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  • 1
    Call number: PIK N 076-98-0202
    In: Umwelt-Materialien
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 57 S.
    Series Statement: Umwelt-Materialien
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 2
    Call number: PIK N 071-97-0393
    In: IPCC Technical Paper
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 37 p.
    ISBN: 9291691038
    Series Statement: IPCC Technical Paper
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Today's surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends ...
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The assessment of uncertainties in global warming projections is often based on expert judgement, because a number of key variables in climate change are poorly quantified. In particular, the sensitivity of climate to changing greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere and the radiative ...
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Small reported growth enhancement factors based on analyses of forest inventory data from the eastern USA (Caspersen et al. 2000, Science, 290, 1148–1151) have been interpreted as evidence against CO2 fertilization in natural forests. We show to the contrary that growth enhancement in response to rising CO2, as found in ecosystems with experimental CO2 enrichment and implemented in terrestrial ecosystem models, is consistent with the data that have been presented within their uncertainties. Comparing forest inventory data with results of an empirical model of age-dependent biomass accumulation, we find that growth enhancement of plausible magnitude could not be detected in these data, even if it were present. Although forest regrowth due to land-use change is recognized as an important cause of carbon uptake by eastern US forests, forest inventory data do not provide a basis for eliminating environmentally induced growth enhancement as a substantial contribution to the global terrestrial carbon sink.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 10 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The equilibrium carbon storage capacity of the terrestrial biosphere has been investigated by running the Lund–Potsdam–Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model to equilibrium for a range of CO2 concentrations and idealized climate states. Local climate is defined by the combination of an observation-based climatology and perturbation patterns derived from a 4 × CO2 warming simulations, which are linearly scaled to global mean temperature deviations, ΔTglob. Global carbon storage remains close to its optimum for ΔTglob in the range of ±3°C in simulations with constant atmospheric CO2. The magnitude of the carbon loss to the atmosphere per unit change in global average surface temperature shows a pronounced nonlinear threshold behavior. About twice as much carbon is lost per degree warming for ΔTglob above 3°C than for present climate. Tropical, temperate, and boreal trees spread poleward with global warming. Vegetation dynamics govern the distribution of soil carbon storage and turnover in the climate space. For cold climate conditions, the global average decomposition rate of litter and soil decreases with warming, despite local increases in turnover rates. This result is not compatible with the assumption, commonly made in global box models, that soil turnover increases exponentially with global average surface temperature, over a wide temperature range.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 436.2005, 7050, E3-, (2 S.) 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Arising from: S. K. Solanki, I. G. Usoskin, B. Kromer, M. Schüssler & J. Beer Nature 431, 1084–1087 (2004); Solanki et al. reply. To put global warming into context requires knowledge about past changes in solar ...
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 370 (1994), S. 181-182 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A TOP priority in global change research is to improve our understanding of the global carbon cycle. Fossil fuel emissions and other anthropogenic activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by almost 30 per cent in the past 200 years. For the past decade, on average about half of the ...
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 336 (1994), S. 280-281 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Mäusen wurden die Art, die absolute Zahl, der Phagozytosegrad und der in DNS-Synthese befindliche Anteil der Zellen bestimmt, die sich zu verschiedenen Zeiten nach intraperitonäaler Injektion einer Suspension kleiner Polystyren-Partikeln (Durchmesser: 0,796 μ) aus der Bauchhöhle auswaschen ließen. Diese Methode gestattet eine gut reproduzierbare, quantitative Analyse der zellulären Reaktion auf einen nicht-antigenischen Stimulus. An dem Geschehen beteiligt sich eine heterogene Population von Phagozyten, die neben Granulozyten zahlreiche sog. mononukleäre Elemente umfaßt. Die letzteren lassen sich morphologisch, färberisch und auf Grund ihres kinetischen Verhaltens in mehrere Untergruppen unterteilen, nämlich: monozytoide Zellen mit nierenförmigem Kern, die weitgehend den Blutmonozyten gleichen; ferner monozytoide Zellen mit rundem Kern sowie lymphomonozytoide Elemente und größere lymphoide Zellen. Zu geringfügiger Phagozytose der Partikeln ist auch ein Teil der kleinen Lymphozyten befähigt. Beurteilt am Anstieg der absoluten Zellzahl, treten nach Stimulation die neutrophilen Granulozyten am raschesten in die freie Bauchhöhle aus, gefolgt von den kleinen Lymphozyten, dann den monozytoiden Zellen mit nierenförmigem Kern und andern Zellarten. In der Zeit zwischen 16 und 24 Std nach Injektion der Partikelsuspension nahm die Zahl der kleinen Lymphozyten signifikant ab, während in derselben Periode diejenige der größeren lymphoiden Zellen und der monozytoiden Elemente mit nierenförmigem Kern steiler anstieg. Mit Ausnahme der kleinen Lymphozyten fanden sich unter allen Gruppen sog. mononukleärer Zellen solche, die sich initial mit Thymidin-3H markieren ließen. Ein signifikanter Anstieg des initialen Markierungsindex (Maximalwert: 20%) über die Kontrollwerte hinaus zeigte sich indessen nur bei größeren lymphoiden Zellen, und dies nur während der ersten Stunden nach Stimulation. Die lymphomonozytoiden Zellen ließen um den 2. Tag nach Stimulation herum eine angedeutete relative Vermehrung der DNS-synthetisierenden Zellen erkennen. Bei den ändern sog. mononukleären Zellformen fand sich während 10 Tagen nach Stimulation keine verwertbare Änderung des initialen Markierungsindex. Die durchschnittliche Partikelbeladung pro Zelle (Phagozytosegrad) war zu allen Zeiten nach Stimulation bei den monozytoiden Zellen mit rundem Kern am stärksten. Einen etwas niedrigeren Phagozytosegrad wiesen die lymphomonozytoiden Zellen und die monozytoiden mit nierenförmigem Kern auf, die im Durchschnitt pro Einzelzelle eine vergleichbare Phagozytoseleistung vollbrachten. Ein noch geringerer Phagozytosegrad fand sich bei den größeren lymphoiden Zellen, die im Mittel ungefähr gleich viele Partikeln enthielten wie die neutrophilen Granulozyten. Die aus dem Produkt aus mittlerem Phagozytosegrad und absoluter Zellzahl geschätzte totale Phagozytosearbeit ergab während der ersten 8–12 Std nach Stimulation für die neutrophilen Granulozyten die höchsten Werte. Später wurden sie von den monozytoiden Zellen mit nierenförmigem Kern abgelöst, die während der restlichen Versuchsdauer von 10 Tagen die Führung beibehielten. Eine erhebliche Phagozytosearbeit wurde in spätem Stadien nach Injektion der Partikelsuspension auch von den übrigen sog. mononukleären Zellen geleistet, mit Ausnahme der kleinen Lymphozyten. Die am stärksten mit Partikeln beladenen Zellen besaßen in der Regel einen Kern von mittlerer Größe. Viele der DNS-synthetisierenden Zellen enthielten auch reichlich Partikeln, d. h. Proliferation und Phagozytose schließen sich gegenseitig nicht aus; sehr wahrscheinlich handelt es sich hierbei um differenziertere Vertreter der Makrophagenvorläufer. Die Befunde werden im Hinblick auf Probleme der Makrophagenvorläufer, des Zellaustritts aus der Blutbahn, der Transformation lymphoider Elemente und der ortständigen Proliferation der sog. mononukleären Zellen diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Young adult female mice (Charles River strain) were given a single intra-abdominal injection of 1.12×1010 Polystyrene (Latex) particles with a mean diameter of 0.796 μ, suspended in 3 ml of 0.9% saline. Animals received a single i.v. injection of thymidine-3H one hour prior to sacrifice. Free peritoneal cells were harvested by peritoneal washings at various time intervals following injection of the particle suspension. This method gives reproducible quantitative results with regard to absolute cell numbers involved in the response to this non-antigenic stimulus. Differential counts, grading of phagocytic particle loading and autoradiographic analysis were made on smear preparations of the peritoneal exudate. The phagocytic reaction comprised granulocytes and a heterogeneous population of mononuclear elements. The latter could he separated on the basis of morphological, tinctorial and kinetic characteristics into various subgroups, i.e.: monocytoid cells with kidney-shaped nuclei comparable to blood monocytes; monocytoid cells with round nuclei; lymphomonocytoid cells; large lymphoid cells; and small lymphocytes, a fraction of which showed a slight phagocytic capacity. As judged from the changes in absolute cell counts, the neutrophilic granulocytes showed the fastest entry rate, followed by small lymphocytes, then monocytoid cells with kidneyshaped nuclei and other cell types. In the period between 16 and 24 hours following stimulation the absolute number of small lymphocytes dropped significantly while during the same time interval the counts of large lymphoid cells and monocytoid cells with kidney-shaped nuclei rose more steeply. Except for small lymphocytes, cells incorporating thymidine-3H into their DNA were found among all types of mononuclears. The only significant rise of the initial labeling index up to 20% following injection of this radioactive precursor was seen in large lymphoid cells and occurred during the first 24 hours following stimulation. An abortive, non-significant rise of the initial labeling index was observed around the second day in lymphomonocytoid cells. All other mononuclear cell types exhibited initial labeling indices comparable to control values throughout the observation period. Mean particle loading per cell (grade of phagocytosis) was heaviest in monocytoid cells with round nuclei throughout the experiment. A moderate mean phagocytic grade was found in lymphomonocytoid elements and monocytoid cells with kidney-shaped nuclei. Lower phagocytic grades were seen in neutrophilic granulocytes and large lymphoid cells. The highest percentage of the total phagocytic performance (mean phagocytic grade per cell X absolute number of cells of the same type) was observed for neutrophilic granulocytes during the first 8 to 12 hours following stimulation, later for monocytoid cells with kidney-shaped nuclei. Except for small lymphocytes all types of mononuclears were engaged to a considerable extent in phagocytosis, particularly in later stages after injection of the particles. Cells showing high grades of phagocytosis usually had medium-sized nuclei. Many DNA-synthesizing cells were heavily loaded with particles indicating that proliferation may still go on while differentiation towards phagocytic capacity has already reached a high degree. The findings are discussed in relation to problems of macrophage precursors, cell emigration from the blood stream, transformation of lymphoid elements and local proliferation of mononuclear cells.
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