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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Energy & fuels 5 (1991), S. 815-823 
    ISSN: 1520-5029
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 143-147 (Oct. 1993), p. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 114 (1992), S. 661-665 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Zygotes and young embryos derived from Fucus vesiculosus collected in the archipelgo of Stockholm in 1990, growing at a salinity of 6 to 7‰ S, were cultured under different salinity conditions and in media of different bromine concentrations. Optimum salinity was 10 to 12‰ S for germination (rhizoid initiation) while apical hair formation showed a broader tolerance curve with an optimum at 8 to 14‰ S. Bromine caused inhibition of early development of F. vesiculosus. At 6‰ salinity a 50% reduction in germination took place at 10.0 mM Br and at 1.25 mM Br only 4.7% of the embryos developed apical hairs, as compared to 32.7% in the control. Bromine toxicity decreased at higher salinities. The results indicate that F. vesiculosus in the Baltic Sea has diverged from its Atlantic progenitors and to some extent acclimated to low salinity. Still, the salinity in the normal environment of the tested population is lower than optimum, leading to a lower degree of germination of zygotes, a lower growth rate of young embryos and probably also a higher sensitivity to additional stress factors such as chemical pollution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 125 (1996), S. 171-176 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Copper is an active ingredient in many antifouling products, and pleasure boats are estimated to be the major single source of copper pollution in Swedish coastal waters. For this reason, the effects of copper were studied on egg volume, fertilization, germination and development of apical hairs of Baltic Sea Fucus vesiculosus L. Germination was the most sensitive stage and was studied at different concentrations of copper, different salinities and different ages of zygotes. Low concentrations of copper, 2.5 μg Cu l-1, added to natural brackish water before fertilization, adversely affected germination at the ambient, suboptimal salinity of 6‰, suggesting that as little as a doubling of the copper levels in the studied area will severely affect the germination frequency of F. vesiculosus. The addition of 20 μg Cu l-1 caused about 70 to 80% decline in germination at 6‰S but also at 20‰S which is higher than optimum. At a salinity close to optimum (14‰S) no negative effect was noticed on germination when 20 μg Cu l-1 was added. The results suggest that the degree of salinity stress acting upon the zygotes is a more important factor for the response to copper than the influence of salinity on metal availability. When 2.5 to 60 μg Cu l-1 was added to the medium 24 h after fertilization, the zygotes were more resistant, resembling the response of adult marine fucoid tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Fungus ; 15N ; 13C ; Mycelial links ; Scleroderma citrinum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Spruce and birch seedlings were grown together in boxes filled with unsterile peat. Both seedlings were colonized by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Scleroderma citrinum. The two plants thus shared a common external mycelium. 15N-labelled ammonium was supplied exclusively to the fungus, while the birch or the spruce plant was continuously fed with 13C-labelled CO2 for 72 h. The carbon and nitrogen transfer rates were strikingly different for birch and spruce seedlings. The mycorrhizal mycelium received carbohydrates mainly from the birch plant and the nitrogen transfer by the fungus to the plants was largely directed towards the birch. Carbon assimilates were also transferred in both directions between birch and spruce; however, there was no conclusive evidence for a net transfer of carbon between the plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 201-205 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Bacterial-feeding nematodes ; Cognettia sphagnetorum ; Dendrobaena octaedra ; Enchytraeidae ; Humus ; Lime ; Lumbricidae ; Nematoda ; Protozoa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a factorial laboratory experiment, specimens of Dendrobaena octaedra (Lumbricidae) and Cognettia sphagnetorum (Enchytraeidae) were added to microcosms with unlimed (pH 4.5) and limed (pH 5.5) coniferous mor humus containing bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and nematodes. Effects on the nematodes were assessed after an incubation period of 207 days at 15°C and a soil moisture content of 60% water-holding capacity. When D. octaedra was absent, nematodes were significantly more abundant in the limed humus than in the unlimed humus. The presence of D. octaedra markedly reduced the number of nematodes in the limed humus but not in the unlimed one, where D. octaedra lost weight and probably did not feed. Most nematodes (92–97%) were bacterial-feeders. The presence of D. octaedra did not decrease the number or biomass of bacteria, indicating that the reduction in nematode numbers was not the result of competition for bacteria between D. octaedra and the nematodes. The presence of C. sphagnetorum had no effect on the nematodes in either of the treatments. We suggest that the reason why D. octaedra, but not C. sphagnetorum, reduced nematode numbers is that the former was more likely to inadvertently ingest the nematodes because of its much greater size. The results provide a possible explanation for the observation that liming sometimes enhances nematode populations, when lumbricids do not respond to the treatment, and sometimes causes decreases, when lumbricids increase in number.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 52 (1997), S. 495-500 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Nicotine ; vapour inhaler ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To investigate the temperature dependency of the dose released and the plasma levels of nicotine from a vapour inhaler. Methods: In an open, randomised, three-way cross-over pharmacokinetic study 18 healthy subjects inhaled nicotine for 20 min (80 inhalations) every hour for 10 h (11 administrations) at three different environmental temperatures: 20°, 30° and 40 °C. In the in vitroexperiment, 5, 10, 15 and 20 l air were forced through the inhaler. With a 15 l air volume, the average amount of nicotine released was 1.44, 3.49, 4.80 and 6.99 mg at 10 °C, 22 °C, 29 °C and 40 °C, respectively. The maximum dose released at the highest temperature (40 °C) and the largest air volume investigated (20 l) was approximately 7.5 mg. Results: In vivo peak plasma levels obtained at 30° and 40 °C were 29.7 and 34.0 ng · ml−1, compared with 22.5 ng · ml−1 at ambient room temperature (20 °C). At 20 °C, the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) of the last dosing interval was 20.5 ng · ml−1 · h. At 30 °C and 40 °C, the AUCs were 26.5 and 30.3 ng · ml−1 · h, respectively. The results thus showed a mean increase of the in vivo AUC by 29% at 30 °C and by 48% at 40 °C compared with the AUC at 20 °C. These increases should be compared to the in vitro results, showing a mean increase of 59% and 122%, respectively, at 30° and 40 °C. The in vitro results also showed that a relatively larger fraction of the dose was released into the first 5 l of air at the higher temperatures, at 40 °C, about 50% of the total amount released into 20 l. Conclusion: It was concluded that the in vitro/in vivo discrepancy was most probably due to increased aversive effects at elevated temperatures, causing the subjects to inhale smaller puff volumes. Further, the inhaler would not produce nicotine plasma levels exceeding those achieved following cigarette smoking, even in a hot climate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 649-650 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: enalapril ; cough ; substance P ; ACE inhibitor ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 38 (1990), S. 189-193 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: estramustine phosphate ; prostatic cancer ; gastrointestinal absorption ; food intake ; calcium ; drug interaction ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of milk and food on the pharmacokinetics of estramustine phosphate was investigated in six patients with prostatic cancer. In a randomized three-way cross-over study, the patients were given single doses of the drug together with low calcium water, low calcium food and milk. The evaluation was based upon the plasma concentration of two metabolites, estromustine and estrone, as parent drug could not be detected in plasma. The tmax and lag time of estromustine were significantly increased by milk and food intake and Cmax and AUC were significantly decreased. In comparison with water, the AUC of estromustine was 41% when the drug was taken with milk and 67% after simultaneous intake of standardized food. Corresponding figures for the peak values were 32 and 57%, respectively. The effect of milk and food intake on the pharmacokinetics of estrone was similar. Studies in vitro demonstrated that the dissolution of estramustine phosphate disodium was markedly impaired in the presence of calcium. It was concluded that the rate and extent of absorption of estramustine phosphate were decreased when the drug was taken with milk or food due to the formation of a poorly absorbable calcium complex. To obtain high and reproducible absorption of Estracyt®, the drug should not be taken together with milk, milk products or other calcium-rich food or drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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