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  • 1
    facet.materialart.
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    Hydrostatic extrusion of solid polymers (1977)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-2461
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
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    Hydrostatic extrusion of solid polymers (1975)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-2461
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrostatic extrusion of solid polymers (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 10 (1975), S. 1105-1118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The hydrostatic extrusion of high density polyethylene rod was studied over a wide range of temperatures. The extrudates had smooth surfaces. Those with high extrusion ratios possessed unusual properties being highly transparent and fibrous. The molecular orientation and structural changes due to the hydrostatic extrusion were investigated using wide- and small-angle X-ray diffraction techniques and birefringence. The partial transformation from the orthorhombic to the monoclinic structure occurred in the extrudate obtained at low temperatures (especially at room temperatures). The small-angle X-ray scattering pattern of extrudate for low extrusion ratio showed a diagram with six intensity maxima. On the other hand, for the high extrusion ratio, a diagram with two meridional intensity maxima elongated perpendicular to meridian was observed. At the extrusion ratio R E⩾6, the chain axes of polyethylene became aligned to the extrusion direction. Small-angle X-ray scattering patterns showed that the new fibre structure began to appear at an extrusion ratio as low as R′E=3.0. The structure of the extrudate at a high extrusion ratio was accounted for by the highly-oriented fibre structure consisting of stacks of folded chain crystallites and the interfibrillar amorphous chain bundles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00541391
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrostatic extrusion of solid polymers (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 12 (1977), S. 1477-1483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Hydrostatic extrusion of a high density polyethylene rod was carried out. Both the process of plastic deformation during hydrostatic extrusion and the changes of properties of the polyethylene with extrusion were studied. Particular attention was paid to the process of molecular orientation and the destruction of the original lamellae. To obtain a better understanding of the deformation process, the lateral dimension of crystallite and the long period were obtained from the X-ray diffraction data. Furthermore, the influence of extrusion conditions on the structure and properties of the extrudate were investigated. The Vickers hardness number and thermal shrinkage of the extrudates were affected considerably by the extrusion conditions, i.e. extrusion temperature and extrusion ratio. In order to determine the relationship between the properties and extrusion conditions, it is necessary to consider not only the molecular orientation but also the crystallinity, fibrosity and the fine-structure of the extrudates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00540865
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarized reflection spectrum and molecular orientation in uniaxially drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1988)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 26 (1988), S. 1439-1455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polarized electronic spectrum of oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) sheets was obtained from the specular reflection spectrum using the Kramers-Kronig relationship. The surface orientation function of drawn and drawn/annealed PET sheets was determined from the dichroic ratio of the second π* ← π transition observed at 41,000 cm-1. The bulk orientation functions in the crystalline and amorphous regions were evaluated from wide-angle X-ray diffraction and sonic modulus measurements. On annealing of drawn PET sheets, the crystalline orientation and crystallinity were much improved, but the amorphous orientation function showed a minor decrease. The overall molecular orientation in the surface of the drawn PET sheet was shown to be approximately equivalent to the molecular orientation in the bulk.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1988.090260708
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and properties of poly(phenylene chalcogenide)s (1983)
    Basel : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid Communications 4 (1983), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.1983.030040407
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of oriented polystyrene monofilaments and its relationship to brittle-to-ductile transition (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978), S. 1619-1630 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oriented atactic polystyrene monofilaments show brittle-to-ductile transition in the vicinity of a degree of birefringence Δn = -2 × 10-3 (at a temperature of 20°C and at the stretching rate of 100%/min) independently of the various spinning conditions. The amorphous orientation of a cylindrically symmetric system was investigated by wide-angle x-ray scattering experiments. The orientation of polystyrene monofilaments in real space is denoted by P2(cos α) within the precision of measurement. The coefficient D2(r) of the second term in an expansion of cylindrical distribution function in spherical harmonics has two main peaks, near r = 1.6 Å and r = 4 ∼ 5 Å. The negative peak near r = 1.6 Å indicates orientation of phenyl groups in a plane perpendicular to the fiber axis. The positive peak near r = 5 Å (brittle region) or near r = 4 Å (ductile region) indicates the piling up of phenyl groups for the direction of the fiber axis. It is most probable that the amorphous state of atactic polystyrene consists of an appropriate cohesion of planar zigzag chains of syndiotactic polystyrene. The lower spacing (r = 4 Å) of the positive second peak in ductile region suggests that there are interchain phenyl groups near r = 5 ∼ 6 Å in a plane perpendicular to the fiber axis and that the molecular chains are extended parallel to the direction of the fiber axis. This parallel packing of chain segments along the fiber axis suppresses the formation and growth of cracks of polystyrene monofilaments resulting in ductile fracture.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1978.070220613
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrostatic extrusion under back pressure of high-density polyethylene (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2543-2554 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The possibility of hydrostatic extrusion of solid polymer under back pressure has been studied. Operation of equipment is described that permits hydrostatic extrusion under back pressure at elevated temperatures. To understand how the pressure influences hydrostatic extrusion, extrusions of polyethylene under back pressure up to 392 MPa were conducted at temperatures below the melting point of polyethylene at atmospheric pressure (Tm1). Furthermore, hydrostatic extrusion in the solid phase could be conducted at temperatures beyond Tm1, since the melting point of polyethylene increased markedly with increasing back pressure.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230901
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructure of biaxially drawn ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2347-2357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The microstructure of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) sheets biaxially drawn in the molten state was investigated by means of wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and electron microscopy. The crystallographic c-axis tended to be oriented in the sheet plane by the biaxial drawing in the molten state. The microstructure of the biaxially drawn UHMW-PE was shown to depend upon molecular weight of UHMW-PE. The biaxially drawn sheet of higher molecular weight (Mv = 2,700,000) showed a fibrous structure, while the lower molecular weight sample (Mv 700,000) had a lamellar structure. The result of DSC measurements suggested that a small number of nucleating extended chain crystals was produced by biaxial melt drawing of the UHMW-PE sheet with higher molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290710
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Roller drawing of polyoxymethylene (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 32 (1986), S. 3499-3513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The roller drawing of polyoxymethylene (POM) sheets was carried out in the temperature range of 140-157°C. The mechanical properties, the molecular orientation, and the microstructure of the roller-drawn POM sheets were investigated by means of tensile test, dynamic viscoelasticity, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, visible dichroic spectrum, electron microscopy, and so on. The Young's modulus and the tensile strength increased with increasing draw ratio up to draw ratio, λ of 14-15. The improvement of the mechanical properties is concerned with structural changes, such as the increase in orientation function in the crystalline and amorphous regions and the formation of taut tie molecules and crystalline bridges in the intercrystallite and interfibrillar regions. In the higher draw ratio range (λ 〉 15), the increase in Young's modulus and tensile strength was restricted by the formation of interfibrillar microvoids.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1986.070320212
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