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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(ester-amide)s from Bis(2-oxazoline)s, Anhydrides, and Diols (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 28 (1995), S. 5699-5705 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00121a002
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fractionation of linear saturated (co)polyesters by differential precipitation (1993)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 30 (1993), S. 551-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Samples of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate) (PENT) and poly(ethylene naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate) (PEN), materials which find application in textile and packaging industry, have been investigated, with the aim to obtain narrow molecular weight fractions suitable for further characterization. Preliminary results concerning with the fractionation of gram-quantities of the polyesters are reported, using a method based on the fractional precipitation from a phenol/1,2,4-thrichlorobenzene solution of the polymer, using n-heptane as non-solvent. Obtained fractions have been characterized by intrinsic viscosity measurements and Gel Permeation Chromatography analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296474
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XPS and DSC Studies of Solution Cast Polystyrene/Poly(organophosphazene) Blends. I. Polystyrene/Poly(phenoxy)phosphazene (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 10 (2000), S. 23-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Keywords: polyphosphazene ; polystyrene ; blends ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Blends of polystyrene (PS) with poly(phenoxy)phosphazene (PPN) were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A third component, poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPE), was added with the aim of increasing compatibility of the blends. T g values did not vary in the PS/PPN blends, indicating that the components are substantially incompatible. The addition of PPE did not change the situation much even though some compatibility between PPN and PPE was detected. XPS on the cast films showed that only PPN was present at the surface. The surface composition of the blends was found to be dependent on the preparation technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009452331855
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XPS and DSC Studies of Solution Cast Polystyrene/Poly(organophosphazene) Blends. II. Polystyrene/Poly(4-phenoxyphenoxy)phosphazene (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 10 (2000), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Keywords: polyphosphazene ; polystyrene ; blends ; XPS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Blends of polystyrene (PS) with poly(4-phenoxyphenoxy)phosphazene (PPA) were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A third component, poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPE), was added to improve the compatibility. While DSC and XPS reveal that PS and PPA are incompatible, the presence of PPE increases the compatibility between the two polymers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009408624132
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of low-molecular-weight oligomers in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 225 (1995), S. 109-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Poly(ethylenterephthalat)-(PET)-Rezyklat aus gebrauchten Getränkeflaschen wurde bei 150-220°C im Vakuum behandelt oder bei mehreren Temperaturen mit zwei unterschiedlichen Durchsatzgeschwindigkeiten extrudiert. Nach anschließender Extraktion wurden die erhaltenen niedermolekularen Verbindungen mittels Hochleistungs-Flüs-sigchromatographie (HPLC), Größenausschlußchromatographie (SEC) und Massenspektrometrie mit chemischer Ionisierung (DCI/MS) untersucht. Die Verteilung von cyclischen und linearen Oligomeren mit Polymerisationsgraden von 2 bis 6 im Extrakt wurde bestimmt. Als Folge der Vakuumbehandlung des PET nimmt der Oligomergehalt mit steigenden Temperaturen ab. Umgekehrt führt die Extrusion bei ansteigenden Temperaturen (ebenso bei längeren Aufbewahrungszeiten) zu höheren Oligomerkon-zentrationen. Außerdem wurden bei zunehmenden Aufbewahrungstemperaturen und -zeiten breitere Molekulargewichtsverteilungen beobachtet, d. h. es wurden in zunehmendem Maße größere Ringe und längere Ketten gebildet. Eine bedeutende Menge an Oligomeren mit mittlerem Molekulargewicht wurde ebenfalls nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Low-molecular-weight compounds extracted from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) from post-consumer soft-drink bottles, treated at 150-220°C in vacuo or extruded at several temperatures and two different mass flow rates, were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and desorption chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (DCI/MS). Among these products, cyclic and linear oligomers (polymerization degree 2-6) were identified, and their distribution was determined.As a consequence of vacuum treatment of PET, the overall oligomer content decreases with increasing temperatures. Conversely, the extrusion at crescent temperatures causes an increase of the oligomer concentration; the same effect was observed by increasing the residence time. A further effect was represented by the enlargement of molecular weight distributions, i.e. larger rings and longer chains were formed in greater amounts at higher temperatures and residence times; a significant fraction of medium-molecular-weight oligomers (M̄n = 1400-1900) was also formed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052250110
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation on the dynamics of aromatic polyesters by means of high resolution solid state CPMAS 13C NMR (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36 (1998), S. 1557-1566 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyesters ; PET ; PEN ; PEI ; 13C NMR ; dynamics ; nuclear relaxation times ; gas diffusion ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dynamics of amorphous aromatic polyesters consisting of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene isophthalate) (PEI), and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate) (PEN) has been investigated by means of solid state CPMAS 13C NMR. Proton T2, 13C T1ρ, and proton T1ρ decays have been measured in particular, and the experimental data fitted to suitable model functions to determine best relaxation parameters. The fitting results show for proton T2 and 13C T1ρ measurements the presence of two components with different relaxation times and intensities, arising from different motional domains. The proton T1ρ, on the contrary, shows a single component which limits the dimensions of the two regions to less than 20 Angstroms. The dependence of 13C T1ρ values on two different irradiating field strengths (H1 = 38 KHz, H1 = 60 KHz) allowed the assignment of each component to relatively rigid and mobile regions. By comparing the three polymers we observe that PEN and PEI have a similar relaxation behavior, while a higher fraction of mobile components was found for PET. These differences are believed to arise mainly from local motions of the aromatic rings. The relaxation measurements have been evaluated to suggest a correspondence to O2 and CO2 gas permeabilities in PET, PEI, and PEN. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 1557-1566, 1998
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of styrene with nickel complex/methylaluminoxane catalytic systems (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 2119-2126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: stereospecific polymerization ; isotactic polystyrene ; nickel catalysts ; methylaluminoxane ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polymerization of styrene using catalytic systems based on nickel derivatives and methylaluminoxane (MAO) was studied. Among tested catalysts, nickel bis(acetylacetonate) and nickel dichloride show the maximum activity. Bis(phosphine)nickel dichlorides exhibit lower activity, depending on the nature of the phosphine ligand. Polymer yields decrease by lowering the catalyst concentration, by increasing the reaction temperature, or by carrying out the polymerization in a polar donor solvent. Weight average molecular weight of most of the prepared polystyrenes ranges from 9000 to 25,000, with polydispersity indexes of 1.6-3.8. However, polystyrene prepared in dioxane solvent exhibits a small fraction of very high molecular weight (about 140,000). From NMR analysis, the products seem generally to be constituted of two polymers with different steric microstructure: atactic polystyrene and partially isotactic polystyrene (ca. 75-85% meso diads). Catalytic site specificity is correlated with the type of nickel ligand, while the effect of reaction temperature is less defined. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 2119-2126, 1998
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolymerization of bis(2-oxazoline)s, anhydrides, and diols or diamines. Reaction mechanisms and polymer properties (1997)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 3241-3248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(ester-amide)s ; bis(2-oxazoline)s polymerization ; bulk polymerization ; glass transition temperature ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation of linear poly(ester-amide)s from monoanhydrides, bis(2-oxazoline)s (namely 2,2′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(2-oxazoline)) and a third comonomer is discussed. The polymerization reactions were carried out in bulk between 150 and 200°C. When the third monomer is a diol, poly(ester-ester-amide)s are obtained. Diols of different structure were used: α,ω-diols having up to 12 carbon atoms, ethylene glycol oligomers (two or three repeating units), cyclic diols, etc.; glutaric, 3,3-dimethylglutaric and maleic anhydrides were used as monoanhydrides. The polymers were studied from the point of view of thermal properties, finding a substantial agreement between the structure of the monomers and the glass transition temperature of the polymers. By using primary diamines as a third comonomer, the reaction does not lead to the formation of a polymeric product. The failure of the polymerization was attributed to a competitive reaction that prevents the polymerization. After the amine group has reacted with the anhydride, cyclization of the so-formed carboxyalkylamide occurs, giving an imide derivative, unable to react further. Therefore, only a mixture of low molecular weight compounds is obtained in this case. When the diamine is secondary, the imidization reaction is not possible, and linear poly(amide-ester-amide)s are obtained. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 3241-3248, 1997
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of thermoplastic copolyesters containing copolymerized azoic dyes (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 6 (1995), S. 63-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate copolyesters ; isophthalate copolyesters ; terephthalate (co)polyesters ; azoic dye ; UV-visible obsorption ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) and a series of other amorphous copolyesters based on ethylene glycol and terephthalic/isophthalic or 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic/isophthalic acid mixtures were prepared by melt polycondensation. Comonomers consisting of azoic dyes having two polymerizable functions on the aromatic rings (either one alcoholic and one carbomethoxyl, two alcoholic or two carbomethoxyl groups) were also added, in amounts lower than 1% mol with respect to the sum of diesters used as starting monomers. In these conditions (P〈0.1 torr and T=280°C), only few azoic dyes were found to be stable.Among the prepared polymers, those based on dyes having sufficient thermal stability were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and solution properties. Inherent viscosities suggest that molecular weights are high. Glass transition and melting temperatures as well as mechanical properties of colored polyesters are not affected by the presence of the azoic comonomers. UV-visible spectra of copolyester solutions were registered, and absorption coefficients were correlated with the amount of dye.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1995.220060202
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New polymeric materials for containers manufacture based on PET/PEN copolyesters and blends (1996)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 7 (1996), S. 365-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: packaging materials ; food containers ; copolyesters ; blending ; transesterification ; crystallization rate ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Hot-fillable, re-fillable, high oxygen-barrier and high UV-barrier containers cannot be conveniently made with poly(ethylene terephthalate).Copolyesters of terephthalic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid and ethylene glycol, prepared through either melt-polycondensation or blending, are very promising material for the manufacture of containers with special performances.The properties of these materials depend on their composition and microstructure, which can be tuned by controlling the experimental parameters during their preparation. In particular, the effect on crystallization rate, which plays a key-role in the bottle manufacturing cycle (comprising melt polymerization, solid-state polymerization, drying, molding and blowing), is discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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