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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 116 (2011): B07103, doi:10.1029/2010JB007931.
    Description: Expeditions 304 and 305 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program cored and logged a 1.4 km section of the domal core of Atlantis Massif. Postdrilling research results summarized here constrain the structure and lithology of the Central Dome of this oceanic core complex. The dominantly gabbroic sequence recovered contrasts with predrilling predictions; application of the ground truth in subsequent geophysical processing has produced self-consistent models for the Central Dome. The presence of many thin interfingered petrologic units indicates that the intrusions forming the domal core were emplaced over a minimum of 100–220 kyr, and not as a single magma pulse. Isotopic and mineralogical alteration is intense in the upper 100 m but decreases in intensity with depth. Below 800 m, alteration is restricted to narrow zones surrounding faults, veins, igneous contacts, and to an interval of locally intense serpentinization in olivine-rich troctolite. Hydration of the lithosphere occurred over the complete range of temperature conditions from granulite to zeolite facies, but was predominantly in the amphibolite and greenschist range. Deformation of the sequence was remarkably localized, despite paleomagnetic indications that the dome has undergone at least 45° rotation, presumably during unroofing via detachment faulting. Both the deformation pattern and the lithology contrast with what is known from seafloor studies on the adjacent Southern Ridge of the massif. There, the detachment capping the domal core deformed a 100 m thick zone and serpentinized peridotite comprises ∼70% of recovered samples. We develop a working model of the evolution of Atlantis Massif over the past 2 Myr, outlining several stages that could explain the observed similarities and differences between the Central Dome and the Southern Ridge.
    Keywords: Atlantis Massif ; Integrated Ocean Drilling Program ; Oceanic Core Complex
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Asia Pty. Ltd.
    Austral ecology 26 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1442-9993
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Tonalit, Trondhjemit und Granodiorit (TTG) kommen als Gänge, Schlote und flächige Plutone im intrusiven Kern des Smartville Komplexes, einem spät-Jurassischen Riftbogen vor. Zwei Gruppen von TTG liegen vor: eine K-reiche Gruppe, die aus Kalk-alkalischen Tonaliten bis Granodioriten besteht, ist LILE und Th angereichert, jedoch an Na, Y und HREE, verglichen mit der mehr tholeiitischen und trondhjemitischen K-armen Gruppen, verarmt. Innerhalb der K-reichen Gruppe zeigen Th, LIL, La und La/Lu eine Zunahme von Biotit-Tonalit-Plutonen im Norden zu Granodiorit-Intrusionen im Süden. Diese regionalen chemischen Variationen in älteren, metavulkanischen Gesteinen sind mit jenen in massiven Metadiabasen parallel. Letztere bilden den Großteil des Basements, in welches die Smartville TTG intrudierten. Die geochemischen und geologischen Charakteristika der K-reichsten Gruppe sind in Übereinstimmung mit einem Ursprung durch teilweise Aufschmelzung unter niedrigem Druck (〈 5 kb) der Basement Gesteine des Bogens. Einige K-reiche Gesteine sind jedoch stärker an Y und HREE angereichert, was auf Aufschmelzung in Stabilitätsfeld von Granat bei P 〉 10 kb hinweist. Das Basement, von dem Teile in die K-reiche Gruppe aufgenommen wurden, dürfte daher sowohl vertikal wie lateral ausgedehnt sein. Eine K-arme Gruppe von großteils tholeiitischen Tonalit bis Trondhjemit-Intrusionen hat niedrige LIL, Th und La/Lu und höhere Na, Y und HREE als die K-reiche Gruppe. Innerhalb dieser nehmen Y, Ga und Na nach Westen gegen den Smartville “sheeted dike” Komplex zu. Die westlichsten Intrusiva in der K-armen Gruppe haben chemische Charakteristika (z.B. hohes Y, Y/Nb und (Y + Nb)/Rb) von Graniten ozeanischer Rücken. Die K-arme Gruppe läßt sich am besten durch Kristallfraktionierung gleich alter, basaltischer und andesitischer Magmen modellieren, obwohl Assimilation von Krustenmaterial in einer der Intrusionen auch von Bedeutung zu sein scheint. Wie die meisten ozeanischen Tonalite (Plagiogranite) sind auch die Kali-armen Gesteine besonders an LIL-Elementen verarmt. Diese besondere Verarmung scheint eine charakteristische Eigenschaft von Kali-armen Intrusiven zu sein, die nicht in Beziehung zu postmagmatischen, hydrothermalen Erscheinungen steht. Wir nehmen an, daß LIL-Elemente von den Kali-armen Gesteinen in einer Dampfphase entfernt werden, bevor sie durch Kristallisation von Mineralen wie Biotit fixiert werden können. Die relative Ordnung der intensiven Abreicherung der LIL (Rb 〉 K 〉 Ba) stimmt mit dieser Interpretation überein.
    Notes: Summary Tonalite, trondhjemite, and granodiorite (TTG) occur in dikes, plugs and tabular to equant plutons within the intrusive core of the Smartville Complex, a late Jurassic rifted arc. Two groups of TTG are recognized. A high-K group consisting of calc-alkaline tonalite to granodiorite is enriched in LILE and Th and depleted in Na, Y and HREE with respect to a more tholeiitic and trondhjemitic low-K group. Within the high-K group, Th, LIL, La, and La / Lu show a regional southward increase from biotite tonalite plutons in the north to granodiorite intrusions in the south. These regional chemical variations parallel regional chemical variations in older metavolcanic rocks and massive metadiabase that form the bulk of the basement into which the Smartville TTG were intruded. The geochemical and geological characteristics of most high-K group rocks are consistent with an origin by low-pressure (〈 5 kb) partial melting of arc basement rocks. Some high-K group rocks, however, are strongly depleted in Y and HREE, suggestive of melting in the garnet stability field at P 〉 10 kb. Thus, the basement probed by the high-K group may be vertically, as well as laterally, extensive. A low-K group of largely tholeiitic tonalite to trondhjemite intrusions has lower LIL, Th, and La/Lu and higher Na, Y and HREE than the high-K group. Within this group, Y, Ga, and Na all increase to the west towards the Smartville sheeted dike complex. The westernmost intrusives in the low-K group have the chemical characteristics (e.g. high Y, Y/Nb and (Y+Nb)/Rb) of ocean ridge granites. The low-K group is best modeled by crystal fractionation of coeval, basaltic and andesitic magmas, although crustal assimilation also appears to be important in one of the intrusions. Like most oceanic tonalites (e.g. plagiogranites), the low-K group rocks are overdepleted in LIL elements. The over-depletion appears to be an intrinsic property of the low-K intrusives, unrelated to post-magmatic hydrothermal effects. It is proposed that LIL elements are lost from low-K rocks because they evolve a vapor phase prior to the fixing of LIL elements by crystallization of a phase such as biotite. The relative order of LIL over-depletion (Rb 〉 K 〉 Ba) is consistent with this interpretation. Polygenetischer Tonalit-Tronhjemit-Granodiorit (TTG)-Magmatism.us im Smartville Komplex, Nord-Kalifornien, mit einer Notiz Über LILE Verarmung
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 30 (1975), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Classification of vegetation ; Mapping ; Mapping notation ; Palaeodrainage ; Plant geography ; Vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ziel und Methoden der Vegetationskartierung des Staates Western Australia in den Maßstäben 1 : 1.000.000 und 1 : 250.000 werden beschrieben, sowie die theoretische Grundlage der Klassifikation der Vegetationseinheiten und die zur genauen Charakterisierung der kartierten Einheiten entwickelten Kartierungsbezeichung. Es wird gezeigt daß die Kartierung dazu dienen kann die genauen Grenzen von pflanzengeographischen Einheiten (botanische Distrikte und Provinzen) festzustellen. Weiterhin hat die Kartierung zu einer Untersuchung der ‘Paläo-Entwässerung’-Systeme beigetragen.
    Notes: Summary The aims and methods of the Survey in providing vegetation map coverage for the State of Western Australia on scales of 1 : 1 000 000 and 1 : 250 000 are described. The theoretical basis of the classification of vegetation units is described and a mapping notation which was evolved to characterise precisely the units mapped. It is shown that the mapping serves to define precise boundaries for phytogeographical units (botanical districts and provinces) and has contributed to a study of palaeodrainage patterns in the arid interior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Australia ; Fire ecology ; Savanna woodland ; Tropical ; Vine thicket
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Bougainville Peninsula is formed of basalt capped with mesaform remnants of a bauxitic duricrust. On the plateau so formed there is little soil and the vegetation comprises scattered stunted eucalypts with grasses and hummock grasses or an understorey of Acacia and other shrubs. Locally there are patches of woodland of Eucalyptus nesophila and E. miniata. On the basalt country below the plateau there is deciduous vine thicket in the less accessible parts, a patchy mixture of vine thicket and savanna elsewhere including communities of vine thicket with scattered emergent eucalypts. The Osborn Islands are similar except that the mesaform capping is generally of sandstone. It is concluded that fire is the principal factor regulating the balance between vine thicket and savanna. Up to 40 years ago the area was populated by aborigines and regularly burnt off but this has now ceased so that colonisation by vine thicket is in progress, in spite of the low rainfall of the area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 89 (1990), S. 7-10 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Forests ; Southern Hemisphere ; Tertiary Vegetation History
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The much higher proportion of sea to land in the southern hemisphere creates conditions favouring temperate rain forest on west-facing coasts, so that forests dominated by Nothofagus spp. and southern conifers in Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae have survived since Cretaceous times. By contrast only Australia preserves to any significant extent forests of a xeromorphic character in drier areas. During the progressive desiccation of the Tertiary era, the prevalent nutrient deficiency in Australian soils led to the evolution of xeromorphic forests of a pronouncedly sclerophyll type in which many elements were inherently fire-resistant. Such forests were enabled to withstand the intensification of burning following the arrival of early man, with selection for the more highly fire-resistant elements such as Eucalyptus which became widely dominant. In other land areas of the southern hemisphere fire has largely destroyed the drier forests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 31 (1976), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Plant succession ; St. Vincent ; Volcanic eruptions ; West Indies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Vulkan Soufriere, von St. Vincent, West Indien, brach im Jahre 1902 aus, und zerstörte die Pflanzendecke. Sands (1912) und Beard (1945) berichteten über die Wieder-Ansiedlung der Pflanzen. Der jetztige Bericht stammt von weiteren Untersuchungen die im 1972 durchgeführt wurden. Verhältnismäszig kleine Unterschiede wurden in diesen 30 Jahren gefunden. Prestoea montana hat sich bedeutend angesiedelt zwischen 425 und 600 m. Die Vegetationszonen haben sich um 30 m nach oben verschoben, mit der tatsächlichen Verschwindung der Moos- und Flechten-Gesellschaft die in 1942 um den Kraterrand gefunden wurde.
    Notes: Summary The Soufrier volcano of St. Vincent, West Indies, erupted in 1902 destroying the plant cover. Sands (1912) and Beard (1945) subsequently reported on the recolonisation by plants. The present paper results from a further examination in 1972. Relatively little change in 30 years was found.Prestoea montana has invaded significantly between 425 m and 600 m. Vegetation zones have migrated upward about 30 m vertically with the virtual extinction of a moss and lichen community found around the crater rim in 1942.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 31 (1976), S. 177-192 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Botanical exploration ; Monsoon forests ; Tropical Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Recent investigation has revealed the occurrence of patches of ‘monsoon forest’ (Semi-evergreen and Deciduous Vine Thickets sensu Webb 1959) in the north Kimberley District of Western Australia. Rainfall is much higher in this area than was previously assumed and reaches 1500 mm annually. As in southern Queensland these forests occur only on basic igneous rocks. A description is given of the general vegetation of the Mitchell Plateau and of the monsoon forests found there, based on study of seven sites, three of them ‘high-level’ on the scarps of the bauxite plateau, three ‘low-level’ on the lower basalt country and one riverain. Eleven species not previously listed in published records for Western Australia were found. All were known from the Northern Territory and represent an extension of the known range of species comprised in the Indo-Malaysian element of the Australian flora.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2016-06-03
    Description: Silica-rich granites and rhyolites are components of igneous rock suites found in many tectonic environments, both continental and oceanic. Silica-rich magmas may arise by a range of processes including partial melting, magma mixing, melt extraction from a crystal mush, and fractional crystallization. These processes may result in rocks dominated by quartz and feldspars. Even though their mineralogies are similar, silica-rich rocks retain in their major and trace element geochemical compositions evidence of their petrogenesis. In this paper we examine silica-rich rocks from various tectonic settings, and from their geochemical compositions we identify six groups with distinct origins. Three groups form by differentiation: ferroan alkali-calcic magmas arise by differentiation of tholeiite, magnesian calc-alkalic or calcic magmas form by differentiation of high-Al basalt or andesite, and ferroan peralkaline magmas derive from transitional or alkali basalt. Peraluminous leucogranites form by partial melting of pelitic rocks, and ferroan calc-alkalic rocks by partial melting of tonalite or granodiorite. The final group, the trondhjemites , is derived from basaltic rocks. Trondhjemites include Archean trondhjemites, peraluminous trondhjemites, and oceanic plagiogranites, each with distinct geochemical signatures reflecting their different origins. Volcanic and plutonic silica-rich rocks rarely are exposed together in a single magmatic center. Therefore, in relating extrusive complements to intrusive silica-rich rocks and determining whether they are geochemically identical, comparing rocks formed from the same source rocks by the same process is important; this classification aids in that undertaking.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1990-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-1376
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-5269
    Topics: Geosciences
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