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  • 1
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    Some simple physical models for absolute plate motions (1974)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Warszawa, Polish Geothermal Association, vol. 79, no. 7, pp. 2557-2567, pp. B05406, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1974
    Keywords: Plate tectonics ; Modelling ; Review article ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Seismic structure of the Iceland mantle plume (1997)
    In:  Nature, Köln, Elsevier, vol. 385, no. 1, pp. 245-247, pp. B08301, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997
    Keywords: Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Velocity depth profile
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Topography of the northern hemisphere of Mars from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The first 18 tracks of laser altimeter data across the northern hemisphere of Mars from the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft show that the planet at latitudes north of 50 degrees is exceptionally flat; slopes and surface roughness increase toward the equator. The polar layered terrain appears to be a thick ice-rich formation with a non-equilibrium planform indicative of ablation near the periphery. Slope relations suggest that the northern Tharsis province was uplifted in the past. A profile across Ares Vallis channel suggests that the discharge through the channel was much greater than previously estimated. The martian atmosphere shows significant 1-micrometer atmospheric opacities, particularly in low-lying areas such as Valles Marineris.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); Volume 279; 5357; 1686-92
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Estimates of total organic and inorganic chlorine in the lower stratosphere from in situ and flask measurements during AASE 2 (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Aircraft sampling has provided extensive in situ and flask measurements of organic chlorine species in the lower stratosphere. The recent Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition 2 (AASE 2) included two independent measurements of organic chlorine species using whole air sample and real-time techniques. From the whole air sample measurements we derive directly the burden of total organic chlorine (CCl(y)) in the lower stratosphere. From the more limited real-time measurements we estimate the CCl(y) burden using mixing ratios and growth rates of the principal CCl(y) species in the troposphere in conjunction with results from a two-dimensional photochemical model. Since stratospheric chlorine is tropospheric in origin and tropospheric mixing ratios are increasing, it is necessary to establish the average age of a stratospheric air parcel to assess its total chlorine (Cl(sub Total)) abundance. Total inorganic chlorine (Cl(y)) in the parcel is then estimated by the simple difference, Cl(y) = Cl(sub Total) - CCl(y). The consistency of the results from these two quite different techniques suggests that we can determine the CCl(y) and Cl(y) in the lower stratosphere with confidence. Such estimates of organic and inorganic chlorine are crucial in evaluating the photochemistry controlling chlorine partitioning and hence ozone loss processes in the lower stratosphere.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 100; D2; p. 3057-3064
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    In situ measurements of the ClO/HCl ratio: Heterogeneous processing on sulfate aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Simultaneous in situ measurements of stratospheric ClO and HCl have been made for the first time, during numerous flights of the ER-2 aircraft covering latitudes 24-90 deg N from October 1991 through March 1992. The ClO/HCl ratio is identified as a key indicator of heterogeneous processing both outside and within the Arctic polar vortex. For ClO mixing ratios below about 120 pptv, remarkably constant ClO/HCl values of about 15% characterize the lower stratosphere. The observed values are significantly higher than those derived from a 2-D model using either gas phase photochemistry alone (2%), or including heterogeneous sulfate chemistry (5-10%). During the Arctic early spring, after conversion of HCl into reactive chlorine has taken place, the vortex edge is poorly defined by ClO levels. Loss of HCl and its slow recovery following low-temperature polar heterogeneous chemistry distinguishes HCl as a new and unique dynamical tracer of polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)-processed air.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 20; 22; p. 2523-2526
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    On the age of stratospheric air and ozone depletion potentials in polar regions (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Observations of the nearly inert, man-made chlorofluorocarbon CFC-115 obtained during January 1989 are used to infer the age of air in the lower stratosphere. These observations together with estimated release rates suggest an average age of high-latitude air at pressure altitudes near 17-21 km of about 3 to 5 yr. This information is used together with direct measurements of HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, CH3Br, H-1301, H-1211, and H-2402 to examine the fractional dissociation of these species within the Arctic polar lower stratosphere compared to that of CFC-11 and hence to estimate their local ozone depletion potentials in this region. It is shown that these HCFCs are much less efficiently dissociated within the stratosphere than CFC-11, lowering their ozone depletion potentials to only about 30-40 percent of their chlorine loading potentials. In contrast, the observations of CH3Br and the Halons considered confirm that they are rapidly dissociated within the stratosphere, with important implications for their ozone depletion potentials.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D12,; 12
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    The Mars Observer laser altimeter investigation (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The primary objective of the Mars Observer laser altimeter (MOLA) investigation is to determine globally the topography of Mars at a level suitable for addressing problems in geology and geophysics. Secondary objectives are to characterize the 1064-nm wavelength surface reflectivity of Mars to contribute to analyses of global surface mineralogy and seasonal albedo changes, to assist in addressing problems in atmospheric circulation, and to provide geodetic control and topographic context for the assessment of possible future Mars landing sites. The principal components of MOLA are a diode-pumped, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser transmitter that emits 1064-nm wavelength laser pulses, a 0.5-m-diameter telescope, a silicon avalanche photodiode detector, and a time interval unit with 10-ns resolution. MOLA will provide measurements of the topography of Mars within approximately 160-m footprints and a center-to-center along-track foot print spacing of 300 m along the Mars Observer subspacecraft ground track. The elevation measurements will be quantized with 1.5 m vertical resolution before correction for orbit- and pointing induced errors. MOLA profiles will be assembled into a global 0.2 deg x 0.2 deg grid that will be referenced to Mars' center of mass with an absolute accuracy of approximately 30 m. Other data products will include a global grid of topographic gradients, corrected individual profiles, and a global 0.2 deg x 0.2 deg grid of 1064-nm surface reflectivity.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; E5, M; 7781-779
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    In Situ Measurements of the ClO/HCl Ratio: Heterogeneous Processing on Sulfate Aerosols and Polar Stratospheric Clouds (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-06-09
    Description: Simultaneous in situ measurements of stratospheric ClO and HCl have been made for the first time, during numerous flights of the ER-2 aircraft covering latitudes 24-90 deg N from October 1991 through March 1992. The ClO/HCl ratio is identified as a key indicator of heterogeneous processing both outside and within the Arctic polar vortex. For ClO mixing ratios below about 120 pptv, remarkably constant ClO/HCl values of about 15% characterize the lower stratosphere. The observed values are significantly higher than those derived from a 2-D model using either gas phase photochemistry alone (2%), or including heterogeneous sulfate chemistry (5-10%). During the Arctic early spring, after conversion of HCl into reactive chlorine has taken place, the vortex edge is poorly defined by ClO levels. Loss of HCl and its slow recovery following low-temperature polar heterogeneous chemistry distinguishes HCl as a new and unique dynamical tracer of PSC-processed air.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition 2 Air Parcel Trajectories (ISSN 0094-8534); Volume 20; No. 22; 2523-2526; NASA-TM-112699
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Measurements of Halogenated Organic Compounds near the Tropical Tropopause (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-06-09
    Description: The amount of organic chlorine and bromine entering the stratosphere have a direct influence on the magnitude of chlorine and bromine catalyzed ozone losses. Twelve organic chlorine species and five organic bromine species were measured from 12 samples collected near the tropopause between 23.8 deg N and 25.3 deg N during AASE 2. The average mixing ratios of total organic chlorine and total organic bromine were 3.50 +/- 0.06 ppbv and 21.1 +/- 0.8 pptv, respectively. CH3Cl represented 15.1% of the total organic chlorine, with CFC 11 (CCl3F) and CFC 12 (CCl2F2) accounting for 22.6% and 28.2%, respectively, with the remaining 34.1% primarily from CCl4, CH3CCl3, and CFC 113 (CCl2FCClF2). CH3Br represented 54% of the total organic bromine. The 95% confidence intervals of the mixing ratios of all but four of the individual compounds were within the range observed in low and mid-latitude midtroposphere samples. The four compounds with significantly lower mixing ratios at the tropopause were CHCl3, CH2Cl2, CH2Br2, and CH3CCl3. The lower mixing ratios may be due to entrainment of southern hemisphere air during vertical transport in the tropical region and/or to exchange of air across the tropopause between the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition 2 Air Parcel Trajectories (ISSN 0094-8354); Volume 20; No. 22; 2567-2570; NASA-TM-112699
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Venus banded terrain: Evaluation of tectonic models for the origin of banding (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: A tectonic orgin for Venus banded terrain is consistent with band spacing. Both compressional (folding) and extensional models for band formation can fit present observations. Band spacing cannot distinguish among scenarios for global heat loss and for the origin of highland terrain. Tectonic models for band formation indicate that the surface brittle layer in the venus highlands is no more than a few kilometers thick.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Washington Repts. of Planetary Geol. Program; p 74-75
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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