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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Basaltic volcanism is most typically thought to produce effusion of lava, with the most explosive manifestations ranging from mild Strombolian activity to more energetic fire fountain eruptions. However, some basaltic eruptions are now recognized as extremely violent, i.e., generating widespread phreatomagmatic, subplinian and Plinian fall deposits. We focus here on the influence of conduit processes, especially partial open-system degassing, in triggering abrupt changes in style and intensity that occurred during two examples of basaltic Plinian volcanism. We use the 1886 eruption of Tarawera, New Zealand, the youngest known basaltic Plinian eruption and the only one for which there are detailed written eyewitness accounts, and the well-documented 122 BC eruption of Mount Etna, Italy, and present new grain size and vesicularity data from the proximal deposits. These data show that even during extremely powerful basaltic eruptions, conduit processes play a critical role in modifying the form of the eruptions. Even with very high discharge, and presumably ascent, rates, partial open-system behaviour of basaltic melts becomes a critical factor that leads to development of domains of largely stagnant and outgassed melt that restricts the effective radius of the conduit. The exact path taken in the waning stages of the eruptions varied, in response to factors which included conduit geometry, efficiency and extent of outgassing and availability of ground water, but a relatively abrupt cessation to sustained high-intensity discharge was an inevitable consequence of the degassing processes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-14
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: basaltic Plinian eruption ; Etna ; Tarawera and explosive volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 520 bytes
    Format: 743033 bytes
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    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Explosive volcanism ; Magmatic ; Phreatomagmatic ; Crater Hill ; Basalt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  A series of alternating phreatomagmatic ("wet") and magmatic ("dry") basaltic pyroclastic deposits forming the Crater Hill tuff ring in New Zealand contains one unit (M1) which can only be interpreted as the products of mixing of ejecta from simultaneous wet and dry explosions at different portions of a multiple vent system. The principal characteristics of M1 are (a) rapid lateral changes in the thicknesses of, and proportions in juvenile components in individual beds, and (b) wide ranges of juvenile clast densities in every sample. M1 appears to have been associated with an elongate source of highly variable and fluctuating magma : water ratios and magma discharge rates. This contrasts with the only other documented mixed (wet and dry) basaltic pyroclastic deposits where mixing from two point sources of quite different but stable character has been inferred.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 385 (1997), S. 306-307 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Dade and Huppert1 present a model for emplacement of the Taupo ignimbrite (New Zealand) from a turbulent dilute pyroclastic current (0.3% solids by volume). This model contrasts sharply with that of a concentrated current (tens of per cent solids by volume) previously proposed by me2 to explain ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 378 (1995), S. 605-607 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The central Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ; Fig. 1) is the most productive Quaternary rhyolitic volcanic system on Earth. At least 34 voluminous ignimbrites (30-1,000 km3 bulk volume) have been erupted from eight caldera volcanoes"'12 in central TVZ since 1.6Myr. Several of the New Zealand ignimbrites ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 283 (1980), S. 286-287 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The young age of the Taupo and Rabaul ignimbrites, and their occurrence in humid areas where a luxuriant vegetation anchors and protects pyroclastic deposits very soon after they have formed, has resulted in their remarkably good structural preservation. These ignimbrites shown new features which ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 286 (1980), S. 912-912 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] WALKER ET AL. REPLY-We accept without reservation the relationships described by Fisher and others from the Lesser Antilles. We have long believed in the concept that pyroclastic flows sensu stricto and pyroclastic surges have fundamentally different transport mechanisms. What is in question, ...
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 288 (1980), S. 252-253 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The products of the Taupo eruption are rhyolitic and are dispersed over a large part of the North Island2. They consist of an initial plinian pumice-fall deposit (the Hatepe Pumice)2, two phreatoplinian3 ashes (the Putty Ash and Rotongaio Ash)4 which are separated by an erosion break, the ...
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 293 (1981), S. 491-492 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] WILSON ET AL. REPLY-We answer Froggatt's five objections to our interpretation1 as follows: (1) We accept that the red Sun, Moon and sky colouration would have been caused by the finest particles (mostly ^0.5 |xm)2 and that particles from sources other than Taupo could have been responsible. We ...
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 56 (1994), S. 538-551 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words dilute gravity current ; rain-flushed ash grain size ; grain morphology ; Hatepe Plinian deposit ; Taupo ; New Zealand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Two groups of poorly sorted ash-rich beds, previously interpreted as rain-flushed ashes, occur in the ca. AD 180 Hatepe Plinian pumice fall deposit at Taupo volcano, New Zealand. Two ash beds with similar dispersal patterns and an aggregate thickness of up to 13 cm make up the lowermost group (A). Group A beds extend 45 km north-east of the vent and cover 290 km2. In the southern part of the group A distribution area, a coarse ash to lapilli-size Plinian pumice bed (deposit B) separates the two group A beds. The scarcity of lapilli (material seen elsewhere from the still-depositing pumice fall) in group A beds indicates that they were rapidly transported and deposited. However, this rapid transportation and deposition did not produce cross-bedding, nor did it erode the underlying deposits. It is proposed that thick (〉600 m) but dilute gravity currents generated from the collapsing outer margin of the otherwise buoyant Hatepe Plinian eruption column deposited the group A beds. The upper ash beds (group C) consist of one to seven layers, attain an aggregate thickness of ?35 cm, and vary considerably in thickness and number of beds with respect to distance from vent. Group C beds contain variable amounts of ash mixed with angular Plinian pumices and are genuine rain-flushed ashes. Several recent eruptions at other volcanoes (Ukinrek Maars, Vulcan, Rabaul, La Soufrière de Guadeloupe and Soufrière, St Vincent) have produced gravity currents similar in style, but much smaller than those envisaged for group A deposits. The overloaded margins of otherwise buoyant eruption plumes generated these gravity currents. Laboratory studies have produced experimental gravity current analogues. Hazards from dilute gravity currents are considerable but often overlooked, thus the recognition of gravity current deposits will contribute to more thorough volcanic hazard assessment of prehistoric eruption sequences.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 50 (1988), S. 350-351 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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