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  • 1
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    Isolation of a G protein that is modified by learning and reduces potassium currents in Hermissenda (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-03-23
    Description: In Hermissenda crassicornis conditioned to associate light and rotation, type B photoreceptor neurons exhibit pairing-specific decreases in the potassium currents IA and IK-Ca, which account for many of the behavioral changes elicited by associative conditioning. To determine which proteins are involved in storage of this memory, high-performance liquid chromatography was used to examine proteins from Hermissenda eyes. Conditioning-specific changes in four phosphoproteins were observed 24 hours after conditioning. One of these proteins, cp20, was purified to apparent homogeneity and found to be a G protein. When injected back into Hermissenda type B cells, cp20 reduced IK and IK-Ca in a manner indistinguishable from the reduction caused by conditioning, suggesting that this protein may play a crucial role in memory acquisition or retention.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nelson, T J -- Collin, C -- Alkon, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Mar 23;247(4949 Pt 1):1479-83.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2108498" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Ion Exchange ; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology ; Eye Proteins/isolation & purification/physiology ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*isolation & purification/physiology ; Learning/physiology ; Mollusca/*metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/isolation & purification/physiology ; Potassium/*metabolism ; Potassium Channels/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Early enhancement of calcium currents by H-ras oncoproteins injected into Hermissenda neurons (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-21
    Description: Influx of calcium through membrane channels is an important initial step in signal transduction of growth signals. Therefore, the effects of Ras protein injection on calcium currents across the soma membrane of an identified neuron of the snail Hermissenda were examined. With the use of these post-mitotic cells, a voltage-sensitive, inward calcium current was increased 10 to 20 minutes after Harvey-ras oncoproteins were injected. The effects of oncogenic Harvey ras p21 protein (v-Ras) occurred quickly and were sustained, whereas the effects of proto-oncogenic ras protein (c-Ras) were transient. This relative potency is consistent with the activities of these oncoproteins in stimulating cell proliferation. Thus, this calcium channel may be a target for Ras action.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collin, C -- Papageorge, A G -- Lowy, D R -- Alkon, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1743-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, NINDS-NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2176747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Barium/pharmacology ; Calcium Channels/drug effects/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Microinjections ; Neurons/*physiology ; Oncogene Protein p21(ras)/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Potassium Channels/drug effects/physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Snails
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Imaging of memory-specific changes in the distribution of protein kinase C in the hippocampus (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-08-25
    Description: Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) can mimic the biophysical effects of associative learning on neurons. Furthermore, classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane (a form of associative learning) produces translocation of PKC activity from the cytosolic to the membrane compartments of the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Evidence is provided here for a significant change in the amount and distribution of PKC within the CA1 cell field of the rabbit hippocampus that is specific to learning. This change is seen at 1 day after learning as focal increments of [3H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate binding to PKC in computer-generated images produced from coronal autoradiographs of rabbit brain. In addition, 3 days after learning, the autoradiographs suggest a redistribution of PKC within CA1 from the cell soma to the dendrites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olds, J L -- Anderson, M L -- McPhie, D L -- Staten, L D -- Alkon, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Aug 25;245(4920):866-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2772638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autoradiography ; Hippocampus/*enzymology ; *Memory ; Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate/metabolism ; Protein Kinase C/*analysis ; Rabbits
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Soluble beta-amyloid induction of Alzheimer's phenotype for human fibroblast K+ channels (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-08
    Description: Although beta-amyloid is the main constituent of neurite plaques and may play a role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, mechanisms by which soluble beta-amyloid might produce early symptoms such as memory loss before diffuse plaque deposition have not been implicated. Treatment of fibroblasts with beta-amyloid (10 nM) induced the same potassium channel dysfunction previously shown to occur specifically in fibroblasts from patients with Alzheimer's disease--namely, the absence of a 113-picosiemen potassium channel. A tetraethylammonium-induced increase of intracellular concentrations of calcium, [Ca2+]i, a response that depends on functional 113-picosiemen potassium channels, was also eliminated or markedly reduced by 10 nM beta-amyloid. Increased [Ca2+]i induced by high concentrations of extracellular potassium and 166-picosiemen potassium channels were unaffected by 10 nM beta-amyloid. In Alzheimer's disease, then, beta-amyloid might alter potassium channels and thus impair neuronal function to produce symptoms such as memory loss by a means other than plaque formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Etcheberrigaray, R -- Ito, E -- Kim, C S -- Alkon, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 8;264(5156):276-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Adaptive Systems, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8146663" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*pharmacology ; Bombesin/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide/pharmacology ; Female ; Fibroblasts/*drug effects/metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Phenotype ; Potassium Channel Blockers ; Potassium Channels/*drug effects/metabolism ; Potassium Chloride/pharmacology ; Solubility ; Tetraethylammonium ; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Associative behavioral modification in hermissenda: cellular correlates (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-07-18
    Description: Three days of training consisting of trials of light paired with rotation produces a long-term modification of photopositive behavior in Hermissenda crassicornis. The behavioral modification depends on the temporal association of light and rotation. For animals that received light paired with rotation, significant increases in the spontaneous activity of type B photoreceptors were correlated with changes in photopositive behavior after training. A persistent tonic depolarization of type B photoreceptors can explain the cellular changes correlated with the long-term behavioral modification produced by the temporal association of light and rotation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crow, T J -- Alkon, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Jul 18;209(4454):412-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17747814" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 6
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    Primary changes of membrane currents during retention of associative learning (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-02-05
    Description: A single identified neuron was repeatedly isolated by axotomy from the central nervous system of the nudibranch mollusk Hermissenda crassicornis. An early voltage-dependent outward K+ current of this neuron was reduced and more rapidly inactivated for animals previously trained with paired but not randomized light and rotation. Since this current change can affect interneuron and motorneuron output via known synaptic pathways, it helps explain a long-lasting behavioral change that shows the defining features of vertebrate associative learning.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alkon, D L -- Lederhendler, I -- Shoukimas, J J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Feb 5;215(4533):693-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7058334" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Association Learning/*physiology ; Central Nervous System/physiology ; Electric Conductivity ; Learning/*physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; Mollusca ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photoreceptor Cells/physiology ; Potassium/*physiology
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  • 7
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    Ca2+-dependent protein kinase injection in a photoreceptor mimics biophysical effects of associative learning (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-06-15
    Description: Iontophoretic injection of phosphorylase kinase, a Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, increased input resistance, enhanced the long-lasting depolarization component of the light response, and reduced the early transient outward K+ current, IA, and the late K+ currents, IB, in type B photoreceptors of Hermissenda crassicornis in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Since behavioral and biophysical studies have shown that similar membrane changes persist after associative conditioning, these results suggest that Ca2+-dependent protein phosphorylation could mediate the long-term modulation of specific K+ channels as a step in the generation of a coditioned behavioral change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Acosta-Urquidi, J -- Alkon, D L -- Neary, J T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jun 15;224(4654):1254-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6328653" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/drug effects ; Animals ; *Association Learning ; Horseshoe Crabs ; Ion Channels/drug effects ; Iontophoresis ; *Learning ; Light ; Mollusca ; Phosphorylase Kinase/*pharmacology ; Photoreceptor Cells/*drug effects ; Potassium/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Calcium-mediated reduction of ionic currents: a biophysical memory trace (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-11-30
    Description: Learning behavior similar to vertebrate classical conditioning was demonstrated for the mollusc Hermissenda crassicornis. Postsynaptic membrane changes within well-defined neural systems that mediate the learning play a casual role in recording the learned association for later recall. Specific ionic currents in neural tissue undergo transformations lasting days after associative training with physiologic stimuli. During acquisition the intracellular calcium increases; this increase is accompanied by specific potassium current reduction that lasts for days after conditioning. The increase of calcium enhances calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of proteins that either regulate or are part of ion channels. These currents and the conditions that precede their transformation occur in many types of vertebrate neurons, and hence this biophysical basis of Hermissenda learning could have relevance for species other than the gastropod studied.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alkon, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Nov 30;226(4678):1037-45.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6093258" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Electric Conductivity ; Ion Channels/*physiology ; *Learning ; *Memory ; Mollusca ; Neurons/physiology ; Ocular Physiological Phenomena ; Potassium/metabolism ; Synapses/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    Retention of an associative behavioral change in Hermissenda (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-09-29
    Description: The nudibranch mollusk Hermissenda crassicornis is normally attracted to a test light. Three days of training consisting of 50 trials per day of light paired with a rotational stimulus led to a significant increase, lasting for days, in the animal's response latency to enter a test light. The group that received light associated with rotation was significantly different from groups subjected to nonassociative control procedures. Modifications of well-known sensory networks may be related to a behavioral change that shares several operational features with associative learning.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crow, T J -- Alkon, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Sep 29;201(4362):1239-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/694512" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Association Learning/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Learning/*physiology ; Light ; Memory/*physiology ; Mollusca/*physiology ; Retention (Psychology)/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Voltage-dependent calcium and potassium ion conductances: a contingency mechanism for an associative learning model (1979)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-08-24
    Description: Persistent light-induced depolarization results from Ca2+ influx across a photoreceptor membrane. The marked dependence on potential of this Ca2+ influx and a Ca+-dependent K+ efflux accounts for enhancement of the light-induced depolarization when light is paired with rotation. A positive feedback cycle between light-induced depolarization and synaptic depolarization due to stimulus pairing can explain long-lasting behavioral changes produced by associative training but not control paradigms. The sensitivity of this Ca2+ influx to intracellular levels of adenosine 3'-5'-monophosphate suggests biochemical steps for this model of associative learning.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alkon, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Aug 24;205(4408):810-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/223244" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Association Learning/*physiology ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cyclic AMP/pharmacology ; Electrophysiology ; Iontophoresis ; Learning/*physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; Mollusca/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Photoreceptor Cells/*physiology ; Potassium/*metabolism ; Rotation ; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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