordinary in mentioned farms. Unfortunately level of farmer’s knowledge was low and no training courses and extension programs were planned by authorized organizations. Meanwhile, food storages were unsuitable and food packages were stored in inappropriate situation so poisoning conditions were increased in examined farms. In conclusion it could be finalized that Coldwater fish farms in Gilan and Ardebil provinces situated in insufficient position and correction of current situation are needed urgently. In final elicitation, it would be mentioned that lack of basic infrastructures could be introduced as most important reasonfor spread of diseases, mortality and related economic losses in studied provinces. Therefore, attention to environmental affairs and access to Sustainable Development are recommended. Also consideration of biosecurity regulations and health management concepts would be important requirements for modification and reformation of Coldwater fish farms in examined provinces towards A Better Tomorrow.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: The distribution and stock assessment of edible bivalves were carried out in Bushehr shoreline areas (from 50֯ 38 - 29֯ 27 to 52֯ 41 - 27֯ 17 ) throughout the period of September 2008 - 2009. The objectives of this study were identifying the location of edible bivalves, biomass estimation, to estimate the growth parameters and natural mortality. Samples were obtained at roughly monthly or bimonthly from 7 areas and some of the at low tide during the year from 4 areas. Transects were selected at random direction and at the zigzag pattern in every area, so that is cover all of the shell beds. In each transects one or two sampling quadrat (0.25 m2) were placed randomly. Depending on the area size the number of the quadrat were different. After the removal of the stones and debries, the edible bivalves (empty and live bivalves) and some of the decoration shells were identified and numbered. Some of the samples were transferred to a bag and taken back to the lab for further identification and further analysis. In this study, the percentage of samples was used to show the distribution of the species in different areas. Faunal affinity between stations was calculated by Sorensen formula. For the purpose of the stock abundance, the mean number of the shells in each quadrat was regarded as an estimate of stock mean. The total stock in the investigated areas was obtained by multiplying the mean by the ratio of the stock area to the quadrat area (0.25 m2). Confident limits 0.95 % or 95 probility was given for precise the estimates. The length of some of the bivalves was measured from dextral to sinistral with vernier calipers to the nearest 0.1 millimeter. In some of the species the length frequency was used to estimate growth and natural mortality parameters. A subset of samples of Solen brevis was taken to the laboratory for the precise measurements, and relationship between body weights and total length. Surface sediment samples (5-20 cm) inhabited by some clam species were sampled in some areas. Water temperature and salinity were recorded during the survey in the sampled areas. A total of 45 species or species group was identified in the study area. The main area distributions for live edible bivalve, Solen brevis were located at Bupatil, Kaloo, Piazi and Bordekhoon. Other bivalve, Paphia cor was distributed in the Gassir, but empty bivalve shell was seen in the Bordekhoon shoreline. A limited tidal coastal area of Ganaveh has been covered by a pearl oyster species, Pinctada radiate that attached in the rocky beds. The empty shells of this species and other genus of the family were distributed in the other areas such as Golestan and Nayband. The most important areas for the decoration shells were located in the Golestan and Nayband. The empty bivalve shells, Trachycardium lacunosum were distributed in Lavar shoreline. The other species or species group were distributed in the shoreline of the study areas in different months with the low abundance. The growth parameters of two alive species, Paphia cor and Solen brevis were estimated. The Von Bertalanffy growth parameters for Paphia cor were estimated as K = 0.8 Year-1, L∞= 55 mm and t0 = -0.45 and for Solen brevis K = 0.7 Year-1, L = 120 mm and t0 = -0.35. . Estimated natural mortality rate for Paphia cor was M = 0.57 and for Solen brevis M = 0.26. The maximum ages (Tmax) calculated were 50 months for Paphia cor and 54 months for Solen brevis. The mean biomass of Solen brevis in Bupatil was 3.25 1.1 shells per quadrat with a maximum peak 4.6 shells per quadrat in October (Mehr) and minimum 1.5 shells per quadrat in Augest (Mordad). For the pearl oyster, Pinctada radiata in the Ganaveh this estimation was obtained in maximum peak in July (Tir) 60.5 shells per 100 m2 and minimum in March (Esfand) 3 per 100 m2. Mean biomass for this species was estimated 27.724.2 shells per 100 m2. The mean biomass of P. cor was 8.8 2.2 shells per quadrat and with a maximum in February (Bahman) and minimum in November (Abban).

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: In order to investigate some ecological condition of the waters of Bushehr province in the Persian gulf between 50~'-01 E to 52~'-47 E and 26~'-39 N to 29~'-03 N , 18 major and 16 minor stations have been studied from Nayband bay to Kharg Island, using R.V. Ferdows 1. There have been a preliminary survey in winter 2001, 4 seasonal surveys in 2001-2 and a complementary one in summer 2002. During this period the seasonal environmental conditions, physico-chemical parameters, zoo and phytoplankton concentrations in water layers, macrobenthoses and sediments were studied. Sea bed swelling in the Motaf region has resulted in division of the area in two parts and in a such away that the climatic and chemico-physical conditions in the southeast area are different from the northwest area. In the southeast area the termocline, halocline, picnocline and oxycline are generated in spring, increased in summer, moved down to the deeper layers in fall and disappeared in the winter. In the Northwest area the clines are only formed in spring and summer but disappear in fall and winter due to almost perfect water column mixing resulted from climatological conditions. During survey period the water temperature ranged from 18 34.1~'C, salinity 37.9 41.3 ppt, conductivity 51.3 70.4 ms/cm, sigma〈sub〉T〈/sub〉 23.1 30.2 g/cm〈super〉3〈/super〉, dissolved oxygen 0.2 8 ppm, and chlorophyll a 0.1 3.6 mg/m〈super〉3〈/super〉. It is observed that salinity, conductivity and sigma〈sub〉T〈/sub〉 have increased from surface to depeer layer, while oxygen and chlorophyll a had a pick in mean layers but temperature have decreased from surface to the depth. Temperature and conductivity decreased from southeast to the northwest and from costal to offshore. Salinity and sigma〈sub〉T〈/sub〉 increased from southeast to the northwest. Dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll-a did not show any trend. The concentration of nutrients including ortho silicate (Si-SiO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉〈super〉- 4〈/super〉), ortho phosphosphate (P PO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉〈super〉-4〈/super〉), nitrate (N NO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉〈super〉-〈/super〉 ) and nitrite (N NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉〈super〉-〈/super〉 ) varied between 0.4 13.3, 0.05 1.6, 0.1 12.3 and 0.1 1.4 ~kmol/l, respectively. The overall nutrient concentrations increased from surface to depth. 61 genuses of 5 phytoplankton groups and 8 branches, 12 classes of zooplankton were identified. The identified phytoplanktons included 42 Diatom, 16 Dinophyceae, 3 Cyanophyceae, one Chrysophyceae and one Euglenaphyceae geneses. The highest intensity of phytoplanktons was recorded in summer, while in the case of zooplankton, was recorded in spring. Diatoms had the highest variety in all seasons and the maximum abundance in fall and winter. Cyanophyceaes were predominant group in the spring and summer. On the contrary to zooplanktons, the intensity of phytoplanktons decreased from coastal to the offshore waters. The highest intensity of all planktons (zoo and phyto) was in 10-20 m layer. The intensity of phyto plankton increased from southeast towards northwest. The zooplankton concentration didn t follow any particular trend. The identified macrobenthoses were 69 families including 34 polychaets, 22 gastropods, 10 of bivalvs, 1 crustacean, 1 scaphopoda, 1 foraminifera, 5 classes and 6 orders of crustacea, 1 order of echinodermata, 1 fish larva and 6 branches of other benthoses. Intensity and biomass of all groups were determined. The polychaets and malacostraca had the most abundance in contrast to the other groups. Macrobenthosis intensity decreased from coast to the offshore in southeast of Motaf region, while the middle stations of northwest of Motaf had a better intensity. The mean abundance and biomass of total area decreased from coast to the offshore, and the slope of decrease in biomass was more than abundance. Seasonal minimum and maximum abundance ranged from 1457 to 1903 per square meter in spring and winter, and the biomass ranged between 7.8-10.8 g/m〈super〉2〈/super〉 in summer and spring, respectively. In spite of high abundance of macrobenthose in the transect no: 13, the estimated biomass was lower than other transects. This might be due to prolonged exposition to more pollutant. The grain size of sediments was classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay. The organic mater of sediments ranged from 1.12 3.3% with annual average of 1.6%. The grain size of sediments in southeastern point was coarser than other areas. The middle stations of northwestern area had fine grain and more organic mater in contrast to the offshore and coastal stations.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: This study has been carried out in waters of Bushehr province in the Persian Gulf covering Nayband bay to Bahregansar between 26° 45 N to 30° 00 N and 49° 45 E to 52° 45 E, 15 main and 5 sub- stations, by R/V Ferdows 1 in winter 2004, summer 2004 and winter 2005. The physico - chemical parameters, nutrients (silicate, phosphate, nitrate and nitrite), phyto, zooplanktons, sediments and macrobenthoses were collected from water layers and sea bottom, and then analysed. The parameters were compared and evaluated with the results of the previous work, conducted in the same area. Termocline, halocline, oxycline and picnocline layers were formed in summer. These clins disappeared due to water column mixing in winter. The values of temperature, conductivity and pH in summer were higher than those of in winter, while the salinity and density values of surface and subsurface layers in winter were higher than those of in summer. The temperature and conductivity have been decreased from surface to depth, from coastal rigions to offshore and from southern waters to northwern waters, while salinity, density and turbidity have been increased. The dissolved oxygen is decreased by increasing the values of temperature, salinity and depth and it is observed that D.O. has increased in correlation with chlorophyl a in mean and subsurface layers. The pH was rather decreased from surface to depth while turbidity was increased. Orthosilicate (Si_SiO44), nitrate (N_NO3 ), and nitrite (N_NO2 ) concentration have increased from surface to depth while orthophostate (P_PO43) decreased. Among the phytoplanktons, Dinophycea had most abundance in winter 2004 and Diatoms had most abundance, variety and distribution in summer 2004 and winter 2005. Among the zooplanktons, Copeopda had most abundance, variety and distribution. The intensity of phytoplanktons in summer was more than those in winter; it decreased from surface to depth and from coastal rigions to offshore, at first increased and then gradually decreases. Intensity of zooplanktons in summer was more than those in winter and decreased from surface layers to depth and from coastal waters to offshore. The abundance of benthoses in summer was more than that in winter while their biomass in winter was more than that in summer. The abundance decreased from southern to northwern waters, but the rate of decrease in biomass was more than that of abundance. The mainly texture of sediments was loamy or muddy and the grain size in southeastern and northwestern areas were coarser than those in middle area. Compared with the previous study, the trend of physico chemical, silicate, nitrate and nitrite were the same but in spite of the past, the values of pH in summer were more than those in winter and also phosphate concentration had been decreased frome surface layer to depth. The overall trends of phyto and zooplanktons densities are almost similar to previous observation, but cyanophyceae significantly decreased, in comparison with spring and summer abundance. It is also observed that the zooplanktons average density has been in reverse order compared to previous observations. Average concentration of phosphate in the entire region was seven times more than that of the former study and its maximum value has rised more than 26 times in the petroleum and gas industries areas. On the other hand, the abundance and diversity of phyto and zooplanktons and also the ratio of biomass to abundance of benthoses were decreased.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: In this study we collected the adult shrimp from farm in Bouhsher province based on the pedigree information and screening by PCR for 10 shrimp pathogen as well viral diseases and transported to the shrimp research station for first quarantine. Three different families were selected and crossed them and obtained the larval and produced F1generation. The F1 shrimp had reach an average weight (33 ±2 g) and crossed together for produced F2 generation. The larval from F2 generation transferred to second quarantine and maintained in different tank. The postlarve from F2 transferred to nuclear breeding center and cultured until the adult size. During F1 and F2 period we screened the shrimp for 10 pathogen and for prevention the inbreeding and transferring the growth and survival gen we used selection breeding with 12 primers by microsatellite technique during each generation. After 3 year we produced 8 thousand shrimp SPF and the shrimp are free of important viral disease as well WSSV.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published