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  • 1
    Description / Table of Contents: This volume gives a broad view of the application of geoscience techniques to the study of monuments and objects from excavations and museums, including their origin, technique of manufacture, age and conservation. It reaffirms the important contribution of geosciences in the interdisciplinary approach to the study of complex materials such as minerals, rocks, glass, metals, mortar, plaster, slags and pottery. The papers in this book cover three topics: the study of pottery, glass, stone and mortar; the application of Raman spectroscopy to a wide variety of objects; and the future of archaeometry. Interdisciplinary studies including field geology, geophysics, microscopy, textural analysis, physical methods and geochemistry are used to unlock information from the ancient materials, such as the provenance of the raw materials, the firing technology, the ancient recipes, and the alteration pathways.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 351 Seiten)
    ISBN: 1862391955
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 63 (1974), S. 618-654 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The genesis of synorogeneous, variscian magmatites from the Bergsträsser Odenwald is explained. They are alternating with steep, old metamorphic rocks (schists and schisteous gneisses, partly transformed to plagioclase-blastites). The magmatites are differentiated into an early-orogenic hornblende-basiteseries (gabbro → diorite) and a high-orogenic biotite-flasermagmatite-series (diorite → granite). The hornblende-basite-series is “normally intrusive” with differentiated syntectic members; the biotite-flasermagmatite-series is lithogenic and has been formed by plagioclase-blastesis and anatexis. At the transition to the high-orogenic phase the rocks develop a strong gneissose foliation (due to movements during the emplacement). The structures assimilate, and a protoclastic to primary-gneissic texture is formed. We name the crystalline in this periode of formation briefly “Synorogen”. The diorites from the two series, as well as the dioritoids and aorites (products of “dioritisation”) show converging structures within the Synorogen. The mobile (ultrametamorphic) stage during the dioritisation and granitisation is discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Explication de la genèse des roches magmatiques synorogènes hercyniennes du Bergsträsser Odenwald. Ces roches alternent avec des roches métamorphiques anciennes en position verticale (structure en coulisse). Les roches métamorphiques sont constituées principalement par des schistes et des gneiss schisteux montrant localement une blastèse du plagioclase. Les roches magmatiques sont subdivisées en deux séries orogéniques qu'on peut bien distinguer par la présence de mafites différents. La première série est basique (Gabbro → Diorite) et caractérisée par la dominance d'amphibole. La deuxième série (tardive) est acide (Diorite → Granite) et caractérisée par l'abondance de biotite et le développement d'une texture rhéomorphe (Flasertextur). La première série montre tous les caractères d'une mise en place normale par intrusion et d'une différentiation modifiée par syntexis. La deuxième est palingénétique et résulte de processus anatectiques précédés d'une blastèse des plagioclases. Les roches intrusives de la série orogénique tardive montrent une texture stratiforme (due au processus rhéomorphique lors de la mise en place); les structures s'assimilent et on arrive à une formation de textures protoclastiques (gneiss primaires). Le cristallin hercynien formé dans cette phase est nommé le « Synorogène ». Les diorites des deux séries ainsi que les dioritoides et aorites (produits de la dioritisation) montrent des structures convergentes dans le synorogène. L'état de la partie mobile (ultramétamorphique) lors de la dioritisation et granitisation est discuté.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Erläutert wird die Genese synorogener varistischer Magmatite des Bergsträßer Odenwaldes, die zwischen steilgestellten Zonen alter Metamorphite auftreten (Kulissenbau). Der Altbestand setzt sich vorwiegend aus Schiefern und schieferigen Gneisen (Schiefergneisen) zusammen, die teilweise plagioklasblastisch verändert sind. Die Magmatite werden in eine frühorogene Hornblendebasit-Serie (Gabbro → Diorit) und eine hochorogene Biotitflasergesteins-Serie (Diorit → Granit) unterteilt. Beide Serien sind intrusiv. Die Hornblendebasit-Serie besteht aus syntektisch differenzierten Gliedern eines nicht näher bekannten Magmas. Bei der Biotitflasergesteins-Serie kann eine lithogene Herkunft nachgewiesen werden (Gneis → Metablastit → Flaserdiorit/granit). In der hochorogenen Phase entwickeln die Gesteine — infolge der Durchbewegung während der Platznahme — eine stratiforme Ausbildung. Unterschiedliche Strukturen werden angeglichen, und es entstehen protoklastische bis primärgneisige Gewebe. Das in dieser rheomorphen Bildungsphase geprägte Kristallin nennen wir kurz das ‚'Synorogen“. Die Diorite der beiden Serien sowie Produkte einer Dioritisierung in situ werden verglichen. Sie alle bilden zueinander konvergente Strukturen. Der mobile Zustand bei Dioritisierung und Granitisierung verlangt eine erneute Diskussion des ‚'ultrametamorphen Bereichs“.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
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    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 257: 141-150.
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: Gokeyup cooking pottery is a particular type of pottery produced according to ancient craft tradition in western Turkey. It is made by mixing 75 wt% of local red and green smectitic clays with 25 wt% of local gneissic temper. Both temper and tempered objects are rich in MgO, as can be seen from XRF analyses. The vessels are coated with a sheet-silicate enriched layer, corresponding to the 〈2 mm sieved fraction of the crushed gneissic temper. The pottery is fired for 45 min using the bonfire technique. Apart from the dehydroxylation of the smectites, no clear mineralogical difference can be observed between the unfired and fired products. The reduction factor FeO/FeOtot reveals no significant oxidizing or reducing firing conditions. As evidenced by SEM-EDS analyses, there is no chemical difference between the unfired and externally fired micas of the coating. The golden colouring is therefore due to the oxidation of the biotites during firing.
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  • 4
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    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 257: 1-8.
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: First, a brief overview of the tasks and the historical development of archaeometry will be given. Although archaeometry is generally doing well, a few issues currently faced by this discipline will be outlined. These include: (1) funding for projects and research positions; (2) the appeal of archaeometry to a new generation of academics; (3) the standard of publications; (4) the safeguarding of and the immediate access to scientific data.
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  • 5
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 257: 63-80.
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: A total of 203 pieces of fine ceramic and four clays from seven sites of western Switzerland (Bern, Geneve, Grotte du Four, La Tene, Marin, Saint-Triphon -- Massongex and Yverdon) were studied chemically and mineralogically to determine if there was local production at each site and if trade links existed between the sites. Firing wasters from Bern and the region of Geneve indicate local ceramic production. The sherds are often contaminated with secondary phosphorus and, in the case of Bern, copper. Most of the fine ceramic is CaO-poor, contrasting with the CaO-rich clays. Based on the chromium and nickel concentrations, it can be subdivided into two distinct groups. The majority of the sherd populations from Geneve, Saint-Triphon and Massongex, as well as a few specimens from Bern, La Tene and Yverdon, have high Cr and Ni values. The remaining sherds have low Cr and Ni concentrations. The analyses show that: (1) the fine ceramic from each of the seven sites forms an often inhomogeneous and widely dispersed group, distinct from the others; consequently, it is most probably a local or regional product; (2) ceramic import is probable for one piece from Grotte du Four (provenance Yverdon); (3) the Late La Tene fine ceramic was manufactured mainly from silicate or silicate-carbonate, fat to lean clays.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-12-01
    Description: Seven unglazed figurines from private collections, attributed to Cyfflé’s Terre de Lorraine manufacture in Lunéville (1766–1780), were subjected to porosity and scanning electron microscopic analyses to determine bulk element compositions and the composition and nature of their constituent phases. One figurine bears the mark CYFFLÉ À. LUNÉVILLE, three the mark TERRE DE LORRAINE. The studied samples pertain to four compositional groupings: (1) Two porous (18–20 % water adsorption W.A.) bodies containing milled quartz-rich frit +anhydrite (former gypsum) +phyllosilicate +Ca-rich matrix; (2) A soft-paste (artificial) porcelain body (10 % W. A.), containing quartz +calcic plagioclase (An88–95) + glassy matrix. The latter is inferred to derive from a former frit. A coronitic, amorphous (as revealed by electron backscattered diffraction analysis) reaction rim is visible around the quartzes. The K-rich and Na-poor composition of the frit is best explained as a mixture of potassium nitrate, alum, calcined gypsum, sand, and moderate amounts of salt and soda; (3) A porous (23 % W. A.), hybrid porcelain body with finely milled particles of quartz, mullite-bearing hard-paste porcelain, Na-Ca-siliceous glass and metakaolinite; (4) Three hard-paste porcelain bodies, some with relict quartz, andesine plagioclase (An37–45), pseudomorphs of kaolinite and the liquidus phase mullite in a glassy matrix. Well fired figurines have no W. A. due to the pervasive former melt phase, underfired figurines 7 %. These wares can contain small amounts of lead (1.8 wt% PbO) and SO3 (0.6 wt%), suggesting the use of lead frit and gypsum. The diversity of Cyfflé’s production is now better recognized. His trial-and-error experiments made use of a remarkably wide range of paste mixtures, with porcelain bodies in the French (soft-paste) and the German (hard-paste) tradition.
    Print ISSN: 0935-1221
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-4011
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Schweizerbart
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2017-06-26
    Print ISSN: 0935-1221
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-4011
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Schweizerbart
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2018-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0955-2219
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-619X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2018-06-26
    Electronic ISSN: 2075-163X
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2006-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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