ALBERT

Description:    To investigate the nutritional value of the diatom Cyclotella cryptica Reimann, Lewin, and Guillard as an alternative feed for the use in the aquaculture industry, the heterotrophic growth characteristics, total fatty acids, and the resultant fatty acid profile of the microalga were studied when cultivated with sodium nitrate, ammonium chloride, or urea. All three nitrogen sources supported growth under heterotrophic conditions, and their uptake affected the pH of the cultivation medium, even when buffered. The use of sodium nitrate or urea resulted in a significant increase in the pH of the cultivation media, whereas the use of ammonium chloride caused a minor decrease in the pH of the cultivation media. The maximum specific growth rate was highest when urea and ammonium chloride were supplied at a low concentration; however, the total fatty acid content was not significantly affected ( P  = 0.101) by the nitrogen source when supplied at 10.7 mM nitrogen. The total fatty acid content and fatty acid profile of C. cryptica was more affected by the growth phase (predominately influenced by the initial nitrogen concentration) than by the source of nitrogen. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s10811-011-9680-5 Authors Stephen L. Pahl, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia David M. Lewis, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia Keith D. King, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia Feng Chen, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Applied Phycology Online ISSN 1573-5176 Print ISSN 0921-8971

Description:    Apical necrosis is a widely distributed disease in the culture of the marine agar-producing alga, Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis . In this study, 16 strains of epiphytic bacteria were isolated from the tip bleaching parts of G. lemaneiformis ; of the 16 strains, two strains could induce healthy algal tips to become necrotic. They were identified as Thalassospira sp. and Vibrio parahaemolyticus by 16S rDNA sequence analysis and biochemical characterization. Using solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, the variation of volatile metabolites of G. lemaneiformis infected by these two strains of pathogenic bacteria was analyzed. The results showed that E-2-nonenal and 1-octen-3-one differed very significantly ( P  〈 0.01) between the Thalassospira infected group and the control group, while trichloromethane, 3-methyl butanal, benzaldehyde, and E-2-decenal differed significantly ( P  〈 0.05). The difference of 1-octen-3-one, benzaldehyde, and E-2-nonenal between the V. parahaemolyticus infected group and the control group was very significant ( P  〈 0.01), while 3-methyl butanal and octanal were significantly different ( P  〈 0.05). In conclusion, 1-octen-3-one, E-2-nonenal, and benzaldehyde might be the characteristic metabolites for the pathogenic infection and could be used as biomarkers for the disease prevention of G. lemaneiformis . Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10811-011-9677-0 Authors Xue Sun, Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Minister of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China Yanli He, Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Minister of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China Nianjun Xu, Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Minister of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China Yumei Xia, Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Minister of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China Zhiming Liu, Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA Journal Journal of Applied Phycology Online ISSN 1573-5176 Print ISSN 0921-8971

Description:    Dunaliella acidophila is one of the most extreme acidophiles on earth and is able to survive in highly acidic habitats. This characteristic has made this organism the universal model for the study of abiotic stress. Although D. acidophila is currently circumscribed to the subgenus Pascheria within Dunaliella Teodoresco (Chlorophyceae), its taxonomic position has stirred controversy. The comparison of D. acidophila CCAP19/35 internal transcribed spacers (including ITS2 secondary structure analysis) and RuBisCo large subunit ( rbcL ) sequences with other Dunaliella species confirms that D. acidophila should maintain its phylogenetic position within the genus Dunaliella , suggesting its inclusion within the subgenus Dunaliella . Furthermore, the ITS1 and ITS2 data revealed that D. acidophila was highly divergent from the other freshwater species assessed, D. lateralis , with which it barely shares a 56.8% similarity. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s10811-011-9676-1 Authors Patrícia Assunção, Departamento de Biotecnología, División de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias (ITC), Pozo Izquierdo, 35119 Sta. Lucía, Canary Islands, Spain Ruth Jaén-Molina, Departamento de Biodiversidad Molecular y Banco de ADN de la Flora Canaria, Jardín Botánico Canario “Viera y Clavijo”–Unidad Asociada CSIC, Apartado de correos 14, de Tafira Alta, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain Juli Caujapé-Castells, Departamento de Biodiversidad Molecular y Banco de ADN de la Flora Canaria, Jardín Botánico Canario “Viera y Clavijo”–Unidad Asociada CSIC, Apartado de correos 14, de Tafira Alta, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain Adelina de la Jara, Departamento de Biotecnología, División de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias (ITC), Pozo Izquierdo, 35119 Sta. Lucía, Canary Islands, Spain Laura Carmona, Departamento de Biotecnología, División de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias (ITC), Pozo Izquierdo, 35119 Sta. Lucía, Canary Islands, Spain Karen Freijanes, Departamento de Biotecnología, División de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias (ITC), Pozo Izquierdo, 35119 Sta. Lucía, Canary Islands, Spain Héctor Mendoza, Departamento de Biotecnología, División de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias (ITC), Pozo Izquierdo, 35119 Sta. Lucía, Canary Islands, Spain Journal Journal of Applied Phycology Online ISSN 1573-5176 Print ISSN 0921-8971

Description:    The interest in the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from plant materials is focused on upgrading of the large amount of by-products coming from food or cosmetics industries from which the press residues have particularly high contents of phenolics. In this study, for value-added use of the brown seaweed Ecklonia cava processing by-product (ECPB), which can be obtained after polyphenolic extraction of E. cava , it was fermented by the yeast Candida utilis and its antioxidant activities were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, and alkyl radical scavenging using electron spin resonance spectrometer. ECPB was fermented for 1~4 days prior to being extracted with 80% ethanol, and significant differences were observed in extraction yields, total phenolic contents (TPC), and radical scavenging activities with the fermentation time. Extract from the ECPB fermented for 1 day exhibited the highest TPC and also found to be the strongest antioxidant. The 1-day fermented ECPB strongly enhanced cell viability against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative damage in Vero cell line. This sample also exhibited good protective properties against H 2 O 2 -induced cell apoptosis as was demonstrated by a decreased quantity of sub-G1 hypodiploid cells and decreased apoptotic body formation in the flow cytometry analysis. This study demonstrated that the fermentation elevated functionally important polyphenolic contents of ECPB and resultant antioxidant activities were enhanced. Therefore, the fermentation could offer a tool to further increase the bioactive potential of ECPB. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s10811-011-9668-1 Authors W. A. J. P. Wijesinghe, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea Lee Won-Woo, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea Kim Young-Mog, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea Kim Young-Tae, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea Kim Se-Kwon, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea Jeon Byong-Tae, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea Kim Jin-Soo, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea Heu Min-Soo, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea Jung Won-Kyo, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea Ginnae Ahn, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea Ki-Wan Lee, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea You-Jin Jeon, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea Journal Journal of Applied Phycology Online ISSN 1573-5176 Print ISSN 0921-8971

Description:    In this study, a metabolic network describing the primary metabolism of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was constructed. By performing chemostat experiments at different growth rates, energy parameters for maintenance and biomass formation were determined. The chemostats were run at low irradiances resulting in a high biomass yield on light of 1.25 g  mol −1 . The ATP requirement for biomass formation from biopolymers ( K x ) was determined to be 109 mmol g −1 (18.9 mol mol −1 ) and the maintenance requirement ( m ATP ) was determined to be 2.85 mmol g −1  h −1 . With these energy requirements included in the metabolic network, the network accurately describes the primary metabolism of C. reinhardtii and can be used for modeling of C. reinhardtii growth and metabolism. Simulations confirmed that cultivating microalgae at low growth rates is unfavorable because of the high maintenance requirements which result in low biomass yields. At high light supply rates, biomass yields will decrease due to light saturation effects. Thus, to optimize biomass yield on light energy in photobioreactors, an optimum between low and high light supply rates should be found. These simulations show that metabolic flux analysis can be used as a tool to gain insight into the metabolism of algae and ultimately can be used for the maximization of algal biomass and product yield. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s10811-011-9674-3 Authors Anna M. J. Kliphuis, Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands Anne J. Klok, Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands Dirk E. Martens, Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands Packo P. Lamers, Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands Marcel Janssen, Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands René H. Wijffels, Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands Journal Journal of Applied Phycology Online ISSN 1573-5176 Print ISSN 0921-8971

Description:    Proteomic profiling on Ecklonia cava Kjellman grown under various seawater temperatures was conducted to search for biomarkers that were useful to evaluate the health of the colonies and formulate actions for the maintenance of marine forests. In the cultivated strains, protein expression was not significantly changed when the cultivation temperature was lowered from 15°C (control) to 10°C. On the contrary, it was markedly changed, i.e., photosynthesis-related proteins were up-regulated and metabolic enzymes were down-regulated, when the temperature was heightened to 20°C. With the cultivation at 30°C, 25 spots within 27 spots expressed at this temperature peculiarly could be identified and classified into ten proteins. Of the distinctive 27 spots at 30°C, 20 spots were detected in the wild strains cultured at the same temperature for a brief time. It is presumed that the proteins including vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase are heat stress-induced proteins. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s10811-011-9664-5 Authors Norishige Yotsukura, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0809, Japan Kouhei Nagai, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8514, Japan Toshimitsu Tanaka, Fisheries Experimental Station, Wakayama Prefecture, Kushimoto, Wakayama 649-3503, Japan Hajime Kimura, Fisheries Experimental Station, Wakayama Prefecture, Kushimoto, Wakayama 649-3503, Japan Kouichi Morimoto, Department of Biotechnological Science, Kinki University, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan Journal Journal of Applied Phycology Online ISSN 1573-5176 Print ISSN 0921-8971

Description: Concerns over the reporting of inconsistent data on fatty acid composition for microalgae of the genus Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae) Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s10811-011-9659-2 Authors Inna Khozin-Goldberg, Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute of Agriculture and Biotechnology, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 84990 Israel Sammy Boussiba, Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute of Agriculture and Biotechnology, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 84990 Israel Journal Journal of Applied Phycology Online ISSN 1573-5176 Print ISSN 0921-8971

Description:    Two 60-day experiments were conducted to study the influence of photon flux density (PFD) and temperature on the attachment and development of Gloiopeltis tenax and Gloiopeltis furcata tetraspores. In the first experiment, tetraspores of the two Gloiopeltis species were incubated at five temperature ranges (8°C, 12°C, 16°C, 20°C, 24°C) under a constant PFD of 80 μmol photons m −2  s −1 with a photoperiod of 12:12. In a second experiment, tetraspores were incubated under five PFD gradients (30, 55, 80, 105, 130 μmol photons m −2  s −1 ) at a constant temperature of 16°C with a photoperiod of 12:12. Maximum density of attached tetraspores was observed at 16°C for both species. Maximum per cent of spore germinating into disc was recorded at 12–16°C for G. tenax and 8–12°C for G. furcata . Maximum per cent of discs producing erect axes for G. tenax and G. furcata were recorded at 24°C and 20°C, respectively. Light had no significant effect on tetraspore attachment and developing into disc, but it affected the growth, sprouting and survival of its discs. Under 30–55 μmol photons m −2  s −1 , the discs of the two species of Gloiopeltis did not form thallus until the end of the experiment. Optimum PFD range for G. tenax discs was 80–105 μmol photons m −2  s −1 , whilst it was 80–130 μmol photons m −2  s −1 for G. furcata . Results presented in this study are expected to assist the progress of artificial seeding of Gloiopeltis . Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s10811-010-9638-z Authors Suwen Chen, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300 China Jinfeng Wu, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300 China Lixiong Chen, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300 China Changbo Zhu, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300 China Journal Journal of Applied Phycology Online ISSN 1573-5176 Print ISSN 0921-8971

Description:    During the summer of 2008 and 2009, massive algal blooms repeatedly broke out in the Yellow Sea of China. These were undoubtedly caused by the accumulations of one or more species in the macroalgal genus Ulva . In previous reports, morphological observation indicated that the species involved in this phenomenon is Ulva prolifera but molecular analyses indicated that the species belongs to an Ulva linza–procera–prolifera (LPP) clade. Correct identification of the bloom species is required to understand and manage the blooms, but the taxonomic status of the bloom species remains unclear. In the current study, the taxonomic status of 22 selected specimens from the Yellow Sea was assessed by using both morphological and molecular (ITS and rbcL sequences) data. In addition, 5S rDNA analyses were performed for those samples clustering in the LPP clade, and phylogenetic tree and ribotype analyses were constructed for determining the possible origin of the bloom. Three free-floating and two attached Ulva species were distinguished and described: Ulva compressa Linnaeus and Ulva pertusa Kjellman were found in free-floating samples; U. linza Linnaeus was found on rocks; and U. prolifera O.F. Müller was found in both habitats. Diversity in free-floating Ulva of the Yellow Sea appears to be greater than previously thought. The dominant free-floating Ulva species, U. prolifera , was not closely related to local populations attached to rocks but was closely related to populations from Japan. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s10811-011-9654-7 Authors Weijun Duan, Ningbo Entry–Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No. 9, Mayuan Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315012, People’s Republic of China Lixin Guo, Ningbo Entry–Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No. 9, Mayuan Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315012, People’s Republic of China Dong Sun, Xuzhou Normal University, No. 29, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New Borough, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221116, People’s Republic of China Shuifang Zhu, Institute of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241, Huixin West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100121 People’s Republic of China Xianfeng Chen, Ningbo Entry–Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No. 9, Mayuan Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315012, People’s Republic of China Wenrong Zhu, Xiangshan Xuwen Seaweed Development Co., Ltd., No. 150, Ningzhou Road, Jiangdong District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315040, People’s Republic of China Tao Xu, Institute of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241, Huixin West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100121 People’s Republic of China Changfa Chen, Qingdao Entry–Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No.2, Zhongshan Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shangdong Province 266001, People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Applied Phycology Online ISSN 1573-5176 Print ISSN 0921-8971

Description:    Species of Gracilaria are some of the most useful algae in the world for the production of agar. As a consequence of its economic importance, the genus has been the subject of many studies worldwide. Color variants of Gracilaria birdiae have been found in the natural population on the Brazilian coast, and they have also been isolated from plants cultivated in laboratory. These findings raised new questions regarding intraspecific variation and the prospects of cultivating such variants for their agar production. Therefore, this work aimed to determine the mode of color inheritance for two G. birdiae strains: a greenish-brown strain (gb) found in a natural population and a green strain (gr) which had arisen as a spontaneous mutation in a red plant cultured in the laboratory. The pigment contents of these strains, as well as the red wild-type (rd), were also characterized. Crosses between female and male plants of the same color (rd, gr, or gb) and between different colors were performed. Crosses between plants of the same color showed tetrasporophytic and gametophytic descendents of the parental color. Recessive nuclear inheritance was found in the greenish-brown strain, and cytoplasmic maternal inheritance was found in the green strain; both had lower phycoerythrin and higher concentrations of allophycocyanin and phycocyanin than the wild-type. Chlorophyll a contents were similar among all strains. Taken together, our results contribute to knowledge about the variability of this important red algae. In addition, since greenish-brown and green strains showed stability of color, both could be selected and tested in experimental sea cultivation to evaluate if mutants have advantageous performance when compared with red strain. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s10811-010-9642-3 Authors Viviane L. Costa, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP Brazil Estela M. Plastino, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP Brazil Journal Journal of Applied Phycology Online ISSN 1573-5176 Print ISSN 0921-8971