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  • 1
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    The Viking X Ray Fluorescence Experiment: Sampling strategies and laboratory simulations (1977)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977-09-30
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
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    The case for planetary sample return missions. 2. History of Mars (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Principal science goals for exploration of Mars are to establish the chemical, isotopic, and physical state of Martian material, the nature of major surface-forming processes and their time scales, and the past and present biological potential of the planet. Many of those goals can only be met by detailed analyses of atmospheric gases and carefully selected samples of fresh rocks, weathered rocks, soils, sediments, and ices. The high-fidelity mineral separations, complex chemical treatments, and ultrasensitive instrument systems required for key measurements, as well as the need to adapt analytical strategies to unanticipated results, point to Earth-based laboratory analyses on returned Martian samples as the best means for meeting the stated objectives.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Eos (ISSN 0096-3941); Volume 70; 31; 745, 54-5
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Survey of probable micrometer-sized Earth-orbital debris fragments in the NASA-JSC cosmic dust sample collection (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A program to collect extraterrestrial dust samples from the stratosphere using impactors mounted on NASA U-2 and WB-57F aircraft is discussed. Sample collection, preparation, and analysis techniques are described and the particle types found are reviewed. Preliminary examination of the particles indicates that they represent not only extraterrestrial material, but some fraction of terrestrial contamination from both natural and manmade sources. This examination involves a combination of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and qualitative bulk elemental analysis using an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) to characterize each particle. The cosmic dust collection contains samples of at least three classes of material that may present some hazard to extended spacecraft operations in near-Earth orbit: (1) micrometeorites/cosmic dust, (2) aluminum oxide spheres, and (3) alloy spherules and fragments.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Orbital Debris; p 190-219
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Weathered stony meteorites from Victoria Land, Antarctica, as possible guides to rock weathering on Mars (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Parallel studies of Martian geomorphic features and their analogs on Earth continue to be fruitful in deciphering the geologic history of Mars. In the context of rock weathering, the Earth-analog approach is admirably served by the study of meteorites recovered from ice sheets in Antarctica. The weathering environment of Victoria Land possesses several Mars-like attributes. Four of the five Antarctic meteorites being studied contain rust and EETA79005 further possesses a conspicuous, dark, weathering rind on one side. Secondary minerals (rust and salts) occur both on the surfaces and interiors of some of the samples and textural evidence indicates that such secondary mineralization contributed to physical weathering (by salt riving) of the rocks. Several different rust morphologies occur and emphasis is being placed on identifying the phase compositions of the various rust occurrances. A thorough understanding of terrestrial weathering features of the meteorites is a prerequisite for identifying possible Martian weathering features (if such features exist) that might be postulated to occur in some meteorites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Washington Repts. of Planetary Geol. Program; p 216-218
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Martian volatiles in shergottite EETA 79001 - New evidence from oxidized sulfur and sulfur-rich aluminosilicates (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Two equivalent chips of lithology A (lith-A) and lithology C (lith-C) taken from the same interior portion of EETA 79001 shergottite have been analyzed for volatile species produced by high-vacuum pyrolysis. The lith-C was found to contain an oxidized sulfur component that does not occur in lith-A. The preterrestrial origin of this component in lith-C is supported by the occurrence in lith-C of sulfur- and chlorine-rich aluminosilicates that are not the same as Antarctic weathering products found in the control samples. The oxidation state and distribution of sulfur found in lith-C are consistent with the interpretation of EETA 79001 as a rock from Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (ISSN 0016-7037); 50; 1049-105
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Planetary surface weathering (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The weathering of planetary surfaces is treated. Both physical and chemical weathering (reactions between minerals or mineraloids and planetary volatiles through oxidation, hydration, carbonation, or solution processes) are discussed. Venus, earth, and Mars all possess permanent atmospheres such that weathering should be expected to significantly affect their respective surfaces. In contrast, Mercury and the moon lack permanent atmospheres but conceivably could experience surface weathering in response to transient atmospheres generated by volcanic or impact cratering events. Weathering processes can be postulated for other rocky objects including Io, Titan, asteroids, and comets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Martian dust particles as condensation nuclei - A preliminary assessment of mineralogical factors (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Experiments were performed to determine the factors influencing ice nucleation detected in Viking Lander data from the Mars surface. The study focused on the relationship between mineral properties and condensate formation under Mars conditions. Pulverized particles of the primary phases of basaltic rocks and their alteration products, expandable clay minerals and a nonexpandable clay mineral, and petrologically well-characterized regolith materials ranging from 10-60 microns in size, were studied. The powders were individually or in combinations mixed with water in a flowing CO2 atmosphere while calorimetry data was taken on the ice nucleation threshold. The ice-forming characteristics of the mixes were found to be a function of the crystallographic disregistry, chemical bonding, and active-site properties of the individual minerals. The crystalline materials were better nucleators of condensates than were the cryptocrystalline mineral specimens, while nonexpandable clay materials, particularly zeolite, were the more effective nucleators among the weathering product materials.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 66; 56-74
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Aqueous-alteration products in S-N-C meteorites and implications for volatile/regolith interactions on Mars (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The shergottite, nakhlite, and Chassigny (SNC) meteorites are inferred to be samples from the Martian surface, and so provide a wealth of information on Martian petrology and geochemistry. Because the SNCs are igneous rocks, it has not been obvious that they could reveal much about low-temperature geochemical processes and atmosphere surface interactions on Mars. However, five of the eight SNCs are known to contain low-temperature hydrous minerals and related phase of likely martian origin. Here, we review these martian weathering and alteration products in SNCs and outline possible implications for volatile/regolith interactions and regolith sinks for volatiles on Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Workshop on the Martian Surface and Atmosphere Through Time; p 159-160
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Aqueous alteration in S-N-C meteorites and implications for weathering products on Mars (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Is shergottite, nakhlite, and chassignite (SNC) meteorites are rocks propelled to earth by large meteoroid impacts on Mars, then it is possible to deduce much about Martian igneous petrology and geochemistry. Because SNCs are igneous rocks, however, it was not obvious that they could reveal much about sedimentary and soil petrology and low-temperature geochemistry of Mars. It is important, though, that at least four of eight SNCs carry evidence for low-temperature, extraterrestrial weathering product phases. Evidence is reviewed for Martian weathering and alteration products in SNCs and possible inferences for volatile/regolith interactions, regolith mineralogy, and sinks for the putative hidden volatiles on Mars are outlined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., MEVTV Workshop on Nature and Composition of Surface Units on Mars; p 62-63
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Thermal Analyzer for Planetary Soil (TAPS): an in Situ Instrument for Mineral and Volatile-element Measurements (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Thermal Analyzer for Planetary Soil (TAPS) offers a specific implementation for the generic thermal analyzer/evolved-gas analyzer (TA/EGA) function included in the Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR) strawman payload; applications to asteroids and comets are also possible. The baseline TAPS is a single-sample differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), backed by a capacitive-polymer humidity sensor, with an integrated sampling mechanism. After placement on a planetary surface, TAPS acquires 10-50 mg of soil or sediment and heats the sample from ambient temperature to 1000-1300 K. During heating, DSC data are taken for the solid and evolved gases are swept past the water sensor. Through ground based data analysis, multicomponent DSC data are deconvolved and correlated with the water release profile to quantitatively determine the types and relative proportions of volatile-bearing minerals such as clays and other hydrates, carbonates, and nitrates. The rapid-response humidity sensors also achieve quantitative analysis of total water. After conclusion of soil-analysis operations, the humidity sensors become available for meteorology. The baseline design fits within a circular-cylindrical volume less than 1000 cm(sup 3), occupies 1.2 kg mass, and consumes about 2 Whr of power per analysis. Enhanced designs would acquire and analyze multiple samples and employ additional microchemical sensors for analysis of CO2, SO2, NO(x), and other gaseous species. Atmospheric pumps are also being considered as alternatives to pressurized purge gas.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Workshop on Advanced Technologies for Planetary Instruments, Part 1; p 9
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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