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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-01-14
    Keywords: -; Age, 40K/40Ar Potassium-Argon; Age, dated; Age, dated material; Age, dated standard deviation; Gauss-Krueger Hochwert; Gauss-Krueger Rechtswert; Gauss-Krueger Streifen; Geological sample; GEOS; LATITUDE; Lithology/composition/facies; LONGITUDE; Sample code/label; Stratigraphy; Thuringia, Germany; Variscides; ε-Neodymium
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 211 data points
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In western Peru kaolin-alunite deposits occur in Lower Cretaceous and Tertiary clastic, volcaniclastic and volcanic, mostly rhyolitic, rocks. Alunites from␣hypogene kaolin deposits yield  K /Ar ages of 11.5 ±␣0.7␣Ma and 13.3 ± 0.4 Ma. In addition to kaolin and alunite, the following minerals are present: white mica, smectite, barite, pyrophyllite, tridymite, cristobalite, α- and β-quartz, chamosite, gibbsite, and aluminum-phosphate-sulphate minerals (APS). APS mineralizations with REE-bearing svanbergite and florencite originate from supergene alteration. Woodhouseite, goyazite, crandallite and pure svanbergite develop in hypogene and supergene kaolin deposits. The distinction between hypogene and supergene kaolinization can be made using various element ratios in kaolin (P vs. S, Zr vs. Ti, Cr + Nb vs. Ti + Fe, and Ce + Y + La vs. Ba + Sr). S,␣Ba, and Sr are considerably enriched in kaolin during hydrothermal alteration, whereas Cr, Nb, Ti and lanthanide elements are concentrated mainly during weathering. Au and Ag become enriched during hypogene kaolinization (advanced argillitization). Kaolinization is associated with the evolution of the Central Andes as follows: (1) during the Lower Cretaceous kaolinization characterizes phases of relative tectonic quiescence during mountain building and took place in a miogeosynclinal back-arc basin. The kaolin-bearing sediments were laid down in flood plain to delta plain environments; (2) in the magmatic arc/back-arc basin (eugeosyncline) kaolinization was mainly associated with uplift and peneplanation; (3) in the magmatic arc proper, late Miocene kaolinization of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks has many features in common with the high sulphidation epithermal Au deposits.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 86 (1997), S. S272 
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words KTB Bohemian massif ; Retrograde processes ; Fine mineral fractions ; K ; Ar ; Rb ; Sr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Conventional K–Ar and Rb–Sr age determinations were carried out on fine mineral fractions of the KTB rocks and of rocks from the surrounding area in order to get an idea of the timing of retrograde processes which the rocks had suffered in the Late Variscan and afterwards. Coarse-grained mica minerals were used as reference minerals. It can be demonstrated that conventional K–Ar dating on fine mineral fractions is a useful tool to date retrograde processes in crystalline rocks. For methodical reasons the Rb–Sr method is less suitable. A complex age pattern was found which could be divided into different age groups representing different periods of either penetrative retrograde overprint or formation and reactivation of distinct cataclastic fault zones. Whereas the rocks of the KTB have undergone a penetrative retrograde overprint during the Permo-Triassic without any visible deformation, the Jurassic brought a first reactivation of cataclastic fault zones. In Cretaceous time an overprint led to a pronounced second reactivation of cataclastic fault zones. This latter process turned out to be the important one for the stacking and a repetition of the drilled profile in the KTB. The data and interpretations obtained on the fine mineral fractions coincide excellently with fission track data on sphene from the drill site, with sedimentological records concerning a larger regional scale and with hydrothermal alterations and ore-forming events in mid-Europe.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 63 (1974), S. 305-326 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract For a long time the age of the last metamorphism of the Sesia-zone was considered to be Hercynian or older. Basement inclusions in basic volcanics were the main argument for this interpretation. The Trachyandesites — Andesites of the Sesia-zone were regarded as Permian, analogoues to the widespread Permian volcanics of the Southern Alps. Recently, plant remnants have been found in tuffitic interlayers of the Sesia volcanics. These fossils have been described as palaeozoic plants, in contradiction to structual observations and to the numerous radiometric data acquired in the region. To check the age of the fossils a detailed palaeobotanical study was carried out. Our samples contained a very modern flora of definitely Tertiary age. Not one palaeozoic fossil was detected. The Tertiary age found on palaeobotanical evidence proved to be between 29 and 33 m. y. on the basis of total rock K-Ar ages. The last high pressure metamorphism of the Sesia-zone occurred between 90 and 60 m. y. as has been shown by radiometric ages on micas. The external part of the zone was overprinted by the Lepontine phase of metamorphism in greenschist facies 38 m. y. ago.
    Abstract: Résumé L'âge du dernier métamorphisme de la zone de Sesia a été pendant longtemps considéré comme hercynien ou plus ancien. Le principal argument à l'appui de cette interprétation consistait dans la présence d'inclusions cristallines du socle dans les trachyandésites et andésites situées dans la bordure interne de la zone de Sesia, ces roches volcaniques étant regardées comme permiennes par analogie avec le volcanisme permien des Alpes méridionales. On a trouvé récemment, dans les tuffites intercalées dans ces roches volcaniques, des fossiles végétaux qui ont été attribués au Carbonifère supérieur. Toutefois cette interprétation s'opposait aux observations structurales et aux nombreux âges radiométriques obtenus dans la zone de Sesia, ce qui a conduit, à une vérification détaillée des arguments paléobotaniques. La flore que nous avons trouvée est une flore très récente, d'âge tertiaire indubitable. On n'a pas trouvé un seul fossile paléozoÏque. Cet âge tertiaire basé sur la paléobotanique a été précisé par des mesures d'âge K-Ar effectuées sur roches totales, qui ont donné 29–33 m. a. La dernière phase métamorphique de haute pression, dans la zone de Sesia-Lanzo, a eu lieu entre 60 et 90 m. a., comme le montrent les âges radiométriques de micas. La partie de cette zone, proche des Alpes, a été soumise ultérieurement à la phase de métamorphisme lépontienne, qui s'est déroulée, il y a 38 m. a., dans un faciès de schistes verts.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Alter der letzten Metamorphose der Sesia-Zone wurde lange Zeit für herzynisch oder älter gehalten. Als Argument dienten Grundgebirgseinschlüsse in den Trachyandesiten bis Andesiten der Sesia-Zone. Diese Vulkanite hielt man in Analogie zu den permischen Vulkaniten der Südalpen für permisch. In jüngster Zeit wurden in Tuffiten der Sesia-Vulkanite Pflanzenreste gefunden, die als oberkarbonisch beschrieben wurden. Diese Schlüsse standen in Diskrepanz zu strukturgeologischen Beobachtungen und zu den zahlreichen radiometrischen Altersbestimmungen in der Sesia-Zone und zwangen zur nochmaligen überprüfung der paläobotanischen Evidenzen. Die von uns gefundene Flora weist sehr moderne Züge auf und läßt sich mit Sicherheit ins Tertiär einstufen. Kein einziges paläozoisches Fossil wurde gefunden. Das durch die Pflanzenreste bestätigte tertiäre Alter der Vulkanite konnte mit radiometrischen K-Ar-Gesamtgesteinsaltern auf 29–33 m.y. präzisiert werden. Die letzte Hochdruck-Metamorphose in der Sesia-Zone fand nach K-Ar-Altersbestimmungen an Glimmern zwischen 60 und 90 m. y. statt. Vor ca. 38 m. y. wurden die alpeneinwärts liegenden Partien der Sesia-Zone von der lepontinischen Kristallisationsphase in Grünschieferfazies überprägt.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 67 (1978), S. 719-742 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Along the southern margin of the Damara orogen age and degree of metamorphism were determined by means of K/Ar dating and illite crystallinity. The investigations include the following units: 1. The southwestern-most part of the east-west striking branch of the Damara orogen. 2. The nappes of the Naukluft Mountains. 3. The Nama-Group from north of the Naukluft Mountains to the Fish River in the south (including the western part of the Dwyka-Formation). The metamorphism of the Naukluft nappes as well as the underlying Nama beds corresponds to the higher part of the anchi-zone and lower epi-zone. Between the Naukluft nappes and the folded Nama rocks adjoining the southeastern front of the nappes there is an obvious step from higher down to lower metamorphism. Further to the southeast the metamorphism in the Nama beds decreases continuously down to diagenesis. K/Ar age determinations were carried out on the three units mentioned above and also on the basement underlying the Nama sequence. Muscovites of this basement gave an age of about 1160 m. y. Determinations on white micas of the southern Damara belt, the Naukluft Mountains and the northern Nama basin define two isochrons with ages of 495 and 530 m. y The age of 530 m. y. represents the peak of metamorphism and the age of syncrystalline deformation. The age of 495 m. y. can be interpreted as a cooling age of the higher metamorphic rocks or as a dating of rejuvenation caused by a second post-crystalline deformation in parts of the Naukluft and Damara rocks. This age of 495 m. y. was also found in the mylonite of the main thrust plane of the Naukluft nappes and it represents the time of emplacement of the Naukluft nappes.
    Abstract: Résumé L'âge et le degré de métamorphisme de la bordure sud de l'orogène de Damara ont été déterminés par la datation K/Ar et par la cristallinité de l'illite. Les investigations ont porté sur les unités suivantes: 1. La partie sud-ouest de la branche orientée est-ouest de l'orogène de Damara. 2. Les nappes du «Naukluft». 3. Le «Nama group» s'étendant du N du Naukluft au Fish-river au sud (la partie occidentale de la formation Dwyka inclue). Le métamorphisme des nappes du Naukluft ainsi que de la série de Nama sousjacente va de la partie supérieure de l'anchizone à l'épizone inférieure. Entre les nappes du Naukluft et les roches plissées de Nama situées au sud-est des nappes, un saut très net est observé conduisant à un métamorphisme plus bas. Vers le sud-est, le métamorphisme affectant la série de Nama diminue graduellement jusque dans le domaine de la diagenèse. Des déterminations d'âge K/Ar ont été effectuées sur les trois unités ci-dessus et en plus sur le soubassement du groupe de la Nama, dont les muscovites donnent un âge d'environ 1160 m. a. Les résultats des déterminations dans des micas clairs du Damara du sud, des nappes du Naukluft et du groupe nord de Nama se situent sur deux isochrones avec des âges de 495 et 530 m. a. L'âge de 530 m. a. indique le point culminant du métamorphisme et l'âge de la déformation dans les roches à déformation syncristalline. L'âge de 495 m. a. peut être interprété comme un âge de refroidissement des roches les plus métamorphiques ou comme un rajeunissement par une deuxième déformation postcristalline dans certaines parties des formations du Naukluft et du Damara. Cet âge de 495 m. a. a été trouvé également pour les mylonites du plan de chevauchement principal des nappes du Naukluft et indique l'âge de la mise en place de ces nappes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Bereich der Südgrenze des Damara-Orogens wurden Alter und Intensität der Metamorphose mit Hilfe von K/Ar-Altersbestimmungen und Illitkristallinität bestimmt. Die Untersuchungen umfaßten folgende Einheiten: 1. den südwestlichen Teil des E-W streichenden Astes des Damara-Orogens; 2. die Decken der Naukluft; 3. die Nama-Group, die sich von nördlich der Naukluft bis zum Fish-River im Süden erstreckt (einschließlich des westlichen Teils der Dwyka-Formation). Die Metamorphose der Naukluft-Decken sowie der unterlagernden Nama liegt in Bereich der höheren Anchibis unteren Epizone. Zwischen den Gesteinen der Naukluft-Decken und der südöstlich vorgelagerten gefalteten Nama besteht ein deutlicher Sprung zu niedrigerer Metamorphose. In Richtung SE nimmt der Grad der Metamorphose in der Nama kontinuierlich ab bis in den Bereich der Diagenese. In den drei oben erwähnten Einheiten wurden K/Ar-Altersbestimmungen an Hellglimmern durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurden Muskowite aus dem Basement, das die Nama unterlagert, datiert. Die Muskowite aus dem Basement ergaben ein Alter von 1160 m. y. Bestimmungen an Hellglimmern des südlichen Damara, der Naukluft und der nördlichen Nama liegen auf zwei Isochronen mit Altern von 495 m. y. und 530 m. y. Das Alter von 530 m. y. datiert den Höhepunkt der Metamorphose und das Alter der Deformation in den synkristallin deformierten Gesteinen. Das Alter von 495 m. y. kann als Abkühlungsalter für die höher metamorphen Gesteine gedeutet werden oder zeigt eine Verjüngung durch eine zweite postkristalline Deformation in Teilen der Naukluft und Damara-Gesteine an. Dieses Alter von 495 m. y. wurde ebenfalls im Mylonit der Hauptüberschiebungsbahn der Naukluft-Decken gefunden und gibt den Zeitpunkt der Platznahme der Naukluft-Decken an.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Bohemian Massif ; KTB ; K ; Ar and Rb ; Sr mineral dating ; Middle to post-Variscan tectonothermal evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  K–Ar and Rb–Sr age determinations on muscovites and biotites and K–Ar age determinations on amphiboles are presented for leucocratic gneisses, amphibolites and (meta-)igneous rocks from the Zone of Erbendorf Vohenstrauss (ZEV) and the KTB boreholes located in the northeastern ZEV and leucocratic gneisses from the Erbendorf Greenschist zone (EGZ). The investigations were carried out to contribute to the knowledge of the tectonothermal evolution of the area and to the response of the isotope systems to retrograde processes including recent elevated in- situ temperatures in the boreholes. A memory of an early Ordovician igneous event is given by Rb–Sr ages of 480±5–475±5 Ma obtained on very coarse-grained relic igneous muscovites of metapegmatites from the ZEV. This memory is missing in micas from peg matoids of the drill site. Coarse-grained muscovites of gneisses from ZEV and EGZ surface outcrops and of gneisses and pegmatoids from the boreholes yielded maximum K–Ar ages of 377±3–371±3 Ma related to the end of the Devonian regional metamorphism in both units. Consistent K–Ar and Rb–Sr apparent ages of some muscovites from surface outcrops point to a fast cooling of the metamorphic rocks due to rapid tectonic uplift. The lack of a depth-related gradient in model ages of coarse-grained KTB muscovites is explained by post-Variscan stacking processes. For minerals from intermediate to greater depths of the KTB, a strong age dependence on grain size and disturbances of the isotope systems due to various late- to post-Variscan retrograde processes can be demonstrated. A strong decrease in K–Ar model ages with increasing depth as obtained for biotites from the deepest section of the HB borehole probably indicates time-integrated response of the isotope system to elevated in situ temperatures.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Variscan belt ; Geodynamic evolution ; Exhumation history ; Saxothuringian ; Flysch ; U/Pb- and K/Ar age determinations ; Detrital minerals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The Saxothuringian flysch basin, on the north flank of the Central European Variscides, was fed and eventually overthrust by the northwestern, active margin of the Tepla-Barrandian terrane. Clast spectra, mineral composition and isotopic ages of detrital mica and zircon have been analyzed in order to constrain accretion and exhumation of rocks in the orogenic wedge. The earliest clastic sediments preserved are of early Famennian age (ca. 370 Ma). They are exposed immediately to the NW of the suture, and belong to the par-autochthon of the foreland. Besides ultramafic (?ophiolite) material, these rocks contain clasts derived from Early Paleozoic continental slope sediments, originally deposited at the NW margin of the Saxothuringian basin. These findings, together with the paleogeographic position of the Famennian clastics debris on the northwestern passive margin, indicate that the Saxothuringian narrow ocean had been closed by that time. Microprobe analyses of detrital hornblendes suggest derivation from the “Randamphibolit” unit, now present in the middle part of the Saxothuringian allochthon (Münchberg nappes). Detrital zircons of metamorphic rocks formed a little earlier (ca. 380 Ma) indicate rapid recycling at the tectonic front. The middle part of the flysch sequence (ca. early to middle Viséan), both in the par-autochthon and in the allochthon, contains abundant clasts of Paleozoic rocks derived from the northwestern slope and rise, together with debris of Cadomian basement, 500-Ma granitoids and 380 Ma (early Variscan) crystalline rocks. All of these source rocks were still available in the youngest part of the flysch (c. middle to late Viséan), but some clasts record, in addition, accretion of the northwestern shelf. Our findings permit deduction of minimum rates of tectonic shortening well in excess of 10–30 mm per year, and rates of exhumation of ca. 3 mm/a, and possibly more.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 86 (1997), S. 178-184 
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Bohemian massif ; SW margin ; Post-Variscan structural record ; Sedimentary record ; Clastic supply ; Source areas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The late-Palaeozoic to Cenozoic stratigraphic and structural record of the southwestern margin of the Bohemian massif and its extension beneath the southward adjacent Molasse basin shows that it is controlled by a system of basement-involving faults which came into evidence during Stephanian– Autunian times and which were subsequently repeatedly reactivated. Thick Permo-Carboniferous clastics accumulated in fault-bounded transtensional basins aligned with the southwestern Bohemian border zone (SWBBZ). Following late-Autunian deformation of these basins, the SWBBZ was overstepped by late-Permian to Late Jurassic platform sediments, reflecting tectonic stability. During the Early Cretaceous the SWBBZ was strongly reactivated, causing disruption and erosion of its Mesozoic sedimentary cover. Sedimentation resumed in the area of the SWBBZ during late Early and Late Cretaceous with clastic influx from the Bohemian massif reflecting gradually increasing tectonic activity along the SWBBZ. During the Late Senonian and Paleocene transpressional deformations resulted in upthrusting of major basement blocks. In the Molasse basin such structures are sealed by transgressive Late Eocene marine strata. Mio-Pliocene uplift of the Bohemian massif, involving mild reactivation of the SWBBZ, is related to the development of the volcano-tectonic Eger zone. The structural configuration of the SWBBZ is largely the result of Late Senonian–Paleocene compressional intraplate tectonics which play a major role in the structural framework of the northern Alpine and Carpathian foreland.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2008-07-10
    Description: The Ivrea Zone (southern Alps) is one of the key regions interpreted as exposing a section of the lower continental crust and was the subject of several review-type articles. The Ivrea-Verbano Zone was rotated into an upright position along the Insubric mylonite belt. In the southeast, this unit is in contact with the Strona Ceneri Zone, which is interpreted as upper continental crust crossing the Permian Cossato-Mergozzo-Brissagio Line (CMB Line). The CMB mylonites are locally overprinted by the mylonites and cataclasites of the Pogallo Line, which was active during the Jurassic. In addition, the sinistral, steeply inclined Rosarolo shear zone was active over a long time span from the ductile into the brittle field, i.e. from the Early Permian (high-temperature ultra-mylonites) to the Neo-Alpine basic dykes and pseudotachylites. The high-temperature mylonites accommodated crustal extension and may be related to normal faults generated by magmatic underplating. The reactivation at different crustal levels during exhumation and tilting is documented by strain increments at decreasing P/T conditions. Its present subvertical orientation was attained during the Neo-Alpine deformation. Constraints on its exhumation history are based on new 40Ar/39Ar hornblende ages, K-Ar biotite ages and zircon fission-track data along the NE-SW trending Valstrona section. A re-interpretation of existing U-Pb monazite ages is included, based on a higher closure temperature for monazite. The oldest monazite ages are observed in proximity to the Pogallo Line (c. 292 Ma). Heat input by mafic intrusions was sufficient to reset the U-Pb monazite system, as is evidenced by the youngest ages in the vicinity of the Insubric Line. The re-interpretation favours the hypothesis that the oldest monazite ages are the result of complete resetting by a Permian thermal event. The 40Ar/39Ar hornblende ages and K-Ar biotite ages document the cooling after Permian heating. Roughly parallel age progressions decrease from the Pogallo Line (hornblende: 271 Ma vs. biotite: 227 Ma) towards the Insubric Line (hornblende: 201 Ma vs. biotite: 156 Ma). Zircon fission-track ages run parallel to the biotite ages in the upper part of the profile, whereas towards the Insubric Line a significant deviation from the biotite age progression is attributed to tilting of the basement during the Oligocene. Zircon fission-track ages around 38 Ma are found close to the Insubric Line. No age offset, neither at the CMB nor at the Pogallo Line, is observed. This confirms the hypothesis that the Pogallo Line is an oblique normal fault, and that the CMB Line has accommodated only minor vertical displacement. The capture of the different cooling ages confirms the tilting of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone during the Neo-Alpine deformation and contradicts the tilting of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone during the Permian.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2002-01-01
    Description: In central Europe, three crustal units, i.e. the Ma[l]opolska, the [L]ysogory and the Bruno-Silesia, can be recognized by basement data, faunas and provenance of clastic material in the Cambrian clastic rocks. They are now situated within the Trans-European Suture Zone, a tectonic collage of continental terranes bordering the Tornquist margin of the palaeocontinent of Baltica, but during the Cambrian their position in relation to each other and to Baltica was different from today. These units are exotic terranes in respect to Baltica and are interpreted as having been derived from the Cadomian margin of Gondwana. Their detachment is probably related to the final break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia at c. 550-590 Ma. New detrital zircon and muscovite age data provide evidence that Ma[l]opolska was derived from the segment of the Cadomian orogen that bordered the Amazonian Craton. It must have already separated from Gondwana in Early Cambrian time (some 40-50 Ma before Avalonia became detached and began its rapid drift). The accretion of Ma[l]opolska to Baltica occurred between late mid-Cambrian and Tremadocian times. Both palaeontological and provenance evidence demonstrate that Ma[l]opolska and not Avalonia was the first terrane to join the Baltica palaeocontinent. This event initiated the progressive crustal growth of the European lithosphere, which continued during Phanerozoic times and led to the formation of modern Europe.
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