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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Kind of Ring Around Saturn ? (1973)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 242 (1973), S. 513-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] What is remarkable about the ejected atmosphere is that, although it has Titanian escape velocity, it probably does not have Saturnian escape velocity. Trafton3 has estimated the exospheric temperature of Titan to be 74 K. At that temperature, even hydrogen atoms have an r.m.s. thermal speed of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/242513a0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    New Kind of Ring Around Saturn ? (1973)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 1973-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 3
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    Jupiter after Pioneer - A progress report (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In December 1973, Pioneer 10 became the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of Jupiter. The spacecraft passed through the Jovian magnetosphere in two weeks and sent back more than 300 pictures of the big planet. Measurements were conducted of EM fields, energetic particles, and micrometeoroids. Radio occultations observed are discussed along with observations in the infrared and ultraviolet range, magnetic measurements, questions of trajectory analysis, and data obtained with the aid of a plasma analyzer. Pioneer 10 has confirmed as inescapable the fact that Jupiter radiates more energy than it receives from the sun.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 251; Sept. 6
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    New kind of ring around Saturn. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is believed that barring extraordinary circumstances the Saturn satellite Titan must lose its atmosphere at a prodigious rate. The velocity of the atmospheric particles, however, although sufficient to escape from the satellite, does not quite reach Saturnian escape velocity. Consequently, atoms and molecules lost by Titan are forced by the planet's gravitational field to orbit Saturn until ionized or until they are recaptured by Titan, forming a gaseous torus encompassing Titan's orbit.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 242; Apr. 20
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Gaseous toroid around Saturn (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The trapping of Titan's escaping atmosphere in the Saturnian system by a toroidal ring is discussed. The radius of the toroid is comparable to Titan's orbit, or about ten times larger than the visible rings. Theoretical atmospheric models are formulated that consider Saturn's gravitational attraction and magnetospheric properties in forming this toroid and in protecting toroid particles from direct ionization by solar wind particles.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The Atmos. of Titan; p 118-122
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Structure of the ionosphere and atmosphere of Saturn from Pioneer 11 Saturn radio occultation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The paper deals with radio occultation measurements of Saturn's ionosphere and upper neutral atmosphere, made by Pioneer 11 near the terminator at latitudes of 9.7 deg south and 11.6 deg south. The principal electron density peak (of about 11,400 cu cm), in the ionosphere occurred at an altitude of about 1800 km, with a sharp lower peak of about 9000 cu cm at 1200 km. The scale height above the main peak corresponds to an exosphere temperature of about 1150 K for an H(+) ionosphere. Ionization appears to extend to 30,000 km. The low density of the lower portion of the ionosphere may be explained by ring shadowing and equatorial anomaly. In the neutral atmosphere, measurements were made to a pressure level of about 180 mbar, showing a temperature inversion region with a triple minimum.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Vertical structure of the ionosphere and upper neutral atmosphere of Saturn from the Pioneer radio occultation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Radio occultation measurements at S band (2.293 GHz) of the ionosphere and upper neutral atmosphere of Saturn were obtained during the flyby of the Pioneer 11 Saturn spacecraft in September 1979. Preliminary analysis of the occultation exit data taken at a latitude of 9.5 deg S and a solar zenith angle of 90.6 deg, revealed the presence of a rather thin ionosphere. It contained a main peak electron density of about 9.4 times 10 to the third/ccm at an altitude of about 2800 above the level of a neutral number density of 10 to the 19th/ccm and a lower peak of about 7000/ccm at 2200 km. Data in the neutral atmosphere were obtained to a pressure level of 120 millibars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 207; Jan. 25
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Jupiter's radiation belts. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model for the production and loss of energetic electrons in Jupiter's radiation belt is presented. It is postulated that the electrons originate in the solar wind and are diffused in toward the planet by perturbations which violate the particles' third adiabatic invariant. At large distances, magnetic perturbations, electric fields associated with magnetospheric convection, or interchange instabilities driven by thermal plasma gradients may drive the diffusion. Inside about 10 Jupiter radii, the diffusion is probably driven by electric fields associated with the upper atmosphere dynamo which is driven by neutral winds in the ionosphere. The diurnal component of the dynamo wind fields produces a dawn-dusk asymmetry in the decimetric radiation from the electrons in the belts, and the lack of obvious measured asymmetries in the decimetric radiation measurements provides estimates of upper limits for these Jovian ionospheric neutral winds.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Icarus; 18; Feb. 197
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    A theory of the Jovian hydrogen torus (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Jovian hydrogen torus associated with Io, that was observed by Judge and Carlson, has been found by them to be a third of a torus rather than a complete torus. It is shown that the energetic particles observed by Pioneer 10 do not ionize atomic hydrogen sufficiently fast to erode the torus as observed. It is proposed that the reason an incomplete torus exists is the presence of a corotating cold magnetospheric plasma. If this explanation is correct, the angular extent of the fractional torus is a measure of the density of the magnetospheric plasma near Io's orbit, which is found to be about 100 per cu cm. It is shown that such a plasma may provide an adequate input to Io, where it can recombine and escape, to form enough hydrogen atoms to explain the number of observed torus atoms. Thus the magnetospheric plasma may serve as both the source and the sink of the torus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Photoelectron escape from the ionosphere of Jupiter (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Photoelectron escape fluxes and ambient electron heating from the Jovian ionosphere are computed as a function of local time and latitude. Several differences for the fluxes expected from a hydrogen atmosphere, rather than a terrestrial type of atmosphere, are described, including an increase in structure in the energy spectra due to the paucity of ionic states entering the photo-ionization processes and lower escape fluxes above 10 eV than were expected from a simple scaling of earth fluxes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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