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  • 1
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    Linking dwarf galaxies to halo building blocks with the most metal-poor star in Sculptor (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-03-06
    Description: Current cosmological models indicate that the Milky Way's stellar halo was assembled from many smaller systems. On the basis of the apparent absence of the most metal-poor stars in present-day dwarf galaxies, recent studies claimed that the true Galactic building blocks must have been vastly different from the surviving dwarfs. The discovery of an extremely iron-poor star (S1020549) in the Sculptor dwarf galaxy based on a medium-resolution spectrum cast some doubt on this conclusion. Verification of the iron-deficiency, however, and measurements of additional elements, such as the alpha-element Mg, are necessary to demonstrate that the same type of stars produced the metals found in dwarf galaxies and the Galactic halo. Only then can dwarf galaxy stars be conclusively linked to early stellar halo assembly. Here we report high-resolution spectroscopic abundances for 11 elements in S1020549, confirming its iron abundance of less than 1/4,000th that of the Sun, and showing that the overall abundance pattern follows that seen in low-metallicity halo stars, including the alpha-elements. Such chemical similarity indicates that the systems destroyed to form the halo billions of years ago were not fundamentally different from the progenitors of present-day dwarfs, and suggests that the early chemical enrichment of all galaxies may be nearly identical.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frebel, Anna -- Kirby, Evan N -- Simon, Joshua D -- England -- Nature. 2010 Mar 4;464(7285):72-5. doi: 10.1038/nature08772.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. afrebel@cfa.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20203604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: Massive stars end their short lives in spectacular explosions--supernovae--that synthesize new elements and drive galaxy evolution. Historically, supernovae were discovered mainly through their 'delayed' optical light (some days after the burst of neutrinos that marks the actual event), preventing observations in the first moments following the explosion. As a result, the progenitors of some supernovae and the events leading up to their violent demise remain intensely debated. Here we report the serendipitous discovery of a supernova at the time of the explosion, marked by an extremely luminous X-ray outburst. We attribute the outburst to the 'break-out' of the supernova shock wave from the progenitor star, and show that the inferred rate of such events agrees with that of all core-collapse supernovae. We predict that future wide-field X-ray surveys will catch each year hundreds of supernovae in the act of exploding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Soderberg, A M -- Berger, E -- Page, K L -- Schady, P -- Parrent, J -- Pooley, D -- Wang, X-Y -- Ofek, E O -- Cucchiara, A -- Rau, A -- Waxman, E -- Simon, J D -- Bock, D C-J -- Milne, P A -- Page, M J -- Barentine, J C -- Barthelmy, S D -- Beardmore, A P -- Bietenholz, M F -- Brown, P -- Burrows, A -- Burrows, D N -- Bryngelson, G -- Cenko, S B -- Chandra, P -- Cummings, J R -- Fox, D B -- Gal-Yam, A -- Gehrels, N -- Immler, S -- Kasliwal, M -- Kong, A K H -- Krimm, H A -- Kulkarni, S R -- Maccarone, T J -- Meszaros, P -- Nakar, E -- O'Brien, P T -- Overzier, R A -- de Pasquale, M -- Racusin, J -- Rea, N -- York, D G -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 22;453(7194):469-74. doi: 10.1038/nature06997.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Ivy Lane, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA. alicia@astro.princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497815" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    A common mass scale for satellite galaxies of the Milky Way (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: The Milky Way has at least twenty-three known satellite galaxies that shine with luminosities ranging from about a thousand to a billion times that of the Sun. Half of these galaxies were discovered in the past few years in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and they are among the least luminous galaxies in the known Universe. A determination of the mass of these galaxies provides a test of galaxy formation at the smallest scales and probes the nature of the dark matter that dominates the mass density of the Universe. Here we use new measurements of the velocities of the stars in these galaxies to show that they are consistent with them having a common mass of about 10(7) within their central 300 parsecs. This result demonstrates that the faintest of the Milky Way satellites are the most dark-matter-dominated galaxies known, and could be a hint of a new scale in galaxy formation or a characteristic scale for the clustering of dark matter.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strigari, Louis E -- Bullock, James S -- Kaplinghat, Manoj -- Simon, Joshua D -- Geha, Marla -- Willman, Beth -- Walker, Matthew G -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 28;454(7208):1096-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07222.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Cosmology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4574, USA. lstrigar@uci.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18756252" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    The photoreactivity of chlorine dioxide (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-06-09
    Description: Determining the detailed photoreactivity of radicals that are of importance in atmospheric processes requires information from both laboratory and field measurements and theoretical calculations. Laboratory experiments and quantum calculations have been used to develop a comprehensive understanding of the photoreactivity of chlorine dioxide (OCIO). The photoreactivity is strongly dependent on the medium (gas phase, liquid solution, or cryogenic matrix). These data reveal details of the complex chemistry of OCIO. The potential role of this radical in stratospheric ozone depletion is discussed in accord with these laboratory measurements.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vaida, V -- Simon, J D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Jun 9;268(5216):1443-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17843663" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Detection of circumstellar material in a normal type Ia supernova (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-07-14
    Description: Type Ia supernovae are important cosmological distance indicators. Each of these bright supernovae supposedly results from the thermonuclear explosion of a white dwarf star that, after accreting material from a companion star, exceeds some mass limit, but the true nature of the progenitor star system remains controversial. Here we report the spectroscopic detection of circumstellar material in a normal type Ia supernova explosion. The expansion velocities, densities, and dimensions of the circumstellar envelope indicate that this material was ejected from the progenitor system. In particular, the relatively low expansion velocities suggest that the white dwarf was accreting material from a companion star that was in the red-giant phase at the time of the explosion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Patat, F -- Chandra, P -- Chevalier, R -- Justham, S -- Podsiadlowski, Ph -- Wolf, C -- Gal-Yam, A -- Pasquini, L -- Crawford, I A -- Mazzali, P A -- Pauldrach, A W A -- Nomoto, K -- Benetti, S -- Cappellaro, E -- Elias-Rosa, N -- Hillebrandt, W -- Leonard, D C -- Pastorello, A -- Renzini, A -- Sabbadin, F -- Simon, J D -- Turatto, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 17;317(5840):924-6. Epub 2007 Jul 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Southern Observatory (ESO), Karl Schwarzschild Strasse 2, 85748, Garching bei Munchen, Germany. fpatat@eso.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17626848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Circumstellar material in type Ia supernovae via sodium absorption features (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-13
    Description: Type Ia supernovae are key tools for measuring distances on a cosmic scale. They are generally thought to be the thermonuclear explosion of an accreting white dwarf in a close binary system. The nature of the mass donor is still uncertain. In the single-degenerate model it is a main-sequence star or an evolved star, whereas in the double-degenerate model it is another white dwarf. We show that the velocity structure of absorbing material along the line of sight to 35 type Ia supernovae tends to be blueshifted. These structures are likely signatures of gas outflows from the supernova progenitor systems. Thus, many type Ia supernovae in nearby spiral galaxies may originate in single-degenerate systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sternberg, A -- Gal-Yam, A -- Simon, J D -- Leonard, D C -- Quimby, R M -- Phillips, M M -- Morrell, N -- Thompson, I B -- Ivans, I -- Marshall, J L -- Filippenko, A V -- Marcy, G W -- Bloom, J S -- Patat, F -- Foley, R J -- Yong, D -- Penprase, B E -- Beeler, D J -- Allende Prieto, C -- Stringfellow, G S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 12;333(6044):856-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1203836.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Benoziyo Center for Astrophysics, Faculty of Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. assaf.sternberg@weizmann.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21836010" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    R-process enrichment from a single event in an ancient dwarf galaxy (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-24
    Description: Elements heavier than zinc are synthesized through the rapid (r) and slow (s) neutron-capture processes. The main site of production of the r-process elements (such as europium) has been debated for nearly 60 years. Initial studies of trends in chemical abundances in old Milky Way halo stars suggested that these elements are produced continually, in sites such as core-collapse supernovae. But evidence from the local Universe favours the idea that r-process production occurs mainly during rare events, such as neutron star mergers. The appearance of a plateau of europium abundance in some dwarf spheroidal galaxies has been suggested as evidence for rare r-process enrichment in the early Universe, but only under the assumption that no gas accretes into those dwarf galaxies; gas accretion favours continual r-process enrichment in these systems. Furthermore, the universal r-process pattern has not been cleanly identified in dwarf spheroidals. The smaller, chemically simpler, and more ancient ultrafaint dwarf galaxies assembled shortly after the first stars formed, and are ideal systems with which to study nucleosynthesis events such as the r-process. Reticulum II is one such galaxy. The abundances of non-neutron-capture elements in this galaxy (and others like it) are similar to those in other old stars. Here, we report that seven of the nine brightest stars in Reticulum II, observed with high-resolution spectroscopy, show strong enhancements in heavy neutron-capture elements, with abundances that follow the universal r-process pattern beyond barium. The enhancement seen in this 'r-process galaxy' is two to three orders of magnitude higher than that detected in any other ultrafaint dwarf galaxy. This implies that a single, rare event produced the r-process material in Reticulum II. The r-process yield and event rate are incompatible with the source being ordinary core-collapse supernovae, but consistent with other possible sources, such as neutron star mergers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ji, Alexander P -- Frebel, Anna -- Chiti, Anirudh -- Simon, Joshua D -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 31;531(7596):610-3. doi: 10.1038/nature17425. Epub 2016 Mar 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics &Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, Center for the Evolution of the Elements, East Lansing, Minnesota 48824, USA. ; Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pasadena, California 91101, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27001693" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Light curves of the neutron star merger GW170817/SSS17a: Implications for r-process nucleosynthesis (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Description: On 17 August 2017, gravitational waves (GWs) were detected from a binary neutron star merger, GW170817, along with a coincident short gamma-ray burst, GRB 170817A. An optical transient source, Swope Supernova Survey 17a (SSS17a), was subsequently identified as the counterpart of this event. We present ultraviolet, optical, and infrared light curves of SSS17a extending from 10.9 hours to 18 days postmerger. We constrain the radioactively powered transient resulting from the ejection of neutron-rich material. The fast rise of the light curves, subsequent decay, and rapid color evolution are consistent with multiple ejecta components of differing lanthanide abundance. The late-time light curve indicates that SSS17a produced at least ~0.05 solar masses of heavy elements, demonstrating that neutron star mergers play a role in rapid neutron capture (r-process) nucleosynthesis in the universe.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of chlorophenyl (C6H4Cl+) ions by laser multiphoton ionization-fragmentation of 1,3-dichlorobenzene using the two-color picosecond mass spectrometric technique (1984)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 88 (1984), S. 6091-6093 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j150669a005
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of multiphoton ionization-dissociation of 2,4-hexadiyne by the two-color picosecond pump-pump mass spectrometric technique: formation of C6H5+, C4H4+, and C4H3+ ions (1984)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 88 (1984), S. 3949-3951 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j150662a015
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