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  • 1
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    History and mechanisms for the expansion of the Badain Jaran Desert, northern China, since 20 ka: Geological and luminescence chronological evidence (2016)
    Sage
    In: Holocene
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-22
    Description: Desert landscapes are widely distributed in the arid northern China. The Badain Jaran Desert (BJD) is located north-west of the Tengger Desert (TD) and Ulan Buh Desert (UBD), with the Yabrai and Bayan Ulan Mountains separating the BJD from the TD and UBD. Many sand belts with an orientation of NW-SE, which is similar to that of the prevailing sand-transporting winds, connect the BJD with the TD and UBD, forming the sand transportation routes from the BJD to the TD and UBD. Thus, these sand belts are sensitive to the expansion or shrinkage of the BJD, whose chronologies could be critical for understanding the evolution of the BJD. However, age data are still very limited. In this study, field investigation and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating have been conducted in 14 profiles, and 24 OSL ages are obtained. The OSL ages range from approximately 15 ka to modern. Our results and previous chronological data revealed that the BJD’s expansion initiated at 20 ka, and the present-day landscape formed within the latest 2 ka with periodic expansions at 19–15, 11–9, 7.3 and 6–5 ka. We propose that these expansions of the BJD before ~5 ka and during the 0.9–0.8 ka interval were responses to regionally low effective moisture conditions in north-western China, while the expansions at ~2 ka and within the latest 200 years were likely triggered by intensified human activity.
    Print ISSN: 0959-6836
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-0911
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Sage
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  • 2
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    A vanished history of skeletonization in Cambrian comb jellies (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-12
    Description: Ctenophores are traditionally regarded as "lower" metazoans, sharing with cnidarians a diploblastic grade of organization. Unlike cnidarians, where skeletonization (biomineralization and sclerotization) evolved repeatedly among ecologically important taxa (for example, scleractinians and octocorals), living ctenophores are characteristically soft-bodied animals. We report six sclerotized and armored ctenophores from the early Cambrian period. They have diagnostic ctenophore features (for example, an octamerous symmetry, oral-aboral axis, aboral sense organ, and octaradially arranged ctene rows). Unlike most modern counterparts, however, they lack tentacles, have a sclerotized framework, and have eight pairs of ctene rows. They are resolved as a monophyletic group (Scleroctenophora new class) within the ctenophores. This clade reveals a cryptic history and sheds new light on the early evolution of this basal animal phylum. Skeletonization also occurs in some other Cambrian animal groups whose extant members are exclusively soft-bodied, suggesting the ecological importance of skeletonization in the Cambrian explosion.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Influence of Geometry Structures on the Transfer and Flow Characteristics of Membrane Modules (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-10
    Description: The effects of different inlet/outlet features and helical structures on the flow pattern and transfer performance of membrane modules were investigated with both three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics and experimental methods. In a circular flat membrane module, two types of inlet/outlet with single-port or three-port configuration were used to evaluate the influence of small differences in the opening area structure of the inlet/outlet on the flow patterns. Although the transfer regions differ, large flow swirls appear in both systems, leading to stagnation regions and causing significant back-mixing. To alleviate the swirls and improve the flow pattern, a helix clapboard was used to separate the membrane feed channel as spiral channel. Both the numerical and experimental results indicate that the helical structure can greatly enhance the transfer performance and increase the permeation rate while the increment in energy consumption is very small. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed for three membranes modules to detect the effects of structures on the membrane process. It was found that the flow patterns were dominated by the flow structures, and the spiral channel could effectively restrain the flow eddies and enhance the transfer while the increment in energy consumption was quite small.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 4
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    Labile soil organic carbon and microbial activity in three subtropical plantations (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    In: Forestry
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: The effects of tree species on soil properties have been attracted much attention, but the specific responses of labile soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial activity to changes in tree species of subtropical forest ecosystems remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the labile fractions of SOC from three different single species plantations, namely Pinus massoniana (PM), Cinnamomum camphora (CC) and Schima superba (SS) in subtropical China. Specifically, we analysed the soil microbial biomass C (MBC), dissolved organic C (DOC) and permanganate-oxidizable C (POC), soil respiration, and activities of six enzymes in surface mineral soil (0–20 cm). The MBC, POC and soil respiration, as well as the activities of urease, acid phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase significantly differed among the three plantations in the study. In contrast, changes in the DOC as well as the activities of invertase, catalase and cellulase were not significant. The CC soil exhibited the highest POC, DOC and urease activity. PM soil had the highest MBC, soil respiration and polyphenol oxidase activity, but also had the lowest POC, q CO 2 , urease activity and acid phosphatase activity. DOC and MBC were significantly correlated with the soil respiration. Urease activity was significantly related to the SOC fractions, except for MBC. Invertase and polyphenol oxidase activities were correlated with MBC. The results suggested that the tree species had different effects on the labile SOC and microbial activity and the observed differences seemed not to be explained by the differences in the litter quality.
    Print ISSN: 0015-752X
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3626
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Magnetic anisotropy of van der Waals absorbed iron(II) phthalocyanine layer on Bi_{2}Te_{3} (2014)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-26
    Description: Author(s): Y. R. Song, Y. Y. Zhang, F. Yang, K. F. Zhang, Canhua Liu, Dong Qian, C. L. Gao, S. B. Zhang, and Jin-Feng Jia A self-assembled iron(II) phthalocyanine single layer adsorbed on the topological insulator Bi 2 Te 3 was investigated by spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations. Although the molecule-substrate interaction is dominated by a relatively weak van der Waals ... [Phys. Rev. B 90, 180408] Published Tue Nov 25, 2014
    Keywords: Magnetism
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 6
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    Cooling rates dependence of medium-range order development in Cu_{64.5}Zr_{35.5} metallic glass (2015)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-24
    Description: Author(s): Y. Zhang, F. Zhang, C. Z. Wang, M. I. Mendelev, M. J. Kramer, and K. M. Ho The atomic structure of metallic glasses (MGs) plays an important role in their properties. Numerous molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have revealed icosahedral short-range order (ISRO) as a dominant motif in Cu-Zr metallic glasses. However, the cooling rates utilized in most of the MD simulations... [Phys. Rev. B 91, 064105] Published Mon Feb 23, 2015
    Keywords: Structure, structural phase transitions, mechanical properties, defects
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 7
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    A physical catalyst for the electrolysis of nitrogen to ammonia (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-28
    Description: Ammonia synthesis consumes 3 to 5% of the world’s natural gas, making it a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Strategies for synthesizing ammonia that are not dependent on the energy-intensive and methane-based Haber-Bosch process are critically important for reducing global energy consumption and minimizing climate change. Motivated by a need to investigate novel nitrogen fixation mechanisms, we herein describe a highly textured physical catalyst, composed of N-doped carbon nanospikes, that electrochemically reduces dissolved N 2 gas to ammonia in an aqueous electrolyte under ambient conditions. The Faradaic efficiency (FE) achieves 11.56 ± 0.85% at –1.19 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode, and the maximum production rate is 97.18 ± 7.13 μg hour –1 cm –2 . The catalyst contains no noble or rare metals but rather has a surface composed of sharp spikes, which concentrates the electric field at the tips, thereby promoting the electroreduction of dissolved N 2 molecules near the electrode. The choice of electrolyte is also critically important because the reaction rate is dependent on the counterion type, suggesting a role in enhancing the electric field at the sharp spikes and increasing N 2 concentration within the Stern layer. The energy efficiency of the reaction is estimated to be 5.25% at the current FE of 11.56%.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Variation and Grey GM(1, 1) Prediction of Melting Peak Temperature of Polypropylene During Ultraviolet Radiation Aging (2017)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Description: Grey system theory regards uncertain system in which information is known partly and unknown partly as research object, extracts useful information from part known, and thereby revealing the potential variation rule of the system. In order to research the applicability of data-driven modelling method in melting peak temperature ( T m ) fitting and prediction of polypropylene (PP) during ultraviolet radiation aging, the T m of homo-polypropylene after different ultraviolet radiation exposure time investigated by differential scanning calorimeter was fitted and predicted by grey GM(1, 1) model based on grey system theory. The results show that the T m of PP declines with the prolong of aging time, and fitting and prediction equation obtained by grey GM(1, 1) model is T m = 166.567472exp(−0.00012 t ). Fitting effect of the above equation is excellent and the maximum relative error between prediction value an...
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 9
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    Chinas livestock transition: Driving forces, impacts, and consequences (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-19
    Description: China’s livestock industry has experienced a vast transition during the last three decades, with profound effects on domestic and global food provision, resource use, nitrogen and phosphorus losses, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the driving forces around this transition and its national and global consequences. The number of livestock units (LUs) tripled in China in less than 30 years, mainly through the growth of landless industrial livestock production systems and the increase in monogastric livestock (from 62 to 74% of total LUs). Changes were fueled through increases in demand as well as, supply of new breeds, new technology, and government support. Production of animal source protein increased 4.9 times, nitrogen use efficiency at herd level tripled, and average feed use and GHG emissions per gram protein produced decreased by a factor of 2 between 1980 and 2010. In the same period, animal feed imports have increased 49 times, total ammonia and GHG emissions to the atmosphere doubled, and nitrogen losses to watercourses tripled. As a consequence, China’s livestock transition has significant global impact. Forecasts for 2050, using the Shared Socio-economic Pathways scenarios, indicate major further changes in livestock production and impacts. On the basis of these possible trajectories, we suggest an alternative transition, which should be implemented by government, processing industries, consumers, and retailers. This new transition is targeted to increase production efficiency and environmental performance at system level, with coupling of crop-livestock production, whole chain manure management, and spatial planning as major components.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    A network medicine approach to build a comprehensive atlas for the prognosis of human cancer (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-08
    Description: The Cancer Genome Atlas project has generated multi-dimensional and highly integrated genomic data from a large number of patient samples with detailed clinical records across many cancer types, but it remains unclear how to best integrate the massive amount of genomic data into clinical practice. We report here our methodology to build a multi-dimensional subnetwork atlas for cancer prognosis to better investigate the potential impact of multiple genetic and epigenetic (gene expression, copy number variation, microRNA expression and DNA methylation) changes on the molecular states of networks that in turn affects complex cancer survivorship. We uncover an average of 38 novel subnetworks in the protein–protein interaction network that correlate with prognosis across four prominent cancer types. The clinical utility of these subnetwork biomarkers was further evaluated by prognostic impact evaluation, functional enrichment analysis, drug target annotation, tumor stratification and independent validation. Some pathways including the dynactin, cohesion and pyruvate dehydrogenase-related subnetworks are identified as promising new targets for therapy in specific cancer types. In conclusion, this integrative analysis of existing protein interactome and cancer genomics data allows us to systematically dissect the molecular mechanisms that underlie unexpected outcomes for cancer, which could be used to better understand and predict clinical outcomes, optimize treatment and to provide new opportunities for developing therapeutics related to the subnetworks identified.
    Print ISSN: 1467-5463
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-4054
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science
    Published by Oxford University Press
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