ALBERT

Note: Contents Contributors Abbreviations and symbols Introduction Section 1. Isotope sources, analysis and interpretation of organic composition 1. High-precision deuterium and BC measurement by continuous flow-lRMS: organic and position-specific isotope analysis / J. T Brenna, H.J. Tobias and T.N. Corso Introduction CF-IRMS analysis of HD/H2 Carbon isotopes: automated position-specific isotope analysis (PSIA) References 2. Carbon isotope effects on key reactions in plant metabolism and 13C-patterns in natural compounds / H.-L. Schmidt and G. Gleixner Introduction Influence of carboxylations on the initial 13C distribution pattern Influence of aldol reactions and decarboxylations on secondary distribution patterns Ester and aldol reactions during secondary metabolism Effect of other lyase reactions Reactions involving C1-metabolism Isotope effects on reactions introducing hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in biological compounds Conclusion References 3. Interpretation of oxygen isotope composition of leaf material/ G.D. Farquhar, M.M. Barbour and B.K. Henry Why are we interested in the oxygen isotope ratio of organic matter? Oxygen isotopes in plant organic matter: a historical perspective On the enrichment of 18O in water within the plant Variation within the leaf 30 Isotopic exchange of oxygen during metabolism Isotopic history of oxygen in organic molecules The potential for oxygen isotopes in evaluating plant water use Oxygen isotope composition of organic matter: methodology and analysis References Appendix 1 Appendix 2 4. lntramolecular deuterium distributions and plant growth conditions / J. Schleucher Introduction Methodology Variation of intramolecular D distributions Discussion and outlook References Section 2. Soils, nutrients and plants 5. Stable isotope studies of soil nitrogen / D.W. Hopkins, R.E. Wheatley and D. Robinson Introduction Transformations of soil nitrogen Distribution of soil nitrogen Spatial variability of soil N Use of 15N natural abundance to investigate soil processes Conclusions References 6. 15N at natural abundance levels in terrestrial vascular plants: a précis / L.L. Handley, C.M. Scrimgeour and J.A. Raven Introduction What are the patterns in the δ15N signal? Experimental systems Needs for research References 7. Variations in fractionation of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in higher plants : N metabolism and partitioning in phloem and xylem / T. Yoneyama, H. Fujiwara and J.M. Wilson Introduction Acquisition of nitrogen Metabolism of nitrogen Translocation of nitrogen C and N concentration and isotope composition in castor bean (Ricinus communis) Conclusions and future directions References Section 3. Photosynthesis, plants and water 8. Carbon isotope discrimination in terrestrial plants: carboxylations and decarboxylations / J.S. Gillon, A.M. Borland, K.G. Harwood, A. Roberts, M.S.J. Broadmeadow and H. Griffiths Introduction Net carbon isotope discrimination Photosynthetic discrimination Respiratory discrimination Refixation of respiratory CO2 Discrimination under natural conditions Conclusions References 9. Carbon isotope discrimination in structural and non-structural carbohydrates in relation to productivity and adaptation to unfavourable conditions / E. Brugnoli, A. Scartazza, M. Lauteri, M.C. Monteverdi and C. Máguas 133 Introduction Theoretical background to carbon isotope discrimination WUE and plant productivity 1 Carbon isotope discrimination in soluble carbohydrates and productivity Soluble carbohydrate Δ13C and CO2 mesophyll conductance Concluding remarks References 10. Oxygen-18 of leaf water: a crossroad for plant-associated isotopic signals / D. Yakir Introduction Evaporative enrichment Source water Atmospheric moisture and boundary layers Bulk leaf water 2-D simulation of 18O in leaf water 18O of water in chloroplasts Conclusions References 11. The role of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in understanding water movement along the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum / T.E. Dawson, R.C. Pausch, H.M. Parker Introduction Stable isotopes and our understanding of water movement along the soil-plant-atmospheric continuum Future research on isotopes and the SPAC References Section 4. Integration of terrestrial ecosystems 12. Oxygen isotope effects during CO2 exchange: from leaf to ecosystem processes / L.B. Flanagan Introduction Discrimination against C18O16O during photosynthetic gas exchange Oxygen isotope effects during respiratory CO2 exchange Relative influence of photosynthesis, respiration and turbulent fluxes on the isotope ratio of atmospheric CO2 in plant canopies Regional and global variation in the influence of terrestrial ecosystems on the oxygen isotope ratio of atmospheric CO2 References 13. Carbon isotope discrimination of terrestrial ecosystems / N. Buchmann, R.J. Brooks, L.B. Flanagan and J.R. Ehleringer Introduction Methodology Variation in Δe estimates Conclusions References 14. Assessing sensitivity to change in desert ecosystems - a stable isotope approach / J.R. Ehleringer, R.D. Evans and D. Williams Introduction Deserts as pulse-driven ecosystems Water uptake patterns by aridland plants Stomatal limitations as inferred from carbon isotope ratios Nitrogen sources Sensitivity of Colorado Plateau arid land ecosystems to invasions Conclusions References Section 5. Integration of marine ecosystems 15. Carbon stable isotope fractionation in marine systems: open ocean studies and laboratory studies / A.M. Johnston and H. Kennedy Introduction Open ocean studies Laboratory studies Recommendations for future research References 16. 15N and the assimilation of nitrogen by marine phytoplankton: the past, present and future? / N.J.P Owens and L.J. Watts Introduction The past - a short historical review Natural abundance v tracer studies The present - methods and techniques The present - a discussion of results from recent studies The future - possible developments for 15N studies in biological oceanography Summary and conclusions References Section 6. The immediate past: the Holocene 17. Archaeological reconstruction using stable isotopes / A.M. Pollard Introduction Isotope archaeology Dietary reconstruction using stable isotopes Isotopes and human mobility Summary References 18. Stable isotopes in tree ring cellulose / R. Switsur and J. Waterhouse Introduction Atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon stable isotope ratios Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios References Section 7. Palaeoclimatic reconstructions from Precambrian to Quaternary 19. Phylogeny, palaeoatmospheres and the evolution of phototrophy / J.A. Raven Introduction The phylogeny of O2-producing phototrophs and their carboxylases Timing of origin of taxa of O2-evolving phototrophs in relation to changes in atmospheric composition The contribution of 13C/12C measurements to our understanding of the evolution of phototrophy Is the 13CO2/12CO2 discrimination factor of RUBISCO subject to direct natural selection? Conclusions and prospects References 20. Modelling changes in land plant function over the Phanerozoic / D.J. Beerling and F.I. Woodward Introduction Atmospheric evolution Phanerozoic changes in leaf function Terrestrial productivity in the Carboniferous Global patterns of leaf carbon isotope composition Concluding remarks References 21. Carbon isotopes, diets of North American equids, and the evolution of North American C4 grasslands / T.E. Cerling, J.M. Harris and B.J. McFadden Introduction Sampling protocol and sources of material Transition to C4 diet in equids: occurrence of C4-dominated diets, hypsodonty, and the radiation of equid genera Geographical and temporal distribution of C4 grasses in North America Regional patterns and variations History of C4 grasses versus C4 grasslands in North America Equid diversity during the Neogene Global expansion of C4 ecosystems Summary and implications References 22. Carbon isotopes in lake sediments and peats of last glacial age: implicati