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  • 1
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    Broadening the versatility of lentiviral vectors as a tool in nucleic acid research via genetic code expansion (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-24
    Description: With the aim of broadening the versatility of lentiviral vectors as a tool in nucleic acid research, we expanded the genetic code in the propagation of lentiviral vectors for site-specific incorporation of chemical moieties with unique properties. Through systematic exploration of the structure–function relationship of lentiviral VSVg envelope by site-specific mutagenesis and incorporation of residues displaying azide- and diazirine-moieties, the modifiable sites on the vector surface were identified, with most at the PH domain that neither affects the expression of envelope protein nor propagation or infectivity of the progeny virus. Furthermore, via the incorporation of such chemical moieties, a variety of fluorescence probes, ligands, PEG and other functional molecules are conjugated, orthogonally and stoichiometrically, to the lentiviral vector. Using this methodology, a facile platform is established that is useful for tracking virus movement, targeting gene delivery and detecting virus–host interactions. This study may provide a new direction for rational design of lentiviral vectors, with significant impact on both basic research and therapeutic applications.
    Keywords: Cell biology, DNA-Mediated Cell Transformation and Nucleic Acids Transfer
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    BPH9 enables rice to combat planthopper variation [Plant Biology] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-09
    Description: Brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål, is one of the most devastating insect pests of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Currently, 30 BPH-resistance genes have been genetically defined, most of which are clustered on specific chromosome regions. Here, we describe molecular cloning and characterization of a BPH-resistance gene, BPH9, mapped on...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    A mathematical simulation for the pattern of seismic transference in North China (1980)
    In:  Acta Seism. Sinica, Taipei, AGU, vol. 2, no. 5542, pp. 32-42, pp. B06410, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980
    Keywords: Finite Element Method ; Stress ; Earthquake ; China
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Reintroduction of a Homocysteine Level-Associated Allele into East Asians by Neanderthal Introgression (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-20
    Description: In this study, we present an analysis of Neanderthal introgression at the dipeptidase 1 gene, DPEP1 . A Neanderthal origin for the putative introgressive haplotypes was demonstrated using an established three-step approach. This introgression was under positive natural selection, reached a frequency of 〉50%, and introduced a homocysteine level- and pigmentation-associated allele (rs460879-T) into East Asians. However, the same allele was also found in non-East Asians, but not from Neanderthal introgression. It is likely that rs460879-T was lost in East Asians and was reintroduced subsequently through Neanderthal introgression. Our findings suggest that Neanderthal introgression could reintroduce an important previously existing allele into populations where the allele had been lost. This study sheds new light on understanding the contribution of Neanderthal introgression to the adaptation of non-Africans.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Global Ionosphere Estimation Based on Data Fusion From Multisource: Multi‐GNSS, IRI Model, and Satellite Altimetry (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Traditionally, the ionosphere determination just uses American Global Positioning System and Russian GLObal NAvigation Satellite System dual‐frequency data and has a low precision particularly on oceans. With the rapid development of Chinese BeiDou and European Galileo systems, they are playing an increasingly important role for modeling global ionosphere. Meanwhile, satellite altimetry provides valuable and precise ionosphere delay over the oceans. Through introducing priori ionosphere values from an advanced empirical ionosphere model, combining the advantages of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and satellite altimetry technologies, the precision of global ionosphere estimation can be further improved. To assess the improvement, we collect satellite altimetry data from Jason‐2/3 and more than 300 global GNSS stations, the data are processed in 2014 and 2018 when the Sun is in a high and a low activity conditions. The results suggest that the ionosphere determination based on multitechnique fusion in a solar‐geomagnetic reference frame is well suitable to represent the ionosphere and its structure. The determined ionosphere achieves a better global consistency, and its formal accuracy is significantly reduced. By comparing with the International GNSS Service products, evaluating by satellite altimetry measurements, and independently validating with ionosonde techniques, it is proved that the ionosphere results are further improved through employing additional available data, especially for the ionosphere over the oceans.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9380
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9402
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Wettability and connectivity of overmature shales in the Fuling gas field, Sichuan Basin (China) (2019)
    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉ABSTRACT〈/div〉The Fuling gas field in Sichuan Basin, China, has produced greater than 1.5 × 10〈sup〉10〈/sup〉 m〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 (0.53 tcf) of natural gas from overmature Upper Ordovician Wufeng and lower Silurian Longmaxi shales. To systemically investigate the characteristics of wettability and connectivity and to understand the underlying causes of production behavior, we study five samples of Wufeng and Longmaxi shales with different total organic carbon contents and mineral compositions. Complementary approaches include mercury intrusion capillary pressure (MICP), contact angle measurement, spontaneous imbibition and saturated diffusion, and tracer (both nonsorbing and sorbing) migration mapped via laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. According to measured contact angles and imbibition tests conducted on aqueous (deionized water and brine) and oleic (n-decane) phases, Wufeng and Longmaxi shales are strongly oil wet and moderately strong water wet. The lower boundary of estimated permeability obtained from n-decane imbibition can reach 137 nd, which is higher than the geometric mean permeability derived from the MICP method (5.5–68.8 nd). Effective diffusion coefficients of the Wufeng and Longmaxi shales are in the range of 10〈sup〉−13〈/sup〉 m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/s (1.1 × 10〈sup〉−12〈/sup〉 ft〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/s). Tests of imbibition and saturated diffusion using tracer-containing brine show that concentrations of nanometer-sized tracers decrease rapidly (a factor of 〉10) over a migration distance of a few millimeters from the sample edge, suggesting the presence of poorly edge-connected water-wet pores. Sparsely connected hydrophilic pores, mixed wettability, and highly restricted pathways collectively contribute to the limited migration of nano-sized tracers, which probably results in the production behavior of initial steep decline and low overall recovery in the Fuling gas field.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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  • 7
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    Does persistence of showy calyces in Limonium leptolobum enhance pollinator attraction? (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-28
    Description: Aims The calyx, the outermost whorl of a flower (usually green), has been considered to function to protect flowers. In some species, however, calyces are colorful and retained during seed development. Limonium species have been exploited as cut flower crops because the calyces persist for several months after the corolla has closed. To explore the adaptive significance of the persistent calyx in a desert plant Limonium leptolobum , we ask whether persistence of calyces can enhance pollinator attraction by enlarging floral displays, increasing reproductive success in this self-incompatible species. Methods The yellow flower of L. leptolobum lasted 1–2 days but its white, membranous calyx extended fully after the corolla closed, and persisted for over 2 months in the field, making hundreds of ‘showy flowers’ on one individual. To examine the ecological function of calyces, we test the pollinator attraction hypothesis. In an experimental population, we compared the difference in visit frequency and visitor behavior between intact inflorescences and inflorescences with their calyces removed on the same individual plants. Important findings In four experimental plots four types of floral visitors were observed including bees, butterflies, syrphid flies and day-flying moths. No significant preference was observed between calyx-free and intact inflorescences for both first arrivals and total visit frequency of all types of floral visitors, indicating that the persistence of calyces did not make plants more attractive to potential pollinators. The pollinator attraction hypothesis for the showy calyces was not supported by the current data. Whether the calyx in this desert plant helps seed development or has other functions needs further study.
    Print ISSN: 1752-993X
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-9921
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Variation of nitric oxide emission potential in plants: a possible link to leaf N content and net photosynthetic activity (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-21
    Description: Aims Ecological systems, especially soils, have been recently recognized as an important source of atmospheric nitric oxide (NO). However, the study on the contribution of plants to atmospheric NO budget is significantly lagged. The specific objectives of this study are to reveal the phylogenetic variation in NO emission potential existing in various plant species and find out the possible leaf traits affecting NO emission potential. Methods We measured NO emission potential, leaf N and C content, C:N ratio, specific leaf area, net photosynthetic rate (P n ) and estimated photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE) of 88 plant species. Further investigation of the relationships between NO emission potential and leaf traits were performed by simple linear regression analysis and pair-wise correlation coefficients analysis. Important Findings Major results are as follows: (1) NO emission from plant species exhibited large variations, ranging from 0 to 41.7 nmol m –2 h –1 , and the species frequency distributions of NO emission potential could be fitted to a log-normal curve. (2) Among 88 species, NO emission potential was the highest in Podocarpus macrophyllus , but lowest in Zanthoxylum nitidum and Vernicia montana . (3) NO emission potential has strong correlation to leaf N content, P n and PNUE. The variations in NO emission potential among diverse plant species may be closely related to leaf N level and net photosynthetic ability.
    Print ISSN: 1752-993X
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-9921
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    pH-dependent binding of apoptotic cells by DEC205 [Immunology and Inflammation] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-10
    Description: Dendritic cells play important roles in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. DEC205 (CD205) is one of the major endocytotic receptors on dendritic cells and has been widely used for vaccine generation against viruses and tumors. However, little is known about its structure and functional mechanism. Here we determine the...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Seismic Stability Analysis of the Yanghuya Fly Ash Tailings Dam (2014)
    Association of Engineering Geologists (AEG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: The Yanghuya tailings dam, which is located in the city of Zibo, China, exposes the residential area below the dam to a high level of flood debris risk, and, as such, the stability of the tailings dam was evaluated. The seismic stability of the tailings dam was evaluated using pseudo-static and time-response approaches in the program FLAC, as the site is located in seismic intensity zone VII. The pseudo-static factor of safety (FOS) of the dam indicates that the FOS of tailings dam is above 1.13, which is within the permissible limits of the China National Standard Safety Code, which requires that the FOS must be above 1.05. A dynamic time-response analysis indicates that slides or large displacements may occur in the embankment fill along the interface between the silty clay and the bedrock. The sensitivity of these displacements to the damping ratio and the shear strength was evaluated. Improvements to the monitoring program are also proposed.
    Print ISSN: 1078-7275
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Association of Engineering Geologists (AEG)
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