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  • GEOPHYSICS  (4,117)
  • Chemical Engineering  (3,542)
  • 1985-1989  (7,659)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tensile yield in nylon 6,6Presented in part, at the American Physical Society Meeting in Los Angeles, California, March 1983. (1985)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Uniaxial tension tests to, the yield point were performed on poly(hexamethylene adipamide) (nylon 6,6) as a function of temperature from 21 to 200°C at a strain rate of 2 min-1. At 21 and 60°C, measurements were also made at strain rates from 0.02 to 8 min-1. Using simple rate theory, reasonable values of activation volume were obtained, but the simple theory is inadequate to determine the activation energy. The yield-strain temperature dependence changes at 160°C as a result of a reversible crystal-crystal transition. Because of this behavior of the yield strain, the yield energy is not a linear function of temperature, as observed for several other polymers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760250202
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of void formation in extruded bars (1985)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 91-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In extruding thick polymeric objects such as bars, voids may form as a consequence of fast cooling. As is well known, this phenomenon is due to volume contraction of the inner zone which takes place when the external “shell” is already solidified. Recent experimental results on this effect show the influence of various parameters such as polymer melt viscosity, bar diameter, and operating pressure upon a critical extrusion velocity above which voids are detected. A detailed analysis of the phenomena which are thought to be relevant is presented and compared with the experimental results.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760250206
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of polycarbonate, poly(methylmethacrylate), and epoxy resins to dynamic contact loading I. Experimental results (1985)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 339-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the resistance force to a wide range of contact loadings have been performed on poly(methylmethacrylate), polycarbonate, and epoxy specimens. Rigid spherical indenters of 4.5, 9, and 18 mm diameter, as well as cones of various apex angles, were driven into thick specimens at constant velocity over the range 0.005 to 150000 mm/min. The objective of this study was to develop a data base useful for the understanding and analysis of the phenomena involved when polymeric solids are impacted by small hard bodies. Spheres and cones were used because these symmetrical shapes offer the best chance for analysis in terms of viscoelastic extensions of the classical Hertz elastic contact problem. Measurements covered penetration depths from first detection of contact, where the strains are smallest and the material response should most likely be interpretable in terms of linear viscoelastic analysis, to much greater depths where the strains far exceed the yield values. The observations are tabulated, as are the values of parameters that allow the data to be modeled to within experimental error. These parameters fit into a specially developed empirical law designed to facilitate subsequent treatment of the data using Laplace transform methods. An analysis is offered to try to sort out time-dependent force relaxation from depth-dependent force increase during the progress of the penetration. The results of the response at small penetration depths are in broad accord with published relaxation moduli. However, the dependence of force upon indenter geometry does not follow simple expectation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760250606
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of flow history on the morphology of thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyesters (1985)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 377-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Morphological studies have been carried out on a thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and para hydroxybenzoate (PHB) that has been subjected to different types of flow histories. Wide angle X-ray scattering investigations and chemical etching (n-propylamine is the etchant) in conjunction with electron microscopy studies conducted on end gated injection molded plaques of the 60 percent PHB and 80 percent PHB copolyesters indicate that a highly oriented skin region and a less oriented core region is present. Chemical etching studies performed on microtomed layers of end gated and center gated plaques show that the etching is less pronounced in the skin region and is more pronounced in the core. The microtomed layers of the end gated injection molded plaques when analyzed by ESCA indicate the presence of a “PHB rich” skin region and a “PET” rich core region. Biaxial orientation, as denoted by WAXS measurements, is observed when the 60 percent PHB copolyester is squeezed between lubricated parallel plates.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760250702
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A heat storage module with a polymer structural matrixPresented in part at the 22nd Canadian High Polymer Forum, August 10-12, 1983, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. (1985)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 406-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Test results are presented for a matrix type phase change thermal storage tile module with no surface covering, intended to transfer heat directly to and from room air at small temperature differences. Heat is stored and released by melting and freezing mixtures of fatty acids, which constitute up to half the weight of the tile. The polymeric matrices tested were powders or granules of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymer (VAc-VC), and high density polyethylene (HDPE). The tiles keep their shape and dimensions without any weeping of liquid fatty acid, up to 37 or 51°C, depending on their composition. In the case of PVC and PVA, infrared spectra and differential scanning calorimetry indicate interactions between the polymer and the fatty acids, which may increase the surface tension and allow larger matrix pores before weeping begins. Some of the tiles were reinforced with glass fibers, and others with cellulose fibers. The best mechanical properties were obtained with 5 percent of long (85 to110 mm) glass fibers. Paraffin chloride and antimony trioxide served as satisfactory fire retardants.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760250705
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion of water in glassy epoxide prepolymers (1985)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 419-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sorption isotherms show that epoxide prepolymers sorb water in increasing amounts as the temperature decreases and the water vapor concentration increases. Below Tg the behavior is typical of a Fickian transport combined with a relaxation process. Diffusion coefficients as function of sorption rates provide temperature shift factors from which the activation energy for diffusion is 35.3 KJ/mol. Combined effect of temperature and water concentration is described by a second order polynomial.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760250707
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crazing in polypropylene (1985)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 98-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The subject of crazing in crystalline polymers is reviewed and specific consideration given to crazing in polypropylene (PP). Tensile tests conducted over a wide spectrum of temperatures and strain rates indicate that, for a given test temperature, there exists a critical strain rate above which crazing is the dominant deformation mode of PP. Similarly, for a given strain rate, there exists a critical temperature which demarcates crazing from shear yielding as the characteristic process of deformation. High deformation rates and low temperatures favor crazing, while low rates and high temperatures favor shear yielding. Crazes in crystalline PP were found to be morphologically similar to those in glassy polymers: high reflectivity, large area-to-thickness ratio, and planarity. They have a higher tendency to bifurcate than those in glassy polymers. Two types of craze fibrils could be identified: those parallel to σ11, and the randomly oriented interconnecting fibrils. It is demonstrated that microtome-trimming at low temperature followed by suitable chemical treatment is an effective technique of sample preparation for SEM examination of craze morphology in crystalline polymers. Further evidence has been provided that crazes in spherulitic polymers do not in general follow an interspherulitie path, but propagate through spherulites. The length of a craze in PP is not restricted to one spherulite diameter, nor does it grow radially.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760250207
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Damping modulus studies of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-bisphenol-a-polycarbonate block copolymersPresented at the 66th Annual Canada Chemical Conference, Calgary, June 5-8, 1983 (1985)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 113-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Random multiblock copolymers of bisphenol-A-polycarbonate and poly(dimethylsiloxane) were hot-pressed or solvent cast into films which were studied by dynamic mechanical methods over the range 11 to 110 hertz (Hz) and 100 to more than 2200 Hz, respectively. The samples were studied also by differential-scanning calorimetry. The two phases are separated well in spite of the low-molecular weights of the blocks. This separation is altered by thermal history and by the solvent medium when solvent casting is used to prepare the films. The damping properties do not vary greatly with frequency. Damping is greatest near the glass-transition temperatures of the two components. The expansion of the block copolymer with heat appears to be retarded by the polycarbonate phase until the glass transition of that phase is approached.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760250209
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method of computation of the pressure effect on melt viscosity (1985)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 655-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Simha's equation of state provides the relation between reduced pressure, temperature, and volume (P̃, T̃, and Ṽ, respectively) and the occupied site fraction, y = y (P̃, T̃). The latter theoretical parameter combines the P and T effects on the occupied and unoccupied (“free volume”) part of the model liquid. It can be computed for each liquid once the thermodynamic reducing parameters are known. Empirical correlation between published zero shear viscosity data, η = η (P, T), and y indicates that for n-paraffins and molten polymers η is a single parameter function: η = η (y). The mathematical form of this dependence was explicitly given for n-paraffins. However, for polymers the correlation depends on molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, branching, composition, etc. In Practical terms, η = η (y) should be determined for each polymer by measuring the temperature dependence of η in as wide a range of T as possible. Then pressure effect on η can be determined from η = η(y) plot, knowing the y = y(P̃, T̃) relation.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760251104
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An engineering study of the film embossing process (1985)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 698-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical model of the dynamics and heat transfer of the film embossing process has been developed. The thermal analysis around the preheat roll is determined from an unsteady, two-dimensional heat conduction equation along with appropriate boundary conditions by neglecting the curvature of the preheat roll and choosing a Lagrangian reference frame. The heat transfer occurring between the preheat roll and the embossing rolls is based on a one-dimensional analysis, including both convective and radiative effects. The deformation occurring in the nip region is analyzed for two different situations. For the case where the surface features are small in comparison with the film thickness, a modified one-dimennsional calendering analysis is given, accounting for the irregular geometry of the embossing roll surface. For the case where the polymer does not make complete contact with the surface of the engraved channel, the local deformation is determined by means of a simple one-dimensional cavity filling model. The required pressure distribution is determined by means of a simple one-dimensional cavity filling model, The required pressure distribution is determined by means of a conventional calendering analysis. The analysis for the case of a Newtonian and power-law model is presented in detail. The model yields qualitatively correct results and is computationally simple.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760251108
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