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  • 1
    Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION Humic substances, comprise a class of biogenic, coloured, organic substances that are ubiquitous in soil, sediment and water. Originally, the occurrence and nature of humic substances were regarded as issues of primarily academic interest. This situation is now rapidly changing, and studies of humics have gained recognition as important contributions to environmental science. In particular it has been shown that humic substances, in several different ways can interact with biologically active substances, thereby modifying their environmental impact. Whereas the history of soil humus studies goes back to the 19th century, the awareness of aquatic humus is more recent. The brownish colour that, in many surface waters, shows the presence of substantial amounts of humic substances, was long considered to be a harmless phenomenon that did not call for detailed investigations. Hnmic waters had few known toxic effects, and the refractory character of hnmic substances indicated the they played a peripheral role in most biochemical processes. In fact, it was not until the mid 70's that aquatic humus was brought into focus in environmental science. The event trigging this was the discovery of the interaction between humic substances and chlorine used for disinfection of drinking water. Toxic substances, such as chloroform, were detected in all chlorinated waters, and humic substances were identified as the main precursors. The role of humics in the mobilization and subsequent transport of trace elements in the environment was recognized for the first time in the early 80's. This role was considered to be of particular importance in connection with geologic storage of high-level radioactive waste. In water with "normal" concentration levels of humic compounds, the speciation of e.g. the trivalent actinides, would be entirely dominated by the complexation with these agents. The topics of this conference (Session 1 - Isolation, fractionation and characterization; Session 2 - Biological and chemical transformation and degradation; Session 3 - Complex formation and interactions with solids; Session 4 - Biological activity; and session 5 Halogenation of humic substances) were selected to represent areas of current environmental interest...
    Pages: Online-Ressource (514 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9783540537021
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Environmental science & technology 29 (1995), S. 622-628 
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Environmental science & technology 23 (1989), S. 356-362 
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Environmental science & technology 28 (1994), S. 1502-1505 
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioMetals 9 (1996), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: bacteria ; adsorption ; uptake ; metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Passive and active accumulation of zinc and cadmium by a common soil and freshwater bacterium, Cytophaga johnsonae, was studied using a radio-tracer batch distribution technique. The effects of variation of pH (3–10), as well as of ionic strength (0.007 and 0.07 m) on passive accumulation of the metals were examined. For both zinc and cadmium, accumulation was mainly due to passive processes, such as surface adsorption and/or diffusion into the periplasm. However, at low zinc concentrations, accumulation increased when glucose was added, suggesting an active uptake; at higher zinc concentrations such uptake was not detected, probably because it was masked by the stronger sorption properties of the cell wall. Adsorption of the metals was pH dependent: at higher ionic strength, accumulation was enhanced at pH values above 7; at lower ionic strength, adsorption differed and was markedly higher, with increased accumulation between pH 5 and 8.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioMetals 7 (1994), S. 163-169 
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: biodegradation ; Klebsiella oxytoca ; metal-citrate complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The uptake of 14C-labeled cadmium-, copper and zinc-citrate into cells of Klebsiella oxytoca was followed. The study was made in order to examine if the earlier reported disability of the bacterium to degrade these complexes was due to an inhibition in transport through the cell membrane. Citrate complexed to cadmium, copper or zinc was taken up at a similar rate to the free citric acid. However, the metal-citrate complexes were not metabolized as shown by the marked accumulation of 14C in the cells as compared with the 14C content in the cells incubated with free citric acid. This was confirmed by the results from trichloroacetic acid-precipitation showing that no 14C was incorporated into macromolecules when the citrate was complexed to the different metals. It is suggested that the inhibited degradation was due to effects on the interaction between enzyme (aconitase) and substrate in the conversion of citrate to iso-citrate. The role of complex configuration on the mineralization of metal-citrate is discussed and also tested in mineralization studies of other metal-citrate complexes (aluminum-, calcium-, cobalt-, manganese- and nickel-citrate).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of MeHg during rain-driven runoff episodes are important in calculating the output of MeHg from forested catchments. These dynamics may also provide insight into the processes controlling MeHg output from soils to surface waters. The concentrations of MeHg, Hg-tot, TOC and associated chemistry were observed during a rain-driven, July runoff episode on two forested tributaries of the Svartberget Catchment, as well as at the outlet of a mire in the headwaters of that catchment. TOC concentrations in runoff increased during the episode. Hg-tot concentrations also tended to increase (from 3 to between 4 and 7 ng L−1), though the timing of that increase varied. MeHg concentrations, on the other hand, tended to decrease. The decrease was slight in the two forested tributaries (ca. 0.1 ng L−1), but greater in the mire runoff (from 0.8 to ca 0.3 ng L−1). These data are set in relation to a hypothesis about the processes which control MeHg output.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The runoff of methylmercury (MeHg) from forested catchments to surface waters has been identified as a potentially significant input of MeHg to the aquatic ecosystem. Little, however, is known of the processes which control the transfer of MeHg from soils to surface waters. This study investigated the potential terrestrial sources of MeHg in runoff by sampling profiles of soil solution chemistry and determining the flux of water through those profiles into two tributaries on the Svartberget Catchment in northern Sweden. One study profile was from the podzol soil that covers most of the catchment area. The other profiles were taken in the riparian zone of each of the two tributaries. Soil solution was extracted from the soils by centrifugation. High catchment soil solution concentrations of MeHg (〉1 ng l−1) occur in the surface layers of the soil, but overland flow on the catchment is rare. MeHg concentrations in the podzol profile dropped to less than 0.2 ng l−1 in the mineral soil just 5 cm below the mor layer. In the riparian soil profiles sampled in October, MeHg concentrations were higher (ca. 0.4 ng l−1), but in a July sampling the concentrations in the riparian profiles were comparable to those in the podzol (i.e. 〈 0.2 ng l−1). Very high concentrations of MeHg were found in the streambank sphagnum mosses (〉2 ng l−1) partially submerged within the stream. The concentrations of MeHg observed under the podzol soil were insufficient to sustain the concentration of MeHg in runoff from the forested subcatchments where podzol profiles cover more than 70% of the surface area. The only sources of additional MeHg that lie along major runoff flow pathways are the riparian soils and mosses on the streambanks. It is therefore hypothesized that output of MeHg from the forest areas of the catchment is controlled by the biogeochemical processes in the riparian zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Monthly sampling of a mire outlet and two tributaries, one of them originating in the mire, on the Svartberget catchment in northern Sweden was performed during one year. The concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) in the three waters was fairly high (10–40 mg/l). Methylmercury (MeHg) was analysed in the original water sample (MeHg-whl) and in the humic fraction (MeHg-hum). The MeHg-hum increased with increasing concentration of humic substances (HS; measured as absorbance at 254 nm) in the water. A seasonal variation of the MeHg-hum/TOC ratio was superimposed on a negative relationship to the water flow, which indicates that the methylation is a slow process which results in a rapid drainage of the storage during periods of high flow. A minimum of the MeHg-whl/TOC ratio observed during the spring flood was followed by a slow increase during the rest of the year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The problem of mercury (Hg) accumulation in the aquatic food chain is widespread in Sweden. The methylmercury (MeHg) in runoff from catchments may be an important component of the MeHg load in surface waters. The spring flood in northern Sweden constitutes a major portion of the annual catchment runoff. This brief, but large event, therefore, may be of significance for the annual output of MeHg from soils to surface waters in this region. Methylmercury, total mercury (Hg-tot) and other chemical parameters were measured in spring flood runoff during April and May 1993 from two tributaries as well as the headwater mire of the 50 ha Svartberget Catchment. Snow cores from April 1993 and April 1994 prior to the onset of spring snowmelt were also analyzed. Stable isotope techniques were used to estimate the proportion of snowmelt in runoff. During the spring flood, Hg-tot and TOC were diluted in output from the headwater mire compared to the concentrations observed prior to the flood. Over half of the runoff from the mire was snowmelt according to the isotope Hydrograph separation. In runoff from the two forested tributaries, however, TOC and Hg-tot concentrations increased. About a third of this runoff was snowmelt. MeHg concentrations in the spring flood declined at all locations to the lowest levels recorded during 1993 (〈0.2 ng l−1). The runoff concentrations of MeHg were less than the average snow core concentration of 0.3 4+/- 0.17 ng l−1. The differences in MeHg dynamics in comparison to TOC or Hg-tot suggest that there are factors independent of the availability of Hg-tot or TOC, and even contemporary MeHg deposition (in this case the snowpack MeHg concentrations) which determine the concentrations and output of MeHg during spring flood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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