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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 2
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 1-25 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Molecular theories of polymer rheology are reviewed with emphasis on predictions of the more familiar properties: non-Newtonian viscosity and normal stress in steady shear, complex viscosity in oscillatory shear, and elongational viscosity in extensional flow. Both dilute and concentrated solutions are discussed, with emphasis on the former. An important objective is clarification of polymer modeling strategies and how they are related to polymer structure. The intended readership consists of those engineers familiar in a general way with continuum polymer rheology, but with no special expertise in polymer physical or theoretical chemistry.
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  • 3
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 25-41 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Developments in the theory of flooded porous electrodes are reviewed with regard to simulation of primary and secondary batteries, adsorption of ions and double-layer charging, and flow-through electrochemical reactors.
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  • 4
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 41-49 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes an extension of an earlier study on oscillations which can develop on distillation trays. The oscillations take the form of violent lateral movements of the gas/liquid biphase, and they are generally undesirable for good column performance. It has been found that lower density gases need higher velocities to initiate oscillation, and vice versa for higher densities. The predictive method for the onset of oscillations proposed previously appears to remain valid for the range of gas density covered, and for small hole size trays. The presence of oscillations has been shown to increase weeping significantly.
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  • 5
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The numerical method of orthogonal collocation is used within a thermodynamically consistent framework to calculate equilibrium vapor compositions from P-T-x data for binary systems. The method may be used for isothermal or isobaric data in both the normal liquid and in the critical region, and it applies to any choice of standard states.To use the method it is necessary to have experimental or estimated values of vapor phase fugacity coefficients for both components in the mixture and liquid molar volumes (isothermal case) or heats of mixing (isobaric case). If vapor composition data are available, each set of P-T-x-y data may be checked for thermodynamic consistency by comparing y (experimental) with y (calculated). Illustrative calculations are given. The method is shown to provide an excellent procedure for obtaining Henry's constants from P-x data for systems with one noncondensable component.
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  • 6
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 58-61 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown that a pulse-response technique can be used with the Wicke-Kallenbach type of diffusion cell to determine effective diffusivities in catalyst pellets. The diffusivity is a function of the retention time of the pulse of diffusing gas in the pellet. Experimental values obtained with an alumina pellet agreed well with expected results for this type of material.
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  • 7
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 72-76 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Total pressure measurements taken for the ternay systems acetone-chloroform-methanol and chloroform-ethanol-n-heptane at 50°C are reduced by Barker's method and correlated by an equation similar to one proposed by Wohl (1953).
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  • 8
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 62-71 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Through an empirical but rational appraoch to the development of equations to represent the composition dependence of the excess Gibbs function for binary liquid systems, it has been found possible to correlate VLE data precisely, even for highly nonideal systems. This makes possible the application of Barker's method to the reduction of VLE data on a routine basis. The validity of the method is demonstrated through application to several sets of data from the literature, and new experimental data are presented for six diverse binary systems in vapor-liquid equilibrium at 50°C.
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  • 9
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In most industrial applications the linear model used for optimization by linear programming involves significant uncertainties and inaccuracies in the model parameters. This paper presents a framework which allows uncertainties in the matrix elements of the linear program to be taken into account without requiring detailed knowledge of the statistical characterstics of these uncertainties. Three cases for the inequality constrained problem are considered: independent variations in the array elements, column dependent variations, and row dependent variations. In each case the problem can still be solved as a linear program. In the first two cases, the problem size is doubled, while for the row dependent case a finitely terminating cutting plane algorithm is constructed.
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  • 10
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 83-90 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a framework which allows uncertainties in the matrix elements of an equality constrained linear program to be taken into account without requiring detailed knowledge of the statical characteristics of these uncertainties. The results are derived using the model of the linear program with flexibility previously introduced for the inequality constrained case. However, because a feasible region common to all perturbed constraint sets does not exist in the equality constrained case, a flexibility set which intersects all perturbed sets individually rather than jointly is defined. The flexibility set is constructed by identifying a finite subset of all perturbed constraint sets which need to be investigated. Three cases for the equality constrained problem are considered: independent variations in the array elements, column dependent variations, and row dependent variations. In each case the problem is solved using a possibly large but decomposable linear program. In the first two cases, this program needs to be solved only once; while in the row dependent case an iterative but finite solution procedure is required.
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  • 11
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 90-95 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of synthesizing an optimal low risk reaction network from unreliable reactions is formulated. An expected cost criterion function for decision-making is derived both for the case of a continuously operating network of reactions and for the case of reaction paths that involve batch reactions. It is shown that in general the decision space has a nonserial structure and the search for the optimal path will involve use of network search methods. An example is given where the optimal reaction path is synthesized for deoxyribonucleic acid. This example demonstrates the decision-making strategy for a class of bath reaction systems.
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  • 12
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 96-102 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The transformation of the energy equation from the mass average to the volume average reference frame exposes a pseudo Dufour effect. The theoretical model for absorption into a stagnant liquid including this effect, the heat of absorption, variable density, an interfacial velocity, and an arbitrary equilibrium condition at the interface is able to predict experimental data over a wide range of conditions. The data consisted of liquid temperature profiles and mass transfer rates into a stagnant liquid. The ammonia-water system exhibited interfacial temperature rises from 6.9°K to 18.2°K. The interfacial temperature rise for the propane-decane system was 1.3°K. Simpler theoretical models were able to predict the mass transfer rates or the temperature profiles.
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  • 13
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bubble size is one of the most important parameters in the design and simulation of a fluidized-bed reactor.A correlation of the bubble size and growth in fluidized beds of various diameters is developed. A maximum bubble diameter determined from the bubble coalescence is incorporated in the correlation to relate the effect of the bed diameter on the bubble size.Experimental data of bubble size reported are used to develop and test the validity of the correlation. The bubble diameters calculated using this correlation show good agreement with the observed bubble diameters.
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  • 14
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data have been obtained using an Analytical Ultracentrifuge, in regions much closer to the interface in immiscible liquid/liquid systems than have hitherto been reported. The water/toluene system was investigated with acetic and propionic acids as the transfer solutes. The direction of mass transfer was from the water to the toluene phase. The data derived from the study indicates that the maximum mass transfer flux in the water/toluene system occurs, not at the interface, but at regions further away from it and that the water/toluene system offers significant interfacial resistance of about 104 s/cm to the transfer of acetic and propionic acids. The water/n-butanol system was also studied and found to offer negligible resistance to the transfer of acetic acid across the interface.Diffusion coefficients for ethylene glycol, glycerol, and n-butanol in water were also determined with the Ultracentrifuge. The values derived in this study were reproducible to within 5% and were in close agreement with those derived from classical diffusion experiments.
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  • 15
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 128-135 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The population balances describing the time dependence of the size distribution can, under some conditions, be trasformed by means of a similarity transformation into an ordinary integro-differential equation containing two instead of three variables. If there is compatibility between the transformed equation and the constraints given by the total mass conservation equation and the equation for the total number of particles, a self-preserving spectrum of the first kind can be obtaiened. There are, however, many situations such as the sintering controlled aging of supported metal catalysts, coagulation of colloidal particles in laminar shear flow, and coagulation of colloidal particles in a turbulent flow when the particles are smaller than the size of the smallest eddy for which, although a similarity transformation is possible, the transformed equation has no solution because of incompatibility with the above mentioned constraints. A second kind of self-preserving spectrum is suggested for these situations. The new variables are induced from a particular case for which an analytical result is available. A detailed presentation of the sintering controlled aging of supported metal catalysts is presented.
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  • 16
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 116-128 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To obtain a semi-theoretical equation for the excess Gibbs energy of a liquid mixture, Guggenheim's quasi-chemical analysis is generalized through introduction of the local area fraction as the primary concentration variable. The resulting universal quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC) equation uses only two adjustable parameters per binary. Extension to multicomponent systems requires no ternary (or higher) parameters.The UNIQUAC equation gives good representation of both vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria for binary and multicomponent mixtures containing a variety of nonelectrolyte components such as hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, amines, alcohols, nitriles, etc., and water. When well-defined simplifying assumptions are introduced into the generalized quasi-chemical treatment, the UNIQUAC equation reduces to any one of several well-known equations for the excess Gibbs energy, including the Wilson, Margules, van Laar, and NRTL equations.The effects of molecular size and shape are introduced through structural parameters obtained from pure-component data and through use of Staverman's combinatorial entropy as a boundary condition for athermal mixtures. The UNIQUAC equation, therefore, is applicable also to polymer solutions.
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  • 17
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 136-143 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method has been developed for selection of the set of torn streams in a process simulation that leads to convergence of a direct substitution calculation in the minimum number of iterations. It is based on the establishment of families of decompositions, the members of each of which have identical convergence behavior. Explicit criteria for choice among families have been found that lead, in almost every case, to a single optimum decomposition family. These results have been verified by application to several chemical process simulation examples.
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  • 18
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 143-152 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equations are proposed to predict the three-dimensional motion of droplets in a spray dryer, based on a knowledge of the characteristics of the atomizing device and of the gas flow patterns in the drying chamber. If the droplet size distribution produced by the atomizing device is known or can be assumed, the trajectories of the droplets can be calculated throughout the drying process and hence the evaporative capacity and thermal efficiency of the spray dryer can be predicted.Experimental verification of this theoretical approach was obtained from a study of the drying of calcium lignosulfonate solutions of various concentrations in a 122-cm diam. × 183-cm high laboratory circular concurrent chamber with a conical bottom where the drying air was introduced tangentially near the top.An experimental study of the effects of a number of operating variables on the capacity and the efficiency of the spray dryer was also carried out. These effects were interpreted in terms of the droplet trajectories obtained in each case.
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  • 19
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 153-157 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model for predicting particle collection efficiency in an atomizing scrubber has been developed. The model solves the diffusion equations for both droplets and particles by using particle in cell technique. The effect of scrubber size and water distribution from various points of injection have been studied on collection efficiency. The results of the mathematical prediction agrees very well with the data reported in the literature for a wide variety of operating conditions and configurations.
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  • 20
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 157-160 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A corresponding states method has been developed to predict the binary parameter in the unsymmetric-convention one-term Margules relation for binary activity coefficients of H2 and CH4 in solvents. In addition to the solvent density, only characteristic volumes used previously for partial molar volumes at infinite dilution and pure solvent compressibility are required. Comparisons with experiment for nonpolar solvents indicate that use of the method is usually significantly more accurate than assuming ideal solution (Henry's law).
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  • 21
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 160-167 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid membranes containing a macrocyclic polyether can move or pump a specific cation against its concentration gradient. The cation flux is not proportional to the difference of the cation concentration but to the difference of the product of cation and anion concentrations across the membrane. The results are inconsistent with existing theories of ion transport, but can be explained in terms of ion pairs.
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  • 22
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 168-169 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 23
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 170-170 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 24
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 169-170 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 25
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 171-173 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 26
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 173-175 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 27
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 176-177 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 28
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 178-179 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 29
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 179-181 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 30
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 181-183 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 31
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 184-187 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 32
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 187-189 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 33
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 190-192 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 34
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 198-199 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 35
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 195-197 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 36
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 198-200 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 37
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 200-202 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 38
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 203-203 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 203-203 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 203-204 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 207 
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 206-206 
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975) 
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 206-206 
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 209-228 
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 229-238 
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    Notes: Measurements of water flux, solute flux, and electrochemical potential were made simultaneously in a membrane transport system designed for the studies in anomalous osmosis and thermoosmosis using a series of cations with a common anion. The cation exchange membrane employed was dimensionally stable. The anomalous osmosis appeared to be composed of two components, the normal osmosis and a facilitated osmosis; whereas the thermoosmosis was composed solely of a facilitated component. The anomalous water flux did not correlate with the solute flux or the electro-chemical potential. Anomalous osmosis depended strongly upon the cation species.
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 238-247 
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    Notes: A comprehensive investigation has been made of the boundaries of the regime of bubbling aggregative fluidization. Experiments were done with sand, glass beads, clover seed, and iron shot fluidized with helium, air, and freon-12 in columns 2.5, 5, 10, and 21 cm in diameter. Bed heights ranged from 1 to 60 column diameters, particle diameters from 0.07 to 1.1 mm, particle densities from 1300 to 7600 kg/m3, and gas densities from 0.17 to 5.2 kg/m3. Correlations are presented for the void fraction at the minimum bubbling point and for the superficial fluid velocity at the points of minimum fluidization, minimum bubbling, and minimum slugging.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 289-297 
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    Notes: A flash photomicrographic method and modified dye-light transmittance technique are employed to measure size distributions and mixing frequencies in a turbulently agitated flow vessel. This liquid-liquid dispersion is nearly spatially homogenous. Mixing frequencies are strongly dependent on impeller speed and moderately dependent on holdup fraction.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 394-398 
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    Notes: An analysis of the operation of the rotary flow cyclone suggests that no dust below 1μ will be captured in this equipment under normal operting conditions, and that performance will not deteriorate with the use of a dirty secondary flow. Experimental data support these conclusions.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 403-405 
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 409-411 
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 412-413 
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 268-274 
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    Notes: Experimental heat transfer correlations were determined for natural convection in mercury in a uniformly heated vertical channel with width-to-height ratios varying from 0.25 to infinity (the single plate limit). Local modified Grashof numbers varied between 108 and 1011. Temperature and velocity profiles were obtained for these same channel configurations and local Grashof numbers. Instantaneous velocity plots indicate the range of conditions studied to proceed from unstable laminar flow well into the transition regime. Heat transfer results are in good agreement with earlier results reported for stable laminar flow which were limited to values of modified Grashof number less than 109.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 309-315 
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    Notes: The composite algorithm derived in Part I is used to construct models from pulse responses of lumped and distributed systems, as well as an empirically measured residence time density. Along the way, salient points in the numerical implementation of the algorithm are indicated. In the present recursive procedure, the initial transient is predicted accurately by lower-order partial realizations; successive partial realizations involve progressively longer tails of the pulse response. The zeroth moment of the impulse response is used to advantage when realizations with no zeros are appropriate.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 343-353 
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    Notes: Calculations are done for a series of mathematical models for a monolith catalytic converter to oxidize carbon monoxide in automobile exhaust. Phenomena studied include axial conduction in the wall, diffusion and conduction in the gas in a transverse direction perpendicular to the flow direction, multiple steady states, and transients giving wall temperatures exceeding the adiabatic temperature.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 369-376 
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    Notes: A rigorous mathematical analysis shows that parametric pumps can separate, concentrate, and recover in pure form all components of a multi-solute mixture. The obtained separation cannot be predicted by existing linear models. Criteria for determining steady periodic separations of binary mixtures are discussed in detail for batch and continuous systems.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 413-413 
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 415-415 
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 405-407 
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 539-549 
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    Notes: The concept of the optimal synthesis of dynamic process systems with uncertain parameters is introduced. A structure parameter approach is used to theoretically derive the necessary condition for the optimal performance system structure, and an effective algorithm for implementing the synthesis method is presented. The results are applied to the optimal synthesis of a reactor-separator system for the dynamic start-up of two reaction systems.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 558-564 
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    Notes: Electrostatic characteristics in gas-solids flow in a metal pipe are studied both theoretically and experimentally with particular attention to the collision between particles and pipe wall. Effects of gas velocity and particle diameter on the electrification are also examined.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 582-589 
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    Notes: The model of the multicomponent, multistage distillation column has been extended to three coexisting phases. The new model contains the well-known modeling equations of the two-phase distillation column as a special case. The versatility of the new simulation model is demonstrated with practical distillation problems.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 600-603 
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 335-344 
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    Notes: A general unsteady state analysis is employed to derive a mathematical model of a freeze-drying process using microwave heating. The model takes into account the variations of the transport and dielectric properties in the sample with both time and location as a function of temperature and pressure. The variations of the properties are described by functionals which have been derived from literature data and are built into the model.The mathematical model is used to simulate the freeze drying of beef meat with microwave energy at 2450 MHz. The simulation shows that drying rates are essentially a function of the microwave power input. The model also shows that the total pressure and the partial pressure of water vapor in the vacuum chamber directly affect the sample temperature during dehydration. The simulation shows, in particular, that, an optimal microwave freeze-drying operation corresponds to an operation near corona and overheating/melting conditions.
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 344-350 
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    Notes: Experimental drying curves have been obtained for the freeze-dehydration of beef meat with microwave energy at 2450 MHz. In particular, experiments conducted with slabs of raw beef meat approximately 1.5 cm thick show that total drying times of less than 6 hr. can be obtained. Further drying time reductions are possible if microwave heating and freezing techniques are improved. Samples can be dried slightly faster at a higher pressure (for example, 1 mmHg) than at a lower pressure (for example, 0.2 mmHg) for the same microwave power input. However, melt back and vaporization occur if the pressure or the microwave power input is too high.Comparison of the experimental drying curves with those predicted by the theory shows a reasonable agreement which, at least in part, verifies the validity of the previously derived mathematical model.
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 358-371 
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    Notes: Pressure drop measurements were made on a variety of dilute solid-liquid suspension systems in order to study the effects of particle shape and size, concentration, fluid viscosity, and tube diameter on friction factor. The central objective was to determine under what conditions drag reduction would occur.
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 351-358 
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    Notes: The purpose of this study was to investigate contact nucleation for various types of crystalline materials. Selected were aqueous solutions of two hydrated inorganic salts (MgSO4 · 7H2O and KAl(SO4)2 · 12H2O), one nonhydrated inorganic salt (K2SO4) and one organic substance (citric acid). Nucleation data were determined as number of nuclei generated per contact as a function of supersaturation and impact energy. Both of these variables strongly influenced the number of nuclei generated per contact. These data show that crystal growth and contact nucleation are related, with more rapidly growing substances giving higher yields of nuclei.
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 380-382 
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 372-379 
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    Notes: The objective of this study was to determine the mixing characteristics of two-phase, confined, coaxial jets. Gas composition, gas velocity, and particle mass flux radial profiles were obtained at different axial stations using 20% by weight of 6 or 30 μm spherical aluminum particles in the primary stream. Additional tests were conducted without particles. Radial profiles for gas composition, velocity, and particle flux were correlated using the principle of similarity. In the gas phase, mass mixed more rapidly than momentum, and the 6 μm particles mixed less rapidly than mass or momentum. Systems with low primary density and low secondary velocity mixed most rapidly. An implicit numerical model was developed to predict the rate of mixing of the gas/particle mixture. The model included coupled dynamic and thermal nonequilibrium effects between the gas and solid phases. Comparisons of model predictions and experimental results were good.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 730-736 
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    Notes: Theory and experiment show that lowered resistivity of fly ash, frequently caused by adding conditioning agents to flue gas to improve efficiency of electrostatic precipitation, is caused by capillary condensation of liquid at the contact points of ash particles, thereby providing additional pathways for flow of electrical current.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 744-750 
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    Notes: Random search procedures have recently been successfully applied to the optimization of a variety of chemical engineering problems, including optimization of chemical processes by flow sheet simulation. These procedures represent the independent variables as random variables described by probability distributions. The adaptive random search procedure centers the distribution for each variable about the best search point found and examines this region for a better point. Thus, this technique has the ability of continuously moving the search region toward the optimum, which is particularly advantageous in following constraints.This study examines the efficiency of the adaptive random search technique as applied to six different problems, which have been previously solved by various other techniques.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 724-730 
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    Notes: A method of moments has been formulated for the determination of the diffusivity of a gas in a polymer from a step response in a continuous permeation chamber. Contributions of system components other than the polymer are easily factored out to determine the contribution of the polymer alone, and this contribution is then analyzed to calculate the diffusivity. The method has been applied to the measurement of the diffusivities of sulfur dioxide in PTFE (Teflon) and fluorosilicone rubber tubes over a wide temperature range.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 799-805 
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    Notes: A model was developed for the acidization of various sandstone cores which successfully describes the flow and reaction in the porous media during acidization. A comparison of the experimental results of various investigators shows excellent agreement with the results predicted by the authors with the model.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 813-813 
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 814-814 
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 832-840 
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    Notes: Shear viscosity of an Amioca starch paste undergoing hydrolysis by immobilized α-amylase is shown to follow a power law behavior. The power law constants are uniquely related in a way which reduces the power law to a dimensionless form, a result previously reported only for retrograding starch and coagulating milk. The concept of a total hydrodynamic volume [Amioca starch molecules (amylopectin) plus associated immobilized liquid] is extended to concentrations above the dilute solution regime. A molecular interpretation is proposed for the shear viscosity behavior of Amioca starch pastes vs. extent of starch hydrolysis.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 851-855 
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    Notes: Bench scale packed columns were used to study the kinetic behavior of biological denitrification. After tracer studies were run to determine flow characteristics, steady state nitrate profiles were determined. A first-order rate expression with an Arrhenius temperature dependence is an adequate model of the reaction for nitrate-nitrogen concentrations of 〈 100 mg/l and temperature of 5° to 20°C. The rate constants are proportional to the packing surface area.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 879-882 
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    Notes: Ultra high-speed motion picture photography is used to measure the decay and frequency of drops of liquid in air and of air cavities in liquids. Consequent to the belief that surface active agents induce dynamic interfacial properties, a very clean system is used, and experiments are performed with triple distilled water, tap water, and known aqueous solutions of ionic and nonionic surfactants. Experimental results yield good qualitative agreement with the theory. The theoretical and experimental studies show the system to be a new and promising technique for the quantitative evaluation of the various interfacial viscous and elastic properties.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 904-909 
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    Notes: Reaction rates of selective hydrogenation of phenylacetylene (PA) and styrene were studied in a packed-bed reactor with concurrent gas and liquid upflow. The surface reaction rates were expressed by the reaction between adsorbed PA or styrene and dissociated hydrogen atoms competing for the same active sites. The contributions of mass transfer rate were determined, and better selectivity conditions were discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 882-886 
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    Notes: The kinetics of sorption of four representative hydrocarbons in 13X zeolite crystals have been investigated at temperatures within the range 409 to 513°K and pressures 0.1 to 100 torr. Extensive diffusivity data are presented showing the dependence on sorbate concentration and temperature. The form of the concentration dependence of the diffusivity for these systems is very similar to that of the small monatomic and diatomic molecules in 5A zeolite. This similarity is understandable, since the key factor which determines the diffusion behavior is the relative size of diffusing molecule and sieve window. For these hydrocarbons in the 13X sieve, as for the monatomic and diatomic gases in 5A, the critical diameters of the diffusing molecules are all appreciably smaller than the free diameter of the windows.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 937-938 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 938-940 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 414-414 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 86
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 950-952 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 87
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  • 88
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 22 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 89
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 961-970 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Moment analysis of input-response data for three-phase slurry reactors is shown to be useful for detrmining mass trasnport rate coefficients. Data for the nitric oxide-water activated carbon system indicated that bubble-to-liquid transport, intraparticle diffusion, and the adsorption step could all influence the adsorption rate for high concentrations of carbon particles.
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  • 90
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 1000-1006 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer characteristics are studied theoretically and experimentally for dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in fully developed laminar flow through a gas permeable membrane tubing. The gas transfer rate is correlated with the liquid flow rate and tubing size. Membrane resistance together with liquid phase resistance determine the overall mass transport rate.
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  • 91
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 1033-1042 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Thermal phenomena are associated with the operation of ice counter-washers, a major component for the separation of ice and brine in freeze crystallization processes. Melting, freezing, and channeling in the upper leg of the counterwasher occur because of the temperature difference between the wash water and the ice and have important effects on the operation of the device. In the present study, these phenomena are modeled and analyzed and their scaling laws derived. Ice and wash water temperature distributions as well as variations in porosity and wash water flow rate due to melting and freezing in the ice plug are computed and plotted. The effect of channeling on counterwasher operation is studied and formulated in terms of the channel dimensions and ice plug properties. Growth rates of channels due to melting by the wash water are calculated. Results indicate that warm wash water and slow motion of the ice plug cause rapid channel growth and may be deleterious to counterwasher operation. Best conditions for recovery from channeling are obtained with wash water temperature close to freezing and high plug velocity.
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  • 92
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model was developed for the direct reduction of hematite carried out in a countercurrent moving packed bed, and the process was simulated on a CDC 6400 computer. The response of the model to changes in the various process variables was investigated, and it was found that there is an optimum gas inlet composition (hydrogen-carbon monoxide) for a given set of operating conditions. In addition, an optimum gas inlet temperature was revealed for cases where pure carbon monoxide was used as the reducing gas. The feasibility of side stream injection of reducing gas was studied. The calculations showed that there are certain ranges of operating conditions for which the injection of a hot side stream is advantageous. This study represents the first reported simulation of direct reduction process having carbon monoxide-hydrogen gas mixtures as a reducing medium.
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  • 93
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 872-879 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The system of a dispersed phase oscillating in a continuous medium is investigated theoretically with the specific purpose of developing a new technique for the measurement of interfacial viscous and elastic properties. By use of the well-known models of interfacial mechanics, the decay and frequency of liquid drops oscillating in a gas and of gas cavities oscillating in a liquid are computed as functions of dynamic interfacial properties. The results of the theory indicate, for the size range considered, that the elastic properties dominate over the viscous properties and that dilational effects dominate in the case of the drop in air and shear effects dominate in the case of the cavity in a liquid. The frequency does not seem to depend on the dynamic interfacial properties.
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  • 94
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 474-479 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two effects not considered in previous work can significantly influence stability of moving displacement fronts in porous media. They are transport near the front and expansion or contraction accompanying phase change or chemical reaction at the front. It is shown that both effects act to stabilize a moving front at which steam condenses and displaces water. Available experimental data confirm that such a front is more stable than would be expected based on previous work. The effects should be important in steam drive and underground combustion processes for improving oil recovery and in processes involving moving reaction fronts in packed beds.
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  • 95
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equilibria of reactions catalyzed by acetate kinase and adenylate kinase were studied experimentally and theoretically. Nucleotide conversions in excess of 90% were obtained with reactants (acetyl phosphate and one nucleotide) in stoichiometric proportion for ATP regeneration from either ADP via acetate kinase or AMP via the coupled enzyme system. Observed equilibrium constants, measured as a function of [Mg2+] at pH 7.4, ranged from about 1 to 9 for the reaction catalyzed by adenylate kinase and from about 50 to 400 for the reaction catalyzed by acetate kinase. These results agreed well with prediction of a theoretical model for the multiple equilibria between all species present in solution. Theoretical calculations showed that magnesium ion complexes and totally dissociated anions are the predominant species in solution at \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$p{\rm H}\tilde 〉 7{\rm and}[{\rm Mg}^{2 + } ]\tilde 〉 10^{ - 3} {\rm M}$\end{document}.
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 507-510 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An expression has been derived for predicting the penetration depth of vertical jets into fluidized beds based on the experimental observations of several workers. The expression correlates a wide range of data with reasonable accuracy and is suggested as a useful working equation for design purposes.
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    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 501-506 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The concept of the effectiveness, factor, commonly used as a means of accounting for diffusional effects in gas-solid catalytic and noncatalytic reactions, is extended to gas-liquid reactions. The relevant differential equations for an isothermal system with appropriate boundary conditions are solved for the case of (1) a simple first-order irreversible reaction, (2) a consecutive reaction, and (3) a parallel reaction. The results are presented in terms of effectiveness factor plots, and methods of delineating the controlling regimes are discussed. It is shown that gas-liquid reactions represent perhaps the most general case which reduces to gas-solid reactions under appropriate limiting conditions.
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    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 947-950 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 116-117 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 118-120 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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