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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of oriented polyvinylchloride composites filled with ultrafine particles (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Ultrafine SiO2 ; Oriented PVC composites ; Anisotropic mechanical properties ; compliance tensor ; Hill's yield criterion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The tensile stress-strain behaviour of undrawn and drawn polyvinylchloride (PVC) composites filled with ultrafine SiO2 and micron sized glass particles were discussed as functions of filler content and size. For the undrawn PVC composites filled with ultrafine SiO2 particles, Young's moduli, yield and breaking stresses increased with filler content and decreasing filler size. Whereas for the composites filled with micron sized glass particles, their Young's moduli slightly increased with filler content but both the yield and breaking stresses decreased. Oriented PVC composites were made by uniaxially drawing to × 2.5 at 100 °C. Anisotropic mechanical properties of oriented specimens were discussed in terms of compliance tensor and yield stress measured in the direction of 0°, 45° and 90° to the original stretching direction at room temperature. In the case of 70A SiO2, all the compliance decreased with filler content, whereas those of 65μ glass, this relation was reversed. The yield stress of the oriented PVC composites showed filler size dependence similar to Young's moduli. The anisotropic yield stress of oriented PVC composites were reasonably analysed by Hill's yield criterion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417540
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical conductivity of carbon-polymer composites as a function of carbon content (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 17 (1982), S. 1610-1616 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The electrical conductivity of carbon particle-filled polymers was measured as a function of carbon content to find a break point of the relationships between the carbon content and the conductivity. The conductivity jumps by as much as ten orders of magnitude at the break point. The critical carbon content corresponding to the break point varies depending on the polymer species and tends to increase with the increase in the surface tension of polymer. In order to explain the dependency of the critical carbon content on the polymer species, a simple equation was derived under some assumptions, the most important of which was that when the interfacial excess energy introduced by carbon particles into the polymer matrix reaches a “universal value”, Δg *, the carbon particles begin to coagulate so as to avoid any further increase of the energy and to form networks which facilitate electrical conduction. The equation well explains the dependency through surface tension, as long as the difference of the surface tensions between the carbon particles and the polymer is not very small.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00540785
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tensile yield stress of polypropylene composites filled with ultrafine particles (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 18 (1983), S. 1758-1764 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract For polypropylene composites filled with ultrafine or particles of the order of microns, (SiO2 and glass, respectively), yield stress was measured as functions of temperature, the rate of strain and filler content. The yield stress of the composites filled with ultrafine particles increased with the filler content and decreased with the filler size, while for the composites filled with glass particles, these relations were reversed. For SiO2 filled composites, the tensile yield stress was found to be reducible with regard to temperature, the rate of strain and the filler content. The Arrhenius plot of the shift factors for composing the logarithmic strain rate — temperature master curve formed a single curve irrespective of the filler content and size. The curve comprised three linear regions with breaks appearing at 60 and 110° C, where the transition of the matrix polymer took place. The master curves obtained for different contents of a given size filler could be further reduced into a grand composite curve by shifting them along the axis of logarithmic strain rate, with the logarithmic second shift factors proportional to the square root of the volume fraction of the filler. The dependence of the filler volume fraction on the second shift factor was related to the dispersion state of fillers in PP matrix, namely, the promotion of the aggregation with filler content. The dependences of the yield stress on the filler volume fraction and size were explained by a modified equation based on the dispersion strength theory, with an aggregation parameter incorporated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542072
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of drawn poly(methyl methacrylate) filled with ultrafine particles (1986)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 7 (1986), S. 36-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The elastic and yield properties of drawn poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) filled with ultrafine SiO2 are described as functions of filler content and size. The drawn PMMA composites were made by uniaxially drawing to x4.0 at 100°C and at a rate of 20 mm/min. Four compliance values, i.e., S33, S11, S13, and S44 were determined. These values decreased with filler content and decreasing filler size. The relative compliance values Sde/Sdo(Sde is the compliance of drawn PMMA composites and Sdo is that of drawn unfilled PMMA) are almost equivalently changed with changes in filler content. The elastic properties of drawn PMMA composites are thus reinforced isotopically. This is characteristic of PMMA which has a large side group. The yield behavior of drawn PMMA composites have similar filler size and content dependence to those of elastic properties except that the transverse yield stresses become more brittle with filler content. The anisotropy in yield stress is relatively larger than that of elastic properties. This is probably because the anti-reiforcing effect, such as fibrillation becomes prominent with increasing filler content in the perpendicular direction.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750070108
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoinduced acrylamide graft polymerization onto extended hard elastic polypropylene (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 637-643 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hard elastic PP films were graft polymerized with PAAm, using a photoinduction method derived by Tazuke. The graft yield (GY) was measured as a function of extension applied to the PP film during the polymerization. The GY increased stepwise when the extension increased above the yield point. This remarkable increase in GY is due to the fact that the surface of voids created by extension are involved in the graft polymerization. The GY obtained under extensions larger than the yield point was much larger than that ever achieved for the usual PP films. The residual strain after the graft polymerization increased with increase in GY, and the relationship between them changed at about 40% GY, suggesting that some change occurred in the location of grafted PAAm in PP films. The graft ratio, determined after complete extraction of PP and PAAm homopolymers, remained nearly constant with polymerization time, except at the early stage of the polymerization. The effect of extension on the graft ratio implied that the size of the voids may affect the degree of polymerization of graft PAAm when the size is comparatively small.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270226
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of ultrafine particles on the elastic properties of oriented low-density polyethylene composites (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3059-3066 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Spherical fine particles with various diameters (70, 160, and 400 Å and 35 μ) were mixed with low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The oriented composites were made by necking drawing. Thus the oriented polymer composites were hexagonal symmetric. Their elastic properties were determined by five compliances or stiffness constants. Four of them, i.e., S33, S11, S13, and S44, were determined for the oriented composites filled with 70-Å and 35-μ fillers. All the compliances of the 70-Å filler composites decrease with filler content, whereas in those of the 35-μ filler composites this relation was reversed. The Young's moduli of the oriented composites filled with relatively small particles (70, 160, and 400 Å) in the restretching directions 0, 45, and 90° against the original draw axis increased with filler content and with decreasing filler size, whereas those of the 35-μ filler composites decreased with filler content. These results show that extremely small particles comparable to the size of the LDPE in the crystalline region exert a considerable reinforcing effect on the oriented polymer matrix.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270828
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic mechanical properties of polypropylene composites filled with ultrafine particles (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1523-1530 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic moduli of isotactic polypropylene (PP) filled with ultrafine SiO2 and micron sized glass particles are measured in the temperature range 30-130°C at frequency 10 Hz. The storage moduli of PP composites, E′c, increase with filler content and decreasing filler size in the whole range of temperature. The loss moduli of PP composites, E″c, increase with filler content and decreasing filler size above 40°C. The intensity of the broad despersion which appears at ca. 60°C increases with filler content and decreasing filler size. By assuming that the energy is not dissipated in the effective volume, namely, filler volume plus that of immobilized interfacial region, the effective volume fraction is evaluated from the relative loss modulus, E″cE″0 at 60°C. The effective volume fraction increases with filler content and decreasing filler size. The effect of addition of ultrafine particles on the broad dispersion at ca. 60°C resembles the effect of increasing crystallinity of pure PP. It is concluded that the broad dispersion which appeared at ca. 60°C seemed to be assigned to the grain boundary of PP composities or crystalline boundary of pure PP.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290506
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mosaic structure of polypropylene single crystals (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 135 (1970), S. 275-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1970.021350125
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study on the small-angle X-ray diffraction of polymer (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 138 (1970), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zur Interpretation der Intensitäten bei der Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung verstreckter Polymerer wurden Strukturmodelle für den Strukturfaktor und eine asymmetrische Verteilungsfunktion für die Statistiken von Langperioden vorgeschlagen. Bei den Strukturmodellen wurde zusätzlich zu den kristallinen und amorphen Bereichen eine Phase eingeführt, die eine kleinere Dichte als der normale amorphe Bereich besitzt; jedoch ist der Effekt der eingeführten dritten Phase verhältnismäßig gering. Es scheint, daß der Gitterfaktor, der aus der asymmetrischen Verteilungsfunktion berechnet wurde, bei der Interpretation der Intensität der Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung von verstreckten Polymeren gut brauchbar ist.
    Notes: The structural models for the structure factor and an asymmetric distribution function for the statistics of long spacing were proposed for the interpretation of the intensities in the small-angle X-ray diffraction of drawn polymers. As for the former a phase with density lower than the normal amorphous region was introduced in addition to the crystalline and amorphous regions. The effect of the third phase introduced, is, however, comparatively small. The lattice factor calculated from the asymmetric distribution function seems to take a useful role in the interpretation of the small-angle X-ray diffraction intensity of drawn polymers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1970.021380105
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of water on the mechanical properties of collagen films (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1489-1502 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect on water on mechanical properties of collagen films has been studied. The S-shaped sorption isotherm is separated into an adsorption curve C1 and a solution curve C2. From the C2 curve, a value of 0.8 is calculated for the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ1. The dynamic shear modulus G′, loss modulus G″, and loss tangent tan δ determined as functions of water content indicate two dispersions at low and at high water content. The region of water content from about 0.05 to 0.1 g/g, G′ decreases suddenly, G″ has a peak, and tan δ increases, corresponds to the region where the C2 component of sorption becomes detectable. Another dispersion occurs at water contents above 0.2 g/g. A composite curve can be obtained by shifting stress-relaxation curves obtained at different humidities along the log time axis. When only the C2 component of sorbed water is taken into account, the shift factor ac is explained by a relation of Fujita and Kishimotos' based on free-volume theory. Shift factor for the relaxation curves of wool fibers, except for an initial part at times of less than 1 sec, are described by the same equation. The parameter β in the equation has the same value of 0.16 for both collagen and wool.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110803
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