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  • 1
    Call number: SR 90.0014(118)
    In: Beiträge zur geologischen Karte der Schweiz = Materiaux pour la carte geologique de la Suisse = Materiali per la carta geologica della Svizzera
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: XVI, 134 S.
    Series Statement: Beiträge zur geologischen Karte der Schweiz N.F., 118 = d. ganzen Werkes 148
    Language: German
    Location: Lower compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Terra nova 9 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Carbonate platform drownings are frequent, often synchronous global occurrences, yet explanations for these world-wide events remain unsatisfactory. In the Central Apennines, Lower and Middle Miocene carbonate rocks deposited on a ‘temperate’ ramp in the Maiella platform margin record two episodes of platform drowning followed by hemipelagic sedimentation, dated as latest Oligocene–Aquitanian (26–23 Ma) and as Burdigalian–Langhian (20–16 Ma). A high-resolution stratigraphy, based on strontium- isotopes, allows us to correlate key phases of platform evolution with events recorded in deep water ocean sediments. This paper suggests that high weathering rates and nutrient input in the Mediterranean during the early and middle Miocene –possibly linked to the uplift of the Tibetan region – set the preconditions for platform drowning, which were ultimately caused by rapid eustatic sea-level rises.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: We provide new geological and isotope geochemical constraints on the evolution from continental rifting to sea-floor spreading along a segment of the Jurassic Tethyan margin exposed in the Platta and Err nappes (eastern Central Alps). Field observations show that the ocean–continent transition zone is characterized by oceanward-dipping detachment faults leading to the exhumation of subcontinental mantle rocks subsequently intruded by gabbro bodies and dolerite dikes, and covered by pillow basalts and radiolarites. Zircons extracted from gabbros and albitite yield concordant U–Pb ages of 161 ± 1 Ma; their initial ɛHf (+ 14.4 to + 14.9) as well as bulk rock ɛNd values of from gabbros and basalts (+ 7.3 to + 9.5) point to a MORB-type depleted mantle source. These data suggest that the onset of magmatic activity coincides with the latest phase of mantle exhumation along low-angle detachment faults and may be controlled by upwelling asthenosphere beneath a zone of exhumed continental mantle.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Clay mineral assemblages determined by X-ray diffraction, in the Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous hemipelagic/pelagic sediments and in the Upper Cretaceous flysch sequences of the Lombardian Basin (Southern Alps) record tectonic and possibly climatic changes in the source areas and to a lesser extent, alterations during burial diagenesis. In the hemipelagic/pelagic sediments exposed in the Breggia valley in southern Switzerland, the clay fraction is dominated by illite and smectite and seems not to be altered much by burial diagenesis. The varied clay mineral assemblages of the Liassic sediments result from intense erosion of emergent source areas exposed during early rifting phases. A distinction between smectite-rich limestones and illite-rich marls in these syn-rift to early post-rift sediments could reflect short-term climatic fluctuations or, alternatively, a preferential replacement of smectite by illite during incipient burial diagenesis in the marls. The predominantly smectitic composition of the clay fraction in the upper Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous sediments documents gentle erosion of smectite-rich soils developing under a warm and seasonally humid climate on a relatively stable distant source area. In the Aptian, an increase in illite in the clay fraction of the hemipelagic Scaglia Lombarda Group points to an increased detrital influx from emergent source areas. This influx is related to the onset of orogenic movements along the Austroalpine/South Pennine active margin, resulting in Middle Cretaceous flysch sedimentation in the Austroalpine realm. Increasing influx from emergent continental crust is reflected by the high amounts of illite and chlorite in the Upper Cretaceous flysch sequences of the eastern Brianza area. However, the high amounts of chlorite in limestone turbidites in the lower part of the flysch sequence (Pontida Formation, Turonian) suggest transformation of smectite to chlorite under conditions of burial diagenesis. In the younger flysch deposits (Bergamo Flysch, Upper Santonian-Campanian) detrital clay minerals are preserved. The occurrence of kaolinite and smectite beside illite and minor chlorite suggests intense weathering and less relief during deposition of the Bergamo Flysch.
    Abstract: Résumé Les minéraux argileux des formations jurassiques et crétacées du Bassin Lombard (Alpes méridionales) sont étudiés par diffraction des rayons X. Les variations des cortèges argileux des sédiments pélagiques et des flyschs du Crétacé supérieur résultent de modifications tectoniques, climatiques et dans une moindre mesure d'évolutions diagénétiques liées à l'enfouissement. L'illite et la smectite dominent très largement les assemblages minéralogiques dans les sédiments pélagiques et hémipélagiques étudiés dans les gorges de la Breggia (Tessin, Suisse méridionale). L'influence de la diagenèse d'enfouissement paraît modérée et les assemblages argileux très diversifiés des formations liasiques reflètent une érosion active des zones continentales au début du rifting. Dans les formations syn-rift alternantes calcaire-marne, la fraction argileuse des marnes est systématiquement enrichie en illite par rapport à celle des calcaires. Ces relations entre minéralogie des argiles et lithologie résultent soit de fluctuations climatiques, soit d'une illitisation préférentielle des smectites dans les intervalles marneux. A partir du Jurassique moyen et supérieur et jusqu'au Barrémien inclus, la fraction argileuse des sédiments est très smectitique. Elle reflète l'érosion superficielle de sols riches en smectites développés sous climat chaud à humidité saisonnière contrastée sur des domaines continentaux aplanis et probablement très éloignés. A l'Aptien, les apports illitiques importants traduisent, le long de la marge active Austroalpine/Sud Pennique, le début de mouvements orogéniques responsables du dépôt des flyschs dans le domaine Austro-alpin. Dans les faciès flysch du Crétacé supérieur de la Brianza orientale, les apports d'illites et de chlorites s'accordent avec l'augmentation de l'érosion sur les domaines continentaux. Cependant, l'influence d'une diagenèse d'enfouissement est attestée en particulier par les très fortes proportions de chlorites présentes dans les turbidites calcaires (Pontida formation, Turonien). Dans les dépôts de flysch plus récents (Bergamo flysch, Santonien-Campanien), les minéraux argileux détritiques sont mieux préservés. La présence systématique de kaolinite et de smectite suggère le développement d'une altération continentale importante sur des reliefs moins marqués par rapport aux périodes plus anciennes du Crétacé supérieur.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Röntgendiffraktometrisch bestimmte Tonmineral-Assoziationen in den jurassisch-unterkretazischen hemipelagischen und pelagischen Sedimenten sowie in den Oberkreide-Flyschen des Lombardischen Beckens der Südalpen erlauben wichtige Rückschlüsse über tektonische und eventuell klimatische Änderungen in den Liefergebieten sowie, in etwas geringerem Maße, über Veränderungen während der Uberlagerungs-Diagenese. Die vorwiegend illitisch-smektitische Tonfraktion der hemipelagisch/pelagischen Sedimente der Breggia-Schlucht (Tessin, Süd-Schweiz) scheint wenig verändert durch die Überlagerungs-Diagenese. Die stark variable Zusammensetzung der Tonfraktion der liassischen Sedimente deutet auf eine intensive Erosion der während des frühen Riftings herausgehobenen Liefergebiete. Eine Differenzierung zwischen Smektit-reichen Kalken und Illitreichen Mergeln in den syn- und frühen post-rift-Sedimenten des Lias deutet auf kurzfristige klimatische Fluktuationen (Milankovitch-Zyklen) oder auf einen Ersatz von Smektit durch Illit während der beginnenden Überlagerungs-Diagenese in den Mergeln. Die hauptsächlich smektitische Zusammensetzung der Tonfraktion in den mittel-jurassischen bis unter-kretazischen Sedimenten weist auf eine weniger intensive Erosion Smektit-reicher Böden in relativ stabilen, weit entfernten Liefergebieten mit einem warmen und saisonal humiden Klima. Eine deutliche Zunahme der Sedimentationsraten und des Illits in der Tonfraktion der hemipelagischen Scaglia Lombarda belegt einen zunehmenden detritischen Einfluß vom Aptian an. Dieser detritische Einfluß läßt sich mit dem Einsetzen orogener Heraushebung längs des aktiven Kontinentalrandes an der Süd-Penninikum/Ostalpin-Grenze in Verbindung bringen, da er mit Flysch-Ablagerungen in Süd-Penninikum und Ostalpin zeitlich zusammenfällt. Eine zunehmend detritische Schüttung aus kontinentalen kristallinen Liefergebieten läßt sich in den Illit- und Chlorit-reichen Tonmineral-Assoziationen der Oberkreide-Flysche der östlichen Brianza (Provinz Como, Nord-Italien) erkennen. Die hohen Chlorit-Konzentrationen in Kalk-Turbiditen im unteren Teil der Flysch-Abfolge (Pontida-Formation, Turonian) lassen hingegen eher eine diagenetische Umwandlung von Smektit in Chlorit vermuten. In den jüngeren Flysch-Ablagerungen (Bergamo-Flysch, Oberes Santonian bis Campanian) läßt sich die ursprüngliche detritische Tonmineral-Vergesellschaftung noch erkennen. In dieser Formation deutet das Vorkommen von Kaolinit und Smektit neben Illit und wenig Chlorit auf eine intensive Verwitterung und ein kleineres Relief im Hinterland.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 74 (1985), S. 665-679 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Remnants of the Liguria-Piemont Ocean with its Jurassic ophiolitic basement are preserved in the South Pennine thrust nappes of eastern Switzerland. Analysis of South Pennine stratigraphy and comparison with sequences from the adjacent continental margin units suggest that South Pennine nappes are relics of a transform fault system. This interpretation is based on three arguments: (1) In the highly dismembered ophiolite suite preserved, Middle to Late Jurassic pelagic sediments are found in stratigraphic contact not only with pillow basalts but also with serpentinites indicating the occurrence of serpentinite protrusions along fracture zones. (2) Ophiolite breccias (»ophicalcites«) occurring along distinct zones within peridotite-serpentinite host rocks are comparable with breccias from present-day oceanic fracture zones. They originated from a combination of tectonic and sedimentary processes: i.e. the fragmentation of oceanic basement on the seafloor and the filling of a network of neptunian dikes by pelagic sediment with locally superimposed hydrothermal activity and gravitational collapse. (3) The overlying Middle to Late Jurassic radiolarian chert contains repeated intercalations of massflow conglomerates mainly comprising components of oceanic basement but clasts of acidic basement rocks and oolitic limestone also exist. This indicates a close proximity between continental and oceanic basement. The rugged morphology manifested in the mass-flow deposits intercalated with the radiolarites is draped by pelagic sediments of Early Cretaceous age.
    Abstract: Résumé Des restes de l'océan liguro-piémontais avec son socle ophiolitique jurassique sont préservées dans les nappes du Pennique méridional de Suisse orientale. L'analyse de la stratigraphie sud-pennique et la comparaison avec les séquences d'unités de marge continentale adjacentes, suggèrent que les nappes penniques méridionales sont les restes d'un système de failles transformantes. Cette interprétation se base sur 3 arguments: (1) dans la séquence ophiolitique fortement disloquée, des sédiments pélagiques du Jurassique moyen à supérieur préservent des contacts stratigraphiques non seulement avec des basalts en coussins, mais aussi avec des serpentinites, indiquant l'occurence de protrusions ultramafiques le long de zones de fractures. (2) Des brèches ophiolitiques (»ophicalcites«) qui apparaissent dans des zones distinctes à l'intérieur de masses de péridotite-serpentinite sont comparables aux brèches des zones de fractures actuelles. Ces roches sont issues de la combinaison de processus tectoniques et sédimentaires, notamment la fragmentation du socle océanique au fond de la mer et le remplissage d'un réseau de filons néptuniens par du matérial sédimentaire pélagique, suivi localement d'une activité hydrothermale et d'un effondrement gravitationel. (3) Les radiolarites sur-jacentes du Jurassique supérieur recèlent des intercalations répétées de conglomerats d'écoulements de masse, comprenant principalement des constituants du socle océanique, mais aussi des clastes de roches acides et de calcaires oolithiques, indiquant ainsi la contiguité du socle continental et océanique. La morphologie mouvementée traduite par des dépôts d'écoulements de masse intercalés dans les radiolarites, est recouverte par des sédiments pélagiques d'âge crétacé inférieur.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Überreste des Ligurisch-Piemontesischen Ozeans mit seiner ophiolitischen Unterlage sind in den südpenninischen Decken Graubündens (E-Schweiz) erhalten. Auf Grund einer Analyse der südpenninischen Stratigraphie und einem Vergleich mit Serien aus ophiolithführenden Decken der Westalpen und Apenninen interpretieren wir die südpenninischen Decken als Relikte eines ozeanischen Transform-Bruch-Systems. Diese Interpretation beruht auf drei Argumenten: (1) Die stark zerrissene Ophiolitabfolge ist von pelagischen Sedimenten des ?mittleren und oberen Jura überlagert, wobei diese sowohl mit Basalten als auch mit Serpentiniten in stratigraphischem Kontakt sind. Wir vergleichen die südpenninischen Serpentinite mit Serpentinit-Protrusionen entlang von ozeanischen Bruchzonen. (2) Ophiolith-Breccien (»Ophicalcite«), die entlang bestimmter Zonen innerhalb des Serpentinitmuttergesteins auftreten, sind mit Breccien, wie sie in heutigen Transform-Brüchen gefunden werden, vergleichbar. Tektonische und sedimentäre Prozesse waren an der Bildung dieser Breccien beteiligt. Serpentinite zerbrachen in tektonisch aktiven Zonen und die entstehenden Risse und Gräben wurden mit pelagischem Sediment und mit Kollapsbreccien gefüllt. Hydrothermale Prozesse überprägten viele der Ophicalcite. (3) In den oberjurassischen Radiolariten findet man wiederholt Einschaltungen von Konglomeraten, in denen Ophiolith-Komponenten dominieren, in denen aber auch Komponenten von granitischen Gesteinen und von Flachwasserkarbonaten (?Triasische Oolite) an verschiedenen Orten beigemischt sind. Daraus schließen wir auf eine enge Nachbarschaft von ozeanischer und kontinentaler Kruste im Bereich des südpenninischen Ozeans. Ähnlich wie heute im Golf von Kalifornien dürfte die mesozoische kontinentale Kruste entlang des Ligurisch-Piemontesischen Ozeans durch Bruchzonen segmentiert worden sein. Über dieses ausgeprägte Relief lagern sich in der unteren Kreide pelagische Kalke, Mergel und schwarze Kieselschiefer, die Hinweise auf die Ozeanographie der Tethys geben.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A history of geodynamic evolution of the Mediterranean leading to the salinity crisis is outlined, based on the ‘desiccated deep-basin model’. An accurate portrayal of the crisis is presented, based on data from new drilling and studies of on-land ...
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: non-volcanic rifted margins ; passive continental margins ; Atlantic ; Tethys ; Alps ; Galicia ; Newfoundland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Although of different age, the undeformed Cretaceous Iberia/Newfoundland margins and the relics of the Jurassic Briançonnais/Adriatic margins preserved in the Alps document a similar spatial and temporal evolution of rifting suggesting that the evolution of both pairs of margins was controlled by the same processes. Rifting appears to depend strongly on the thermal history of the lithosphere, which controls the rheology and consequently also the structural evolution of the margin. The tectonic evolution of non-volcanic margins appears to be distinctly different from that of volcanic ones.
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  • 8
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: McKenzie, Judith A; Bernoulli, Daniel; Schlanger, Seymour O (1980): Shallow-water carbonate sediments from the Emperor seamounts: Their diagenesis and paleogeographic significance. In: Jackson, ED; Koisumi, I; et al., (eds.), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 55, 415-455, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.55.115.1980
    Publication Date: 2023-06-27
    Description: Deep sea drilling on four seamounts in the Emperor Seamount chain revealed that Paleogene shallow-water carbonate sediments of the "bryozoan-algal" facies crown the basalt edifices. According to the biofacies model of Schlanger and Konishi (1966, 1975), this bryozoan- algal assemblage suggests that the seamounts formed in cooler, more northerly waters than those presently occupied by the island of Hawaii; i.e., the paleolatitudes of formation were greater than 20 °N. Moving southward toward the youngest member of the seamount chain, a facies gradient indicative of warmer waters was observed. This gradient is interpreted as a reflection of a northward shift in isotherms during the time span in which the seamounts were progressively formed (Savin et al., 1975). On all seamounts, sedimentation at the drilling sites occurred in a high-energy environment with water depths of approximately 20 meters. Early-stage carbonate diagenesis began in the phreatic zone in the presence of meteoric water, but proceeded after subsidence of the seamounts into intermediate sea waters, where the bulk, stable isotopic composition was determined. The subsidence into intermediate waters was rapid, and permitted establishment of an isotopic equilibrium which, like the facies gradient, reflects the northward shift in isotherms during the Paleogene. Calcite and zeolite cements comprise the later-stage diagenesis, and originated from solutions arising from the hydrolysis of the underlying basalt. In conclusion, the results of this study of the shallow-water carbonate sediments are not inconsistent with a paleolatitude of formation for Suiko Seamount (Site 433) of 26.9 ±3.5 °N, as determined by paleomagnetic measurements (Kono, 1980).
    Keywords: 32-308; 55-430; 55-432A; 55-433A; 55-433B; 55-433C; Deep Sea Drilling Project; Description; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Elevation of event; Event label; Glomar Challenger; Latitude of event; Leg32; Leg55; Longitude of event; Mass spectrometer VG Micromass 903; North Pacific/GUYOT; North Pacific/SEAMOUNT; North Pacific/SEDIMENT POND; North Pacific/TERRACE; Sample code/label; δ13C, carbonate; δ18O, carbonate
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 140 data points
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  • 9
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Kälin, Otto; Bernoulli, Daniel (1984): Schizosphaerella Deflandre and Dangeard in Jurassic deeper-water carbonate sediments, Mazagan Continental Margin (Hole 547B) and Mesozoic Tethys. In: Hinz, K; Winterer, EL; et al. (eds.), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 79, 411-435, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.79.112.1984
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: The Jurassic (hemi)pelagic continental margin deposits drilled at Hole 547B, off the Moroccan coast, reveal striking Tethyan affinity. Analogies concern not only types and gross vertical evolution of facies, but also composition and textures of the fine sediment and the pattern of diagenetic alteration. In this context, the occurrence of the nanno-organism Schizosphaerella Deflandre and Dangeard (sometimes as a conspicuous portion of the fine-grained carbonate fraction) is of particular interest. Schizosphaerella, an incertae sedis taxon, has been widely recorded as a sediment contributor from Tethyan Jurassic deeper-water carbonate facies exposed on land. Because of its extremely long range (Hettangian to early Kimmeridgian), the genus Schizosphaerella (two species currently described, S. punctulata Deflandre and Dangeard and S. astrea Moshkovitz) is obviously not of great biostratigraphic interest. However, it is of interest in sedimentology and petrology. Specifically, Schizosphaerella was often the only component of the initial fine-grained fraction of a sediment that was able to resist diagenetic obliteration. However, alteration of the original skeletal structure did occur to various degrees. Crystal habit and mineralogy of the fundamental skeletal elements, as well as their mode of mutual arrangement in the test wall with the implied high initial porosity of the skeleton (60-70%), appear to be responsible for this outstanding resistance. Moreover, the ability to concentrate within and, in the case of the species S. punctulata, around the skeleton, large amounts of diagenetic calcite also contributed to the resistance. In both species of Schizosphaerella, occlusion of the original skeletal void space during diagenesis appears to have proceeded in an analogous manner, with an initial slight uniform syntaxial enlargement of the basic lamellar skeletal crystallites followed, upon mutual impingement, by uneven accretion of overgrowth cement in the remaining skeletal voids. However, distinctive fabrics are evident according to the different primary test wall architecture. In S. punctulata, intraskeletal cementation is usually followed by the growth of a radially structured crust of bladed to fibrous calcite around the valves. These crusts are interpreted as a product of aggrading neomorphism, associated with mineralogic stabilization of the original, presumably polyphase, sediment. Data from Hole 547B, along with inferences, drawn from the fabric relationships, suggest that the crusts formed and (inferentially) mineralogic stabilization occurred at a relatively early time in the diagenetic history in the shallow burial realm. An enhanced rate of lithification at relatively shallow burial depths and thus the chance for neomorphism to significantly influence the textural evolution of the buried sediment may be related to a lower Mg/Ca concentration ratio in the oceanic system and, hence, in marine pore waters in pre-Late Jurassic times.
    Keywords: 79-547B; Deep Sea Drilling Project; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Glomar Challenger; Leg79; Light microscope; Method comment; North Atlantic/PLATEAU; Sample code/label; Scanning electron microscope (SEM); Schizosphaerella astraea; Schizosphaerella punctulata; Schizosphaerella spp.
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 278 data points
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2001-01-01
    Description: The close association of serpentinites, basalts and radiolarites, later known as the Steinmann Trinity, was clearly described by Steinmann from the south Pennine Arosa zone and its southern prolongation, the Platta nappe of the eastern Swiss Alps. This classical ophiolite' is distinctly different from typical fast-spreading ridge associations and can be compared with the transitional crust occurring along non-volcanic passive continental margins in present-day oceans. It includes serpentinized peridotites that we interpret as subcontinental mantle rocks, which were exhumed along low-angle detachment faults and locally overlain by extensional allochthons of continental crust, minor gabbroic intrusions, tholeiitic pillow lavas and flows and a succession of oceanic sediments. The serpentinized peridotites record deformation at falling temperatures during extension leading to final exposure of the mantle rocks at the sea floor and their inclusion in tectono-sedimentary breccias (ophicalcites). Field relationships, and mineral-chemical and radiometric data show that the gabbros intruded already serpentinized mantle rocks at shallow depth 161 Ma ago. They are Mg gabbros, Fe gabbros and Fe-Ti gabbros, cut by dioritic pegmatoid veins and albitite dykes, which originated by differentiation from the same parental magma. All gabbros show the same metamorphic evolution, i.e. intrusion at relatively low pressure, oceanic hydration at elevated temperature and a subsequent static oceanic alteration. The pillow lavas stratigraphically overlie the exhumed mantle rocks and the tectono-sedimentary breccias related to the exhumation of both mantle rocks and gabbros. However, both gabbros and pillow basalts are characterized by {varepsilon}Nd values typical for an asthenospheric mid-ocean ridge-type source of the melts. They may be the products of a steady process that combined extensional deformation with magma generation and emplacement. They appear to document the onset of sea-floor spreading across an exhumed subcontinental mantle during the earliest phases of a slow-spreading ridge.
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