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Photoperiod control of the initial phase of frost hardiness development in Pinus radiata (1989)

GREER, D. H. ; STANLEY, C. J. ; WARRINGTON, I. J.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 12 (1989), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract. The development of frost hardiness in Pinus radiata was investigated to establish whether there is quantitative relationship between photoperiod and the hardening process. Three controlled environment experiments were carried out. In the first, seedlings were exposed to a photoperiod that shortened from 13 h at a rate of 3 min d−1 to 9.5 h. At intervals, the photoperiod was either held constant or lengthened. In the second experiment, seedlings were exposed to one of five constant photoperiods between 9 and 12 h for up to 90 d. In the third, seedlings were exposed to photoperiods shortening at rates of 1 or 5 min d−1. Frost hardiness was also measured during the natural photoperiod-controlled stage of hardening in outdoor-grown seedlings. Frost hardiness developed at a constant rate in response to a shortening photoperiod once it had declined to about 12 h. This rate was consistent with the hardening rate that occurred in outdoor-grown seedlings. Hardening stopped when the photoperiod became constant, indicating a tight coupling between changes in photoperiod and hardiness development. When the photoperiod was held constant, the extent of frost hardiness was directly dependent on the photoperiod but the rate of hardening was apparently independent of the length of photoperiod. However, the rate of hardening was dependent on the rate at which the photoperiod shortened, increasing linearly with increases in the rate of change in photoperiod between 0 and 3 min d−1. These results suggest shortening photoperiods control the first stage of the hardening process by regulating the rate of hardening. Frost hardening was inherently unstable once the maximum hardiness was reached since spontaneous dehardening occurred in spite of the controlled conditions. Dehardening also occurred when the photoperiod was lengthened suggesting that the cue for dehardening to commence was the shift from shortening to lengthening photoperiods.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1989.tb01235.x

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Some observations on the spectral distribution characteristics of short-wave radiation within Pinus radiata D. Don canopies (1985)

MORGAN, D. C. ; WARRINGTON, I. J. ; ROOK, D. A.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 8 (1985), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract. Measurements of the photosynthetic photon flux density (400–700 nm) and of the spectral distribution of photon flux density across the 370–800 nm waveband, were made under both clear and overcast sky conditions above and at various positions within two Pinus radiata canopies of different stocking but similar leaf area indices. The spectra obtained for the daylight conditions (i.e. above forest canopy) were generally similar to those published previously. The spectra for shadelight within the forest canopy showed no blue peak which was characteristic of previously reported measurements which were restricted to the diffuse radiation component. There was almost neutral absorption within the 400–700 nm waveband, and typical lower attenuation in the 700–800 nm waveband. The blue: red ratio was largely unchanged by either canopy type or sky conditions and varied between 0.57 and 0.81. The red: far-red ratio in shadelight was between 0.22 and 0.41 under clear sky and between 0.68 and 0.95 under overcast sky conditions. Values for daylight were between 1.16–1.22. Calculated phytochrome photoequilibrium values in shadelight were approximately 0.35 under clear sky and 0.46 under overcast sky conditions. In each case there appeared to be no differences between the two canopies with respect to these minimum values.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11604610

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Growth and development of Pinus radiata D. Don: the effect of light quality (1983)

MORGAN, D. C. ; ROOK, D. A. ; WARRINGTON, I. J. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 6 (1983), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract. Plants of Pinus radiata of two physiological ages, juvenile (seedlings and micropropagated plantlets) and adult (rooted cuttings from mature trees), were grown under lighting fromthree combinations of metal halide (MH) and tungsten halogen (TH) lamps for up to 10 months in controlled environment rooms. The three lamp combinations, MH alone, 50: 50 MH: TH and 25:75 MH: TH by wattage, produced red: farred ratios of 4.59, 1.51, and 1.15, respectively. Photosynthetic photon flux density was 700 μmol m−2 s−1. An increase in proportion of TH lamps markedly increased shoot elongation and internode length, decreased numbers of fascicles per unit stem length and increased the proportion of stem weight in both juvenile and adult material. In addition, in adult material, it increased the number of fascicle initials and expanded fascicles per growth flush, reduced the duration of the ‘rest’ phase between growth flushes, accelerated the rate of elongation growth during each flush, and increased apical dominance. Tracheid length, but not diameter or wall thickness, was significantly affected by light quality and found to be associated with longer internodes. Any treatment effects on needle weight or length, stem diameter or root weight were non-significant or very small. Different clones from either the juvenile micro-propagated material or the mature rooted cuttings each showed similar patterns of response, although they often differed in the degree of response to light quality. The main response could be related solely to the red: far-red ratio and the calculated phytochrome photoequilibrium. This is the first report of phytochrome-controlled photomorphogenesis in older specimens of a woody perennial. Recommendations for artificial light sources for growing P. radiata and some ecological implications of the results are presented.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11589321

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The influence of simulated shadelight and daylight on growth, development and photosynthesis of Pinus radiata, Agathis australis and Dacrydium cupressinum (1989)

WARRINGTON, I. J. ; ROOK, D. A. ; MORGAN, D. C. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 12 (1989), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract. Juvenile seedlings, micropropagated plantlets, and adult rooted cuttings of Pinus radiata, together with seedlings of Agathis australis and Dacrydium cupressinum, were grown under either high (670/μmol m−2 s−1) or low (200 μmol m−2 s−1) photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and, at low PPFD, under three red:far-red (R/FR) conditions, approximately simulating canopy shadelight, daylight and one intermediate value. In all types of P. radiata, a shade-intolerant species, stem height and diameter, stem and needle dry weight, and apical dominance were markedly increased by a reduction in R:FR ratio while fascicle density was decreased. In contrast, these increases were considerably less for the shade-tolerant D. cupressinum and moderately tolerant A. australis. With the exception of the P. radiata seedlings, height growth was greatest in all species under high compared to low PPFD for daylight R:FR ratio conditions. Total shoot (or plant) dry weight was increased approximately two-fold in all species and types by the higher PPFD. Shoot extension rates were negatively correlated with calculated phytochrome photoequilibrium with P. radiata, the most shade-intolerant species, having the highest change in rate per unit change in photoequilibrium (i.e. very responsive), and D. cupressinum, the most shade tolerant species evaluated, having the smallest change (i.e. largely unresponsive). Within the spectral quality treatments at low PPFD, it is suggested that higher rates of dry matter accumulation under the low R:FR ratio were the result of reduced mutual shading of adjacent leaves as a consequence of photomorphogenically-controlled internode lengths rather than of enhanced photosynthesis per se. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to planting stock management in nurseries, the management of forest canopies for understorey seedling growth, and to the construction of representative growth simulation models. Consequences for controlled environment lighting are also considered.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1989.tb01951.x

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Family variation and potential for genetic gain in frost resistance of Pinus radiata (1987)

Menzies, M. I. ; Burdon, R. D. ; Holden, D. G. ; [et al.]

Springer

New forests 1 (1987), S. 171-186

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ISSN: 1573-5095

Keywords: heritability ; physiology ; selection ; tree breeding

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Twenty-three Pinus radiata seed orchard clones of the New Zealand “850” series were each control-pollinated with a mix of 10 pollens to produce polycross families. The seed was sown in open nursery beds. Seedlings were potted up at six times of the year and subjected to white advective frosts in controlled-environment rooms, with up to seven frosting runs of variable severities at each time. There were significant differences (p〈 〈0.001) between families in frost injury, such that, although there was statistically significant family × time interaction, some families were consistently more frost resistant (tolerant) than others. No association between frost resistance and growth rate was evident. Individual-tree heritability estimates for frost damage scores were around 0.3 at given times, and 0.20 over all times. Prospective gain in resistance from progeny testing over several seasons of the year, with 2:23 selection, is about 1°C. An additional gain of 0.4°C resistance appears obtainable from 1:90 selection of individuals within pair-crosses in a single frosting run. This additional (within-cross) gain might be increased to around 0.75°C, with the same culling rate but testing one ramet per seedling at each of four times of the year.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00118755

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