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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellular salt and solute concentrations in Ectothiorhodospira marismortui: glycine betaine and Nα-carbamoyl glutamineamide as osmotic solutes (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 156 (1991), S. 350-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ectothiorhodospira ; Halophilic ; Compatible solutes ; Glycine betaine ; Nα-carbamoyl glutamineamide ; Sucrose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ectothiorhodospira marismortui, a moderately halophilic purple sulfur bacterium from a hypersaline sulfur spring, contains glycine betaine and Nα-carbamoyl glutamineamide (CGA) as the main intracellular osmotic solutes, with sucrose as a minor component. The concentration of glycine betaine was found to increase with increasing salt concentration of the medium, from 0.47 M to 1.29 M in cells grown from 0.85 to 2.56 M NaCl, while the estimated CGA concentration rose from about 0.2 M to 0.5 M. The concentration of sucrose remained constant at a value of around 0.05 M. Intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations were relatively low (around 0.5 and 0.3 M, respectively, at an external NaCl concentration of 1.8 M). The concentration of the novel compound Nα-carbamoyl glutamineamide was enhanced when l-glutamine was added to the growth medium, suggesting that glutamine served as a precursor for the synthesis of the compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248709
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of the compatible solute trehalose in Ectothiorhodospira halochloris: isolation and characterization of trehalase (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 153 (1990), S. 600-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ectothiorhodospira halochloris ; Osmoregulation ; Betaine ; Phototrophic bacteria ; Haloalkaliphilic bacteria ; Trehalase ; Trehalose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Trehalase, which hydrolyzes the disaccharide trehalose to α-d-glucose was isolated and partially purified (124-fold) from the phototrophic halo-alkaliphilic bacterium Ectothiorhodospira halochloris. The molecular mass was determined to be 480,000 and the isoelectric point pH 5.6. Temperature optimum was found to be 40°C and the pH-optimum 7.8–8.1. In spite of its high K m-value of 0.5 M, trehalase of E. halochloris was shown to be specific for trehalose. Trehalase is activated by phosphate which is, however, not involved in the reaction mechanism. The enzyme is activated by the compatible solute betaine and inhibited by salts. In the presence of betaine the K m-value is lowered from 0.5 M to 0.16 M; moreover, betaine partially protects enzymatic activity from salt inhibition. The findings indicate that betaine might regulate the trehalose level in the cells by affecting trehalase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00245272
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carnitine: a novel compatible solute in Lactobacillus plantarum (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words     Lactobacillus plantarum ; Compatible ; solute ; Osmotic stress ; Carnitine ; Betaine ; Acetylcholine ; Succinylcholine ; γ-Butyrobetaine ; Quaternary ammonium compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract      The aim of this study was to unravel the identity of compatible solutes accumulated by Lactobacillus plantarum subjected to osmotic stress. Betaine was accumulated simultaneously with a novel compatible solute identified as carnitine, both present in the complex medium applied in this study. Beef extract provided the main source of carnitine in the medium. Both carnitine and betaine were accumulated to maximum concentrations of 248 and 231 μmol.g dry weight–1, respectively. A defined medium was devised devoid of carnitine. Addition of 0.5 mM carnitine to this medium increased the growth rate from 0.1 h–1 to 0.2 h–1 in media with 0.4 M sodium chloride. Also, carnitine made the organism more tolerant to sodium chloride. Growth occurred even when the sodium chloride concentration was raised from 0.5 M to 1.0 M. Quaternary compo unds resembling the structure of carnitine and betaine enhanced the growth yield as well. γ-Butyrobetaine and succinylcholine restored the growth yield up to respectively 91 and 96% compared to non-stressed cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301845
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of trehalose as a substitute for nitrogen-containing compatible solutes (Ectothiorhodospira halochloris) (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 153 (1990), S. 607-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anaerobic phototrophic bacteria ; Halophilic eubacteria ; Osmoadaptation ; Betaine Ectoine ; Trehalose ; Compatible solutes ; Ectothiorhodospira halochloris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The halophilic phototrophic bacterium Ectothiorhodospira halochloris is able to synthesize both nitrogen-containing (betaine, ectoine) and nitrogen-free (trehalose) compatible solutes. In the absence of external ammonium and under nitrogen-limited growth conditions ectoine was metabolized and trehalose partly replaced betaine. The cytoplasmic trehalose concentration did not exceeded 0.5 mol/kg water (approx. 30% of total compatible solutes). A decreasing content of betaine in cells growing under nitrogen limitation is a result of decreased biosynthesis. Apparently, the betaine pool cannot be used as a nitrogen source, not even in a situation of total nitrogen depletion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00245273
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carnitine: a novel compatible solute in Lactobacillus plantarum (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Lactobacillus plantarum ; Compatible solute ; Osmotic stress ; Carnitine ; Betaine ; Acetylcholine ; Succinylcholine ; γ-Butyrobetaine ; Quaternary ammonium compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to unravel the identity of compatible solutes accumulated by Lactobacillus plantarum subjected to osmotic stress. Betaine was accumulated simulataneously with a novel compatible solute identified as carnitine, both present in the complex medium applied in this study. Beef extract provided the main source of carnitine in the medium. Both carnitine and betaine were accumulated to maximum concentrations of 248 and 231 μmol.g dry weight-1, respectively. A defined medium was devised devoid of carnitine. Addition of 0.5 mM carnitine to this medium increased the growth rate from 0.1 h-1 to 0.2 h-1 in media with 0.4 M sodium chloride. Also, carnitine made the organism more tolerant to sodium chloride. Growth occurred even when the sodium chloride concentration was raised from 0.5 M to 1.0 M. Quaternary compounds resembling the structure of carnitine and betaine enhanced the growth yield as well. γ-Butyrobetaine and succinylcholine restored the growth yield up to respectively 91 and 96% compared to non-stressed cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301845
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compatible solutes in luminescent bacteria of the genera Vibrio, Photobacterium and Photorhabdus (Xenorhabdus): occurrence of ectoine, betaine and glutamate (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 142 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Marine luminescent bacteria of the genera Vibrio and Photobacterium as well as Photorhabdus (Xenorhabdus) luminescens, an enterobacterium mutualistically associated with insect pathogenic soil nematodes, display different levels of salt tolerance when grown on nutrient broth medium (5% w/v NaCl for marine species and 3% w/v for Prb. luminescens). Osmolytes (compatible solutes) synthesized and/or accumulated for haloadaptation were identified using HPLC techniques and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. All species investigated in this study accumulated betaine and ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidine carboxylic acid) from the medium under elevated osmotic conditions. External supply of osmolytes improved both growth and salt tolerance. Only species belonging to the genus Vibrio were able to synthesize the compatible solute ectoine de novo. Glutamate also participated in osmoadaptation while trehalose was only found in V. fischeri species. In Prb. luminescens13C-NMR spectroscopy also revealed the presence of choline when grown on complex medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08430.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compatible solutes in representatives of the genera Brevibacterium and Corynebacterium: Occurrence of tetrahydropyrimidines and glutamine (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 109 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of our investigation was to study the haloadaptation of a number of species of Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the genera Brevibacterium and Corynebacterium. We used two different HPLC-techniques and 13C-NMR spectroscopy for the identification of osmolytes (compatible solutes). The tetrahydropyrimidines (‘ectoines’) are the main compatible solutes in the genus Brevibacterium, whereas accumulation of glycine-betaine and accumulation of synthesis of glutamine is mainly responsible for osmoadaptation in the genus Corynebacterium. Pipecolic acid, formerly described as a potential osmolyte synthesized de novo in C. ammoniagenes, does not contribute markedly to the solute pool, unless supplemented to the medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06138.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fatty acid, compatible solute and pigment composition of obligately chemolithoautotrophic alkaliphilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soda lakes (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 243 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Salt adaptation in chemolithotrophic alkaliphilic sulfur-oxidizing strains belonging to genera Thioalkalimicrobium and Thioalkalivibrio has been studied by determination of salt-dependent changes in fatty acid and compatible solute composition. In both alkaliphilic groups, represented by the low salt-tolerant Thioalkalimicrobium aerophilum strain AL 3T and the extremely salt-tolerant Thioalkalivibrio versutus strain ALJ 15, unsaturated fatty acids predominate over saturated fatty acids. In strain AL 3T, C18:1, C16:0 and C16:1 were the dominant fatty acids. In strain ALJ 15, the concentrations of C18:1 and C19cyclo were salt-regulated in an inverse proportional relationship, suggesting the stimulation of cyclopropyl-synthetase activity. Squalene has been found in substantial amounts only in strain ALJ 15. Ectoine and glycine betaine were found to be the main osmolytes in Thioalkalimicrobium aerophilum and Thioalkalivibrio versutus, respectively. The production of ectoine and glycine betaine was positively correlated with the salt concentration in the growth medium. A novel type of membrane-bound yellow pigments was uniformly detected in the extremely salt-tolerant strains of Thioalkalivibrio with a backbone consisting of C15-polyene, whose specific concentration correlated with increasing salinity of the growth medium. The results suggest that the mechanisms of haloalkaliphilic adaptation in Thioalkalimicrobium sp. and Thioalkalivibrio sp. involve the production of cyclopropane fatty acids, organic compatible solutes and, possibly specific pigments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2004.12.004
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosynthesis and fate of compatible solutes in extremely halophilic phototrophic eubacteria (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 75 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Most halophilic and halotolerant eubacteria are able to accumulate compatible solutes from their environment during salt stress. They are usually able to synthesize sugars and amino acids. These compatible solutes, however, are of less importance in extremely halophilic eubacteria, where usually glycinebetaine or ectoine is required. Extremely halophilic phototrophic sulfur bacteria of the genus Ectothiorhodospira are able to synthesize the three compatible solutes glycinebetaine, trehalose and ectoine. While glycinebetaine is the major compatible solute under all conditions the percentage of trehalose and ectoine varies depending on the availability of nitrogen sources. Using acetate plus bicarbonate as simultaneous substrates the three compatible solutes were analysed by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The label found indicated the following biosynthesis pathways: glycine, derived from glyoxylate out of the Kornberg cycle, undergoes a three-fold methylation with S-adenosylmethionine as methyl donor. The latter is derived from the tetrahydrofolate pathway. Several enzymes of this pathway have been found and are under investigation. The labelling of trehalose indicates that the Calvin cycle is blocked in the presence of acetate. The two glucose moieties of trehalose are linked by trehalose-6-phosphate synthase. The enzyme was characterized. Ectoine is synthesized from aspartate via aspartophosphate, aspartate semialdehyde and α, β-diaminobutyrate. Dilution stress leads to rapid excretion of betaine and ectoine, followed by immediate uptake to balance overshoot excretion. Trehalose is not excreted under dilution stress but is degraded by trehalase and subsequently metabolized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04098.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compatible solutes in new moderately halophilic isolates (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 122 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using high performance liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, the compatible solutes of some moderately halophilic bacteria were studied. The following accepted species of moderately halophilic bacteria were included: Volcaniella eurihalina and Deleya salina among Gram-negative rods, and Salinicoccus roseus and Salinicoccus hispanicus among Gram-positive cocci. Besides these strains we have also screened other new isolates, including Marinomonas species and Gram-positive cocci and rods. The tetrahydropyrimidine carboxylic acid ‘ectoine’ was found to be the main compatible solute in the Gram-negative strains tested when these were grown in glucose-mineral medium. In addition, betaine was accumulated from complex media containing yeast extract. Among the Gram-positive strains investigated, the solutes proline (bacillus 30, Salinicoccus) and hydroxyectoine (coccus 28) also played an important role, while alanine, glucose, glutamate, glutamine and trehalose occurred as minor components. We also detected two recently described compatible solutes: Nδ-acetylornithine and a homologous compound, Nε-acetyllysine. Representatives of distinct phenotypic groups of Gram-positive cocci and rods were clearly distinguished by their solute pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07160.x
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