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  • 11
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) is the International Energy Agency’s most ambitious publication on new developments in energy technology. It demonstrates how technologies – from electric vehicles to smart grids – can make a decisive difference in achieving the objective of limiting the global temperature rise to 2°C and enhancing energy security. ETP 2012 presents scenarios and strategies to 2050, with the aim of guiding decision makers on energy trends and what needs to be done to build a clean, secure and competitive energy future. ETP 2012 shows: • Current progress on clean energy deployment, and what can be done to accelerate it • How energy security and low carbon energy are linked • How energy systems will become more complex in the future, why systems integration is beneficial and how it can be achieved • How demand for heating and cooling will evolve dramatically and which solutions will satisfy it • Why flexible electricity systems are increasingly important, and how a system with smarter grids, energy storage and flexible generation can work • Why hydrogen could play a big role in the energy system of the future • Why fossil fuels will not disappear but will see their roles change, and what it means for the energy system as a whole • What is needed to realise the potential of carbon capture and storage (CCS) • Whether available technologies can allow the world to have zero energy related emissions by 2075 – which seems a necessary condition for the world to meet the 2°C target
    Pages: Online-Ressource (690 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 12
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper explores the relationships between climate policy and renewable energy policy instruments. It shows that, even where CO2 emissions are duly priced, specific incentives for supporting the early deployment of renewable energy technologies are justified by the steep learning curves of nascent technologies. This early investment reduces costs in the longer term and makes renewable energy affordable when it needs to be deployed on a very large scale to fully contribute to climate change mitigation and energy security. The paper also reveals other noteworthy interaction effects of climate policy and renewable policy instruments on the wholesale electricity prices in deregulated markets, which open new areas for future research.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Electricity use is growing worldwide, providing a range of energy services: lighting, heating and cooling, specific industrial uses, entertainment, information technologies, and mobility. Because its generation remains largely based on fossil fuels, electricity is also the largest and the fastest-growing source of energy-related CO2 emissions, the primary cause of human-induced climate change. Forecasts from the IEA and others show that “decarbonising” electricity and enhancing end-use efficiency can make major contributions to the fight against climate change. Global and regional trends on electricity supply and demand indicate the magnitude of the decarbonisation challenge ahead. As climate concerns become an essential component of energy policy-making, the generation and use of electricity will be subject to increasingly strong policy actions by governments to reduce their associated CO2 emissions. Despite these actions, and despite very rapid growth in renewable energy generation, significant technology and policy challenges remain if this unprecedented essential transition is to be achieved. The IEA Climate and Electricity Annual 2011 provides an authoritative resource on progress to date in this area, with statistics related to CO2 and the electricity sector across ten regions of the world. It also presents topical analyses on meeting the challenge of rapidly curbing CO2 emissions from electricity, from both a policy and technology perspective.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 14
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This special early excerpt of WEO-2009 is a contribution from the energy sector to inform the negotiations leading into Copenhagen. It summarises the results of a fully-updated Reference Sceario, detailing by sector and by country/region the trends in energy use and emissions and the investments and funding needed to meet the 450 Scenario.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 15
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The main message of this paper is that while carbon pricing is a prerequisite for least-cost carbon mitigation strategies, carbon pricing is not enough to overcome all the barriers to cost-effective energy efficiency actions. Energy efficiency policy should be designed carefully for each sector to ensure optimal outcomes for a combination of economic, social and climate change goals. The main message of this paper is that while carbon pricing is a prerequisite for least-cost carbon mitigation strategies, carbon pricing is not enough to overcome all the barriers to cost-effective energy efficiency actions. Energy efficiency policy should be designed carefully for each sector to ensure optimal outcomes for a combination of economic, social and climate change goals. This paper aims to examine the justification for specific energy efficiency policies in economies with carbon pricing in place. The paper begins with an inventory of existing market failures that attempt to explain the limited uptake of energy efficiency. These market failures are investigated to see which can be overcome by carbon pricing in two subsectors – electricity use in residential appliances and heating energy use in buildings. This analysis finds that carbon pricing addresses energy efficiency market failures such as externalities and imperfect energy markets. However, several market and behavioural failures in the two subsectors are identified that appear not to be addressed by carbon pricing. These include: imperfect information; principal-agent problems; and behavioural failures. In this analysis, the policies that address these market failures are identified as complementary to carbon pricing and their level of interaction with carbon pricing policies is relatively positive. These policies should be implemented when they can improve energy efficiency effectively and efficiently (and achieve other national goals such as improving socio-economic efficiency).
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 16
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This article assesses the long-term economic and climatic effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical global climate change mitigation policy. Based on emission trends, abatement costs and equilibrium climate sensitivity from IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms that price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends. In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. Furthermore,this analysis shows that rigid targets may entail greater economic risks with little or no comparative advantage for the climate. More ambitious emission objectives, combined with price caps and price floors, could still entail significantly lower expected costs while driving similar, or even slightly better, climatic outcomes in probabilistic terms.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 17
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: What impact will the return of high energy prices have on the fragile economic recovery? Will geopolitical unrest, price volatility and policy inaction defer investment in the oil sector and amplify risks to our energy security? What will renewed uncertainty surrounding the role of nuclear power mean for future energy and environmental trends? Is the gap between our climate actions and our climate goals becoming insurmountable? World Energy Outlook 2011 tackles these and other pressing questions. The latest data, policy developments, and the experience of another turbulent year are brought together to provide robust analysis and insight into global energy markets. WEO-2011 once again gives detailed energy demand and supply projections out to 2035, broken down by region, fuel, sector and scenario.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 18
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Due to its clean burning properties, low investment costs and flexibility in production, natural gas is often put forward as the ideal partner fuel for wind power and other renewable sources of electricity generation with strongly variable output. This working paper examines three vital questions associated with this premise: 1) Is natural gas indeed the best partner fuel for wind power? 2) If so, to what extent will an increasing market share of wind power in European electricity generation affect demand for natural gas in the power sector? and 3) Considering the existing European natural gas markets, is natural gas capable of fulfilling this role of partner for renewable sources of electricity?
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 19
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: For the first time, the IEA has merged its medium-term market reports for oil and gas, thereby giving readers a broader perspective on global trends. Critical questions persist for both markets, including whether economic and energy demand outlooks are clearer than in mid-2009. For the first time, the IEA has merged its medium-term market reports for oil and gas, thereby giving readers a broader perspective on global trends. Critical questions persist for both markets, including whether economic and energy demand outlooks are clearer than in mid-2009. Do oil markets show a genuine structural shift in demand patterns? Will they sustain a nascent recovery in upstream spending evident in 2010? And how long will current levels of OPEC spare capacity persist? For the gas market, will demand recover from its collapse in 2009? How long will the gas glut last? Will unconventional gas revolutionise gas markets outside North America? And how is consumption changing in China, Russia and the Middle East? Medium-Term Oil and Gas Markets 2010 presents a comprehensive outlook for oil and gas market fundamentals over the next three to five years. The oil market analysis develops two demand scenarios that reflect uncertainties about the path of economic recovery after the global slow-down in 2008/09. Market balances are generated from detailed analysis of upstream investment projects, oil field decline rates, product-by-product demand trends, and refinery investment and operations. The gas market analysis assesses prices, unconventional gas, future demand developments and LNG markets, as well as investment across the gas value chain. With a focus on key producers (including Russia, the Caspian region and the Middle East) and rising LNG exporters (such as Australia), it examines implications for global gas markets.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (373 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 20
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Oil and gas markets have been marked by an increased divergence in recent months. On the one hand, oil market developments have generated an unpleasant sense of déja vu: rapid demand growth in emerging markets eclipsed sluggish supply growth to push prices higher even before the conflict in Libya tightened supplies still further. Oil prices around $100/bbl are weighing down on an already-fragile macroeconomic and financial situation in the OECD, pressuring national budgets in the non-OECD and causing price inflation of other commodities, as well as political concerns about speculation. There is an uncanny resemblance to the first half of 2008. On the other hand, in the world of natural gas an amazing disconnect has developed as demand recovered to well above pre-financial-crisis levels in most major regions. Gas markets have tightened in Europe and Asia, where prices are about twice the level seen in the United States, as the unconventional gas revolution is in full swing. From the upstream implications of the Arab Spring to the macroeconomic consequences of the eurozone crisis, energy markets are experiencing one of the most uncertain periods in decades. Medium-Term Oil and Gas Markets 2011 provides a comprehensive outlook for oil and gas fundamentals through 2016. The oil market analysis covers demand developments on a product-by-product and key-sector basis, as well as a detailed bottom-up assessment of upstream and refinery investments, trade flows, oil products supply and OPEC spare capacity. The gas market analysis offers a region-by-region assessment of demand and production, infrastructure investment, price developments and prospects for unconventional gas. It also examines the globalising LNG trade.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272 Seiten)
    Language: English
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