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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Links between geological processes, microbial activities & evolution of life : microbes and geology (2010)
    Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: 20-2/M 12.0175
    In: Modern approaches in solid earth sciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbial systems in extreme environments and in the deep biosphere may be analogous to potential life on other planetary bodies and hence may be used to investigate the possibilities of extraterrestrial life. This book examines the mode and nature of links between geological processes and microbial activities and their significance for the origin and evolution of life on the Earth and possibly on other planets. This is a truly interdisciplinary science with societal relevance. Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preface. Acknowledgements. Contributors. 1. Oceanic pillow lavas and hyaloclastites as habitats for microbial life through time - a review; H. Furnes et al. 2. Microbial colonization of various habitable niches during alteration of oceanic crust; M. Ivarsson, N.G. Holm. 3. Ambient inclusion trails: their recognition, age range and applicability to early life on earth; D. Wacey et al. 4. Spatial distribution of the subseafloor life: diversity of biogeography; F. Inagaki, S. Nakagawa. 5. Analysis of deep subsurface microbial communities by functional genes and genomics; A. Teske, J. Biddle. 6. Diversity of Behamian stromatolite substrates; R. Ginsburg, N. Planavsky. 7. Evaporite microbial films, mats, microbialites, and stromatolites; R. Brigmon et al. 8. Microbial life in extreme environments: linking geological and microbial processes; H. Dong. 9. Marine methane biochemistry of the Black Sea: a review; T. Pape et al. 10. From volcanic winter to snowball earth: an alternative explanation for neoproterozoic biosphere stress; R.J. Stern et al. Subject index.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 364 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    ISBN: 9789048178377
    Series Statement: Modern approaches in solid earth sciences 4
    Classification:
    D.8.
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residuum Hydrocracking with Supported and Dispersed Catalysts: Stable Hydrogen and Carbon Isotope Studies on Hydrogenation and Catalyst Deactivation (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Energy & fuels 9 (1995), S. 928-935 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5029
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00053a028
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stable isotope analysis of hydrogen transfer during catalytic hydrocracking of residues (1992)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Energy & fuels 6 (1992), S. 540-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5029
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00035a002
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrothermal alteration and tectonic evolution of an intermediate- to fast-spreading back-arc oceanic crust: Late Ordovician Solund-Stavfjord ophiolite, western Norway (2005)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    The @island arc 14 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1738
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The Solund-Stavfjord ophiolite complex (SSOC) in western Norway represents a remnant of the Late Ordovician oceanic lithosphere, which developed in an intermediate- to fast-spreading Caledonian back-arc basin. The internal architecture and magmatic features of its crustal component suggest that the SSOC has a complex, multistage sea floor spreading history in a supra-subduction zone environment. The youngest crustal section associated with the propagating rift tectonics consists of a relatively complete ophiolite pseudostratigraphy, including basaltic volcanic rocks, a transition zone between the sheeted dyke complex and the extrusive sequence, sheeted dykes, and high-level isotropic gabbros. Large-scale variations in major and trace element distributions indicate significant remobilization far beyond that which would result from magmatic processes, as a result of the hydrothermal alteration of crustal rocks. Whereas K2O is strongly enriched in volcanic rocks of the extrusive sequence, Cu and Zn show the largest enrichment in the dyke complex near the dyke–volcanic transition zone or within this transition zone. The δ18O values of the whole-rock samples show a general depletion structurally downwards in the ophiolite, with the largest and smallest variations observed in volcanic rocks and the transition zone, respectively. δ18O values of epidote–quartz mineral pairs indicate 260–290°C for volcanic rocks, 420°C for the transition zone, 280–345°C for the sheeted dyke complex and 290–475°C for the gabbros. The 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios show the widest range and highest values in the extrusive rocks (0.70316–0.70495), and generally the lowest values and the narrowest range in the sheeted dyke complex (0.70338–0.70377). The minimum water/rock ratios calculated show the largest variations in volcanic rocks and gabbros (approximately 0–14), and generally the lowest values and range in the sheeted dyke complex (approximately 1–3). The δD values of epidote (−1 to −12‰), together with the δ18O calculated for Ordovician seawater, are similar to those of present-day seawater. Volcanic rocks experienced both cold and warm water circulation, resulting in the observed K2O-enrichment and the largest scatter in the δ18O values. As a result of metal leaching in the hot reaction zone above a magma chamber, Zn is strongly depleted in the gabbros but enriched in the sheeted dyke complex because of precipitation from upwelling of discharged hydrothermal fluids. The present study demonstrates that the near intact effect of ocean floor hydrothermal activity is preserved in the upper part of the SSOC crust, despite the influence of regional lower greenschist facies metamorphism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2005.00481.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agents of low temperature ocean crust alteration (1981)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 77 (1981), S. 150-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract δ 18O and87Sr/86Sr isotopic data from smectites, calcites, and whole rocks, together with published isotopic age determinations, alkali element concentration data and petrographic observations suggest a sequential model of ocean floor alteration. The early stage lasts about 3 m.y. and is characterized by palagonite and smectite formation, and solutions with a large basaltic component, increasing with temperature which varies from 15° to 80° C at DSDP site 418A. Most carbonates are depositedafter this stage from solutions with a negligible basaltic Sr component and temperatures of 15° to 40° C. Water of seawater Sr and O isotopic composition is shown to percolate to at least 500 m into the basaltic basement. No evidence was found for continuing exchange of strontium or oxygen after 3 m.y.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00636518
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of low-18O metamorphic rocks from a Late Proterozoic shear zone in the Eastern Desert of Egypt (1985)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 91 (1985), S. 188-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Anomalously low and variable 18O/16O ratios (whole rock δ 18OSMOW=−1.9 to +6.0) have been measured in several Late Proterozoic metamorphic units associated with a large scale low-angle ductile shear zone at Meatiq Dome in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt. The low-18O units consist of granite gneiss, quartzofeldspathic mylonite, and quartz phyllonite. These are intruded by syntectonic diorite-tonalite-granodiorite and post-tectonic granite, both having normal δ 18O. No evidence for other low-18O country rock units has been found. Oxygen isotope fractionation between quartz and magnetite in the granite gneiss (Δ QZ-MT=8.0 to 9.3) is consistent with equilibration at amphibolite grade temperatures, suggesting that 18O depletion occurred prior to metamorphism. Whole rock geochemical analyses indicate that the low-18O units were derived from two granitic protoliths, one of which apparently underwent local sericitic alteration prior to metamorphism; it is proposed that 18O depletion and sericitic alteration occurred simultaneously in a high-temperature meteorichydrothermal system associated with emplacement of these granitic protoliths. The relatively high ductility of the sericitically altered rock may have been an important factor in the subsequent localization of the shear zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377766
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    18O-Enrichment of silicic magmas caused by crystal fractionation at the Galapagos Spreading Center (1982)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 79 (1982), S. 76-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract An extremely differentiated suite of unaltered volcanic rocks dredged from the Galapagos Spreading Center ranges in δ 18O from 5.7 to 7.1‰ At 95°W, low K-tholeiites, FeTi-basalts, andesites and rhyodacites were recovered. Their lithologic and major element geochemical variation can be accounted for by crystal fractionation of plagioclase, pyroxenes, olivine and titanomagnetite in the same proportions and amounts needed to model the δ 18O variation by simple Rayleigh fractionation. More complicated behaviour was observed in a FeTi-basalt suite from 85°W. This study shows that 90% fractionation only enriches the residual melt by about 1.2‰ in 18O. It also implies that the magma chambers along parts of the Galapagos Spreading Center were static and isolated such that extreme differentiation could occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376963
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Marine hdrothermal alteration at a Kuroko ore deposit, Kosaka, Japan (1980)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 74 (1980), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Isotopic compositions were determined for quartz, sericite and bulk rock samples surrounding the Uwamuki no. 4 Kuroko ore body, Kosaka, Japan. δ 18O values of quartz from Siliceous Ore (S.O.), main body of Black Ore B.O.) and the upper layer of B.O. are fairly uniform, +8.7 to +10.5‰. Formation temperatures calculated from fractionation of 18O between sericite and quartz from B.O. and upper S.O. are 250° to 300° C. The ore-forming fluids had δ 18O values of +1‰ and δD values of −10‰, from isotope compositions of quartz and sericite. Tertiary volcanic rocks surrounding the ore deposits at Kosaka have uniform δ 18O values, +8.1±1.0‰ (n=50), although their bulk chemical compositions are widely varied because of different degrees of alteration. “White Rhyolite”, which is an intensely altered rhyolite occurring in close association with the Kuroko ore bodies, has also uniform δ 18O values, +7.9±0.9‰ (n=19). Temperatures of alteration are estimated to be around 300° C from the oxygen isotope fractionation between quartz and sericite. Paleozoic basement rocks phyllite and chert, have high δ 18O values, +18 and +19‰. The Sasahata formation of unknown age, which lies between Tertiary and Paleozoic formations, has highly variable δ 18O, +8 to +16‰ (n=4). High δ 18O values of the basement rocks and the sharp difference in δ 18O at their boundary suggest that the hydrothermal system causing Kuroko mineralization was mainly confined within permeable Tertiary rocks. δD values of altered Tertiary volcanic rocks are highly variable ranging from −34 to −64% (n=12). The variation of δD does not correlate with change of chemical composition, δ 18O values, nor distance from the ore deposits. The relatively high δD values of the altered rocks indicate that the major constituent of the hydrothermal fluid was sea water. However, another fluid having lower δD must have also participated. The fluid could be “evolved” sea water modified by interaction with rocks and the admixture of magmatic fluid. The variation in δD may suggest that sea water mixed dispersively with the fluid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371698
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  • 9
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    Ophiolites as faithful records of the oxygen isotope ratio of ancient seawater: the Solund-Stavfjord Ophiolite Complex as a Late Ordovician example (2003)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 218: 401-414.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: Fragments of the Ordovician sea floor preserved in the Solund-Stavfjord Ophiolite Complex in Western Norway serve as proxies for the {delta}18O of Ordovician seawater. The pillow basalt sections at Oldra and Strand are both enriched in 18O, recording their alteration by seawater at low temperature on the sea floor. In contrast, the sheeted dykes and gabbros generally are depleted of 18O, reflecting the modal proportion of secondary, low-18O chlorite and epidote formed from seawater at high temperature. These isotopic contrasts simply reflect the high water to rock ratio of sea-floor alteration and the temperature dependence of the 18O partitioning between minerals and water. Superposition of high-{delta}18O pillows on low-{delta}18O dykes and gabbros is a necessary consequence of alteration at both low and high temperatures by a fluid near 0{per thousand} and is easily recognized in well-preserved ophiolites. Also, the {delta}18O of seawater can be independently calculated from 18O fractionations among secondary minerals. Older, dismembered and highly metamorphosed segments of the oceanic crust may still retain the original seawater imprint because their subsequent obduction and metamorphism was relatively closed to external fluids. Suites of diamond-bearing nodules from kimberlites still have contrasting high- and low-{delta}18O eclogites, proving that even subduction into the mantle is not sufficient to erase the seawater fingerprint. Inspection of the sea-floor, ophiolite and eclogite data reveals no secular trend in {delta}18O, indicating that the {delta}18O of seawater has not changed with geological age. Because the {delta}18O of seawater itself is fixed by sea-floor-seawater exchange, the constancy of {delta}18O of seawater implies that the scale and style of sea-floor-seawater interactions has not changed over time.
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  • 10
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    Low-temperature alteration of submarine basalts from the Ontong Java Plateau (2007)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 229: 259-273.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: We present a detailed mineralogical and petrological description of the low-temperature alteration patterns in basalts from four new sites drilled during ODP Leg 192 on the Early Cretaceous Ontong Java Plateau. Three main alteration types have been identified: pervasively altered dark grey basalt; black or dusky green halos; and brown halos. Dark grey basalts are the most common and represent the least intensive, but most pervasive, alteration phase. Early interaction of the basalts with low-temperature sea-water-derived hydrothermal fluids lead to the development of black and dusky green halos characterized by the replacement of groundmass and olivine phenocrysts by celadonitic phyllosilicates and smectite. Later interaction of basalts with cold oxidizing sea water produced brown halos characterized by replacement of primary phases and mesostasis by smectite and iron oxyhydroxides. Secondary minerals in order of decreasing abundance include phyllosilicates, calcite, iron oxyhydroxides, pyrite, chalcedony, quartz and zeolites. Veins, resulting from symmetrical infilling of open cracks, commonly contain phyllosilicates, iron oxyhydroxide or pyrite, and late calcite. Carbonate veins cross-cut all other alteration features and stable isotope analyses of vein carbonates indicate formation from marine bicarbonate below about 40{degrees}C. A positive correlation between vein density and overall degree of alteration is observed resulting in pervasive development of brown alteration halos in highly fractured rocks. Overall, alteration of basalts from the Ontong Java Plateau is similar to that observed from other DSDP/ODP sites throughout the oceans.
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