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  • 1
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    An index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocean (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-17
    Description: The ocean plays a critical role in supporting human well-being, from providing food, livelihoods and recreational opportunities to regulating the global climate. Sustainable management aimed at maintaining the flow of a broad range of benefits from the ocean requires a comprehensive and quantitative method to measure and monitor the health of coupled human-ocean systems. We created an index comprising ten diverse public goals for a healthy coupled human-ocean system and calculated the index for every coastal country. Globally, the overall index score was 60 out of 100 (range 36-86), with developed countries generally performing better than developing countries, but with notable exceptions. Only 5% of countries scored higher than 70, whereas 32% scored lower than 50. The index provides a powerful tool to raise public awareness, direct resource management, improve policy and prioritize scientific research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halpern, Benjamin S -- Longo, Catherine -- Hardy, Darren -- McLeod, Karen L -- Samhouri, Jameal F -- Katona, Steven K -- Kleisner, Kristin -- Lester, Sarah E -- O'Leary, Jennifer -- Ranelletti, Marla -- Rosenberg, Andrew A -- Scarborough, Courtney -- Selig, Elizabeth R -- Best, Benjamin D -- Brumbaugh, Daniel R -- Chapin, F Stuart -- Crowder, Larry B -- Daly, Kendra L -- Doney, Scott C -- Elfes, Cristiane -- Fogarty, Michael J -- Gaines, Steven D -- Jacobsen, Kelsey I -- Karrer, Leah Bunce -- Leslie, Heather M -- Neeley, Elizabeth -- Pauly, Daniel -- Polasky, Stephen -- Ris, Bud -- St Martin, Kevin -- Stone, Gregory S -- Sumaila, U Rashid -- Zeller, Dirk -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 30;488(7413):615-20. doi: 10.1038/nature11397.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State St Suite 300, Santa Barbara, California 93101, USA. halpern@nceas.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22895186" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Environmental Policy ; Fisheries ; Geography ; Human Activities/standards/statistics & numerical data ; *Internationality ; Marine Biology/*methods ; Oceanography/*methods ; Oceans and Seas ; Recreation ; *Seawater ; Water Pollution/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth characteristics of the copepodsEurytemora affinis andE. herdmani in laboratory cultures (1970)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 20 (1970), S. 373-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The calanoid copepodsEurytemora affinis (Poppe) andE. herdmani Thompson &Scott were cultured for numerous generations in the laboratory. 2. With excess algal food,Eurytemora affinis reproduced at salinities between 5 ‰ and 33 ‰ and at temperatures between 2° and 23.5° C. Reproduction ofE. herdmani failed at salinities below 15 ‰ and at temperatures of 19.5° C and higher. 3. Using the progeny from individual females, generation times were calculated as the time required for development from eggs to ovigerous females. At 20 ‰ salinity, generation times forEurytemora affinis ranged from about 105 days at 2° C to 9 days at 23.5° C. Corresponding generation times forE. herdmani ranged from 73 days at 2° C to 19 days at 15° C. 4. The body length of culturedEurytemora affinis was within the normal range for wild specimens. CulturedE. herdmani individuals were always smaller than wild specimens, suggesting that the culture conditions for this species were not optimal. Body lengths of both species were greater at 2° C than at 21.5° C with the exception ofE. herdmani females. 5. Low developmental temperatures increased the proportion of femaleEurytemora affinis and increased the proportion of maleE. herdmani in cultures. Possible adaptive advantages of these variations are discussed. 6. Females of both species lived longer than 100 days at 2° C, and survival time decreased at higher temperatures. Females of both species could produce fertile eggs long after mating. These results suggest the possibility that females could mate in autumn, then overwinter and produce larvae in spring without a further mating. 7. Better reproduction and faster development ofEurytemora herdmani at low temperature helps explain its more northerly distribution. The ability ofE. affinis to reproduce at temperatures approaching 25° C correlates with distribution as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. The tolerance ofE. affinis to a wide range of temperatures and salinities helps explain its great ability to colonize upper estuarine regions and even fresh water lakes.
    Notes: Abstract Die calanoiden CopepodenEurytemora affinis (Poppe) undE. herdmani Thompson &Scott wurden über zahlreiche Generationen im Laboratorium gezüchtet. Mit einem Überschuß an Algennahrung vermehrt sichE. affinis in Salzgehalten zwischen 5 und 33 ‰ und bei Temperaturen zwischen 2° und 23,5° C.E. herdmani pflanzt sich in Salzgehalten unter 15 ‰ und bei 21,5° C und höheren Temperaturen nicht fort. Diese Ergebnisse stimmen überein mit Untersuchungen im natürlichen Lebensraum und zeigen, daßE. herdmani an kälteres und salzhaltigeres Wasser gebunden ist als die weiter verbreiteteE. affinis. An den Jungtieren, die von einzelnen Weibchen erhalten worden waren, wurden die Entwicklungszeitspannen vom Ei bis zum ersten Nauplius, ersten Copepoditen, Adultus und eiertragenden Weibchen ermittelt. In 20 ‰ Salzgehalt variiert die Generationszeit beiE. affinis von etwa 105 Tagen bei 2° C bis 9 Tagen bei 23,5° C. Die entsprechenden Generationszeiten fürE. herdmani betragen 73 Tage bei 2° C und 19 Tage bei 15° C. Die Körperlänge beider Arten nimmt bei niedrigeren Temperaturen zu. Die Errechnung des Zahlenverhältnisses der Geschlechter der Jungtiere einzelner Weibchen legt die Vermutung nahe, daß die Temperatur das Geschlechtsverhältnis beeinflußt. Überlebenszeiten wurden ermittelt für Weibchen, welche unter verschiedenen Temperatur- und Salzgehaltsbedingungen gehalten worden waren. Die Lebensspannen von Weibchen beider Arten übertreffen 100 Tage bei 2° C und nehmen bei höheren Temperaturen ab. Weibchen beider Arten vermögen noch lange nach der Kopulation fertile Eier zu produzieren. Diese Beobachtungen sprechen dafür, daß kleine Lokalpopulationen möglicherweise im Herbst kopulieren, dann überwintern und daß die Weibchen im Frühjahr ohne erneute Kopulation Junge produzieren.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01609914
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  • 3
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    Growth characteristics of the copepodsEurytemora affinis andE. herdmani in laboratory cultures (1970)
    BioMed Central
    Details
    Publication Date: 1970-05-01
    Print ISSN: 1438-387X
    Electronic ISSN: 1438-3888
    Topics: Biology
    Published by BioMed Central
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  • 4
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    Identifying Humpback Whales using their natural markings (1981)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-05-01
    Description: One must suppose that even before Melville transformed the true story of an unusually lightcoloured Sperm Whale named Mocha Dick into his epic novel, Moby Dick, and certainly afterwards, whalers and zoologists working in the whaling industry have noted that pronounced morphological differences often exist among whales of the same species and stock (Lillie, 1915; Matthews, 1937; Pike, 1953). During the past 15 years, scientists studying living whales have commented on individuals with odd marks, scars, pigmentation patterns or albinism, deformities, algal films or the shape and position of external features such as the dorsal fin.
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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