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  • 1
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    In:  Pageoph, Leipzig, 3-4, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 701-725, pp. L19606, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1974
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake precursor: simulated in laboratory tests ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Dual Induction Latero logAT
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  • 2
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    In:  Pageoph, Leipzig, 3-4, vol. 113, no. 4, pp. 149-167, pp. L19606, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake precursor: simulated in laboratory tests ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Dual Induction Latero logAT
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  • 3
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    In:  Pageoph, Leipzig, 3-4, vol. 114, no. 4, pp. 1031-1082, pp. L19606, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake precursor: simulated in laboratory tests ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Dual Induction Latero logAT
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  • 4
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    In:  Pageoph, Leipzig, 3-4, vol. 114, no. 4, pp. 119-139, pp. L19606, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake precursor: simulated in laboratory tests ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Dual Induction Latero logAT
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  • 5
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    In:  Pageoph, Leipzig, 3-4, vol. 115, no. 4, pp. 357-374, pp. L19606, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Induced seismicity ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; Earthquake precursor: statistical anal. of seismicity
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 114 (1976), S. 119-139 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theory of deep earthquakes, termed the inclusion collapse theory, is proposed in this paper. In the inclusion theory of crustal (or shallow) earthquakes, faults were shown to terminate within an inclusion zone. This zone represents a region within the brittle portion of the lithospheric plate that contains open cracks (voids) of varying sizes that, to a first order approximation, are uniformly distributed throughout the inclusion zone. When the lithospheric plate containing these faults and their associated inclusions is subducted into the mantle, the stress normal to the fault planes must increase. A depth is eventually reached where slippage along the fault planes is no longer possible. Earthquakes are postulated to occur at a specified depth within the mantle as a result of processes leading to collapse of these voids. When the long-term modulus of the plate is much greater than the long-term modulus of the mantle, large pressures are shown to develop within the plate during periods of active subduction. These pressures are shown to be sufficient to initiate partial collapse of voids of similar geometry throughout the inclusion zone. The inclusion collapse theory and the concentration of pressure within the plate lead to four results. (1) Earthquakes that are produced by a void collapse mechanism will not occur below a subduction depth calculated to be between 350 and 1000 km (2) The physical process most likely responsible for producing void collapse is the formation of shear, melt zones whose thicknesses are on the order of 1 to 10 cm in the immediate vicinity of the voids. This mechanism, is shown to produce a ‘precursor’ time on the order of a few hundred seconds during which there is a release of shear strain prior to the earthquake. (3) The maximum energy released by void collapse is independent of the source depth. (4) The number of earthquakes produced by this process will decrease hyperbolically with source depth. Source depth, in the context used in this article, refers to the depth in the mantle to the inclusion zone where voids of similar geometry are undergoing partial collapse. The maximum source depth refers to the depth where all voids have closed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 114 (1976), S. 727-739 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The scale invariant inclusion theory of failure is applied to the problem of aftershock sequences. In the inclusion theory, a macrocrack, or void of low aspect ratio, the length of which depends upon the magnitude of the impending mainshock, forms within the inclusion zone of the impending earthquake. The fault zone that precedes the inclusion zone represents that part of the macrocrack that has closed. It is shown that bifurcation (branching) of the macrocrack and its associated fault must occur within the focal region of the inclusion during the growth phase of the earthquake. The bifurcation process produces extensive faulting of the material that comprises the focal region. A prediction of the inclusion theory is that each fault within the focal region will terminate within a zone of concentrated dilatancy that may or may not be in an unstable state. When the zone is unstable, an aftershock will occur. It is shown that these inclusion zones will, on the average, occur near the boundaries of the focal region. Failure of these unstable zones leads to additional failures within the interior portions of the focal region. These failures represent ‘lock point’ failures along the fault(s) and will, in general, exhibit few or no additional aftershocks. The bifurcation model of aftershock sequences leads to five results: (1) The aftershock sequence will exhibit an inverse hyperbolic time decay law when the stresses that are applied at distances far removed from the hypocenter remain constant during the sequence and when there isno interaction between the brittle lithosphere (where aftershocks occur) and the underlying asthenosphere. (2) The mean magnitude of any group of aftershocks within the sequence will be approximately constant in time. (3) The aftershocks will, in general, have focal mechanisms identical to that of the mainshock. (4) Large seismic events that occur throughout the aftershock zone will be independent of one another when the aftershocks are sufficiently far apart (∼two-three ‘fault’ lengths) and when the applied tectonic stresses remain constant during the sequence. (5) The bifurcation model predicts that theb-value of the aftershock sequence will be 1.0 when both the Utsu relationship between aftershock area and mainshock magnitude and the Gutenburg Richter frequency-magnitude relationship are satisfied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 114 (1976), S. 469-477 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The density of a subducting plate is shown to become greater than the density of the adjacent mantle rock at a subduction depth on the order of 60 km. The density increase results from high pressures generated within the plate during its motion into mantle rock whose long-term strength is much less than the long-term strength of the plate. This positive density contrast between the plate and mantle is in addition to any positive density contrast that may result from the plate not being in thermal equilibrium with the adjacent mantle rock. The effect of this pressure induced density contrast on the overall down-dip stress distribution in the plate is shown to be insignificant on earthquake formation except, possibly, near the upper, near-surface portions of the plate. Implications of this result in terms of the inclusion collapse theory of deep earthquakes are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 113 (1975), S. 149-168 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The scale independent inclusion theory of rock failure developed in Part I is applied to the problem of crustal earthquakes and, in particular, to the problem of premonitory phenomena reported to precede such earthquakes. Several well-known premonitory effects such as anomalous variation in the ratio of longitudinal (V p ) and shear (V s ) seismic velocities,V p /V s , tilt, regional and local crustal movements and stress axis rotation, to mention a few, are shown to be a natural consequence of the physical processes leading to failure in dry rock. The effects of fluids on failure in the focal region of a potential earthquake are considered in terms of the scale independent inclusion theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 357-374 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Earthquake prediction ; Stressin-situ
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Anomalous seismicity changes (increase followed by a decrease) were recorded prior to three moderate rock bursts in the Star mine, Burke, Idaho. In each case, based upon the anomalous seismicity behavior, miners were evacuated or were prohibited from entering active mine stopes that were located in the immediate vicinity of the seismicity buildup prior to the bursts. Analyses of pre- and post-seismic activity are interpreted in terms of, and shown to be consistent with, the inclusion theory of failure. Implications of these observational results for the problem of rock bursts and earthquake prediction are discussed.
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