ALBERT

Description:    Temperature and ultraviolet B radiation (UVB 290–320 nm) are inextricably linked to global climate change. These two variables may act separately, additively, or synergistically on specific aspects of fish biochemistry. We raised Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar ) parr for 54 days in outdoor tanks held at 12 and 19 °C and, at each temperature, we exposed them to three spectral treatments differing in UV radiation intensity. We quantified individual fatty acid (FA) mass fractions in four tissues (dorsal muscle, dorsal and ventral skin, and ocular tissue) at each temperature × UV combination. FA composition of dorsal muscle and dorsal and ventral skin was not affected by UV exposure. Mass fractions of 16:0, 18:0, and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were greater in dorsal muscle of warm-reared fish whereas 18:3n-3, 20:2, 20:4n-6, 22:5n-3, 22:6n-3, n-3, n-6, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and total FA were significantly higher in cold-reared fish. Mass fractions of most of the FA were greater in the dorsal and ventral skin of warm-reared fish. Cold-reared salmon exposed to enhanced UVB had higher ocular tissue mass fractions of 20:2, 20:4n-6, 22:6n-3, n-3, n-6, and PUFA compared to fish in which UV had been removed. These observations forecast a host of ensuing physiological and ecological responses of juvenile Atlantic Salmon to increasing temperatures and UVB levels in native streams and rivers where they mature before smolting and returning to the sea. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3719-5 Authors Michael T. Arts, National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada Michelle E. Palmer, Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada Anne Berit Skiftesvik, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, 5392 Storebø, Norway Ilmari E. Jokinen, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland Howard I. Browman, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, 5392 Storebø, Norway Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The present work was designed to prepare linseed oil (LSO) microemulsion and explore the possibility of enhancing the uptake and utilization of α-linolenic acid (ALA) present in LSO. The bioavailability of encapsulated LSO as against native oil was monitored in rats by measuring the uptake in vitro using the intestinal everted sac model and in-vivo administration of microemulsions of LSO to rats for a period of 30 days. Microemulsions were prepared by using different binding materials such as gum acacia, whey protein and lipoid. When LSO was encapsulated with gum acacia, whey protein and lipoid, the levels of ALA uptake into intestinal sacs was increased by 6, 17 and 28 % as compared to oil given without encapsulation. EPA and DHA were not observed in the oil absorbed by intestinal everted sacs when given as emulsions with gum acacia or whey protein. When LSO was given as microemulsions with lipoid, EPA + DHA was observed in oil absorbed by intestinal sacs. Similarly when LSO was given as a lipoid emulsion by intubation to rats, the EPA and DHA in serum lipids were found to be 41 and 34 μg/ml, respectively while rats given LSO without encapsulation contained EPA and DHA at 9.1 and 8.8 μg/ml, respectively. Similar changes in omega-3 fatty acid content in liver lipids were observed when LSO was given as a microemulsion with lipoid. This study indicated that ALA was taken up and metabolized to long chain omega-3 PUFA when given as microemulsion with lipoid. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3731-9 Authors D. Sugasini, Department of Lipid Science and Traditional Foods, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mysore, 570 020 India B. R. Lokesh, Department of Lipid Science and Traditional Foods, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mysore, 570 020 India Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    High-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–MS/MS) approaches have enabled high selectivity and sensitivity for the identification and quantification of glucosylceramide molecular species. Here we demonstrate that HPLC–ESI–MS/MS is an efficient method for characterizing plant glucosylceramide species having the cis -8 and trans -8 isomers of sphingoid bases. Complete baseline separation was achieved using a high-carbon-content octadecylsilyl column and a simple binary gradient comprising methanol and water. The result of 2-hydroxy fatty acid composition achieved by HPLC–ESI–MS/MS was compared with that achieved by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC–FID), indicating that the two methods yield similar molar compositions. The current method should be applicable to seeking the active components of glucosylceramide species from plant materials in response to biological challenges. Content Type Journal Article Category Methods Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3725-7 Authors Hiroyuki Imai, Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8501 Japan Hideyasu Hattori, Development and Marketing Group, Frontier Science Business Division, Shiseido Co., Ltd., 12 Nishikawabe-cho, Higashikujyo, Minami-ku, Kyoto, 601-8037 Japan Masayuki Watanabe, Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8501 Japan Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Using lipidomic methodologies the impact that meal lipid composition and metabolic syndrome (MetS) exerts on the postprandial chylomicron triacylglycerol (TAG) response was examined. Males (9 control; 11 MetS) participated in a randomised crossover trial ingesting two high fat breakfast meals composed of either dairy-based foods or vegetable oil-based foods. The postprandial lipidomic molecular composition of the TAG in the chylomicron-rich (CM) fraction was analysed with tandem mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography to profile CM TAG species and targeted TAG regioisomers. Postprandial CM TAG concentrations were significantly lower after the dairy-based foods compared with the vegetable oil-based foods for both control and MetS subjects. The CM TAG response to the ingested meals involved both significant and differential depletion of TAG species containing shorter- and medium-chain fatty acids (FA) and enrichment of TAG molecular species containing C16 and C18 saturated, monounsaturated and diunsaturated FA. Furthermore, there were significant changes in the TAG species between the food TAG and CM TAG and between the 3- and 5-h postprandial samples for the CM TAG regioisomers. Unexpectedly, the postprandial CM TAG concentration and CM TAG lipidomic responses did not differ between the control and MetS subjects. Lipidomic analysing of CM TAG molecular species revealed dynamic changes in the molecular species of CM TAG during the postprandial phase suggesting either preferential CM TAG species formation and/or clearance. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3735-5 Authors Maxine P. Bonham, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia Kaisa M. Linderborg, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Aimee Dordevic, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia Amy E. Larsen, Department of Human Biosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia Kay Nguo, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia Jacquelyn M. Weir, Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute Victoria, Melbourne, Australia Petra Gran, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia Marika K. Luotonen, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Peter J. Meikle, Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute Victoria, Melbourne, Australia David Cameron-Smith, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Heikki P. T. Kallio, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Andrew J. Sinclair, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The present study investigated the effect of 4-[4-( Z )-hept-1-enyl-phenoxy] butyric acid (HUHS2002), a newly synthesized free fatty acid derivative, on α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor responses. HUHS2002 potentiated currents through GluA1 AMPA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes in a bell-shaped concentration (1 nM–1 μM)-dependent manner, the maximum reaching nearly 140 % of original amplitude at 100 nM. The potentiation was significantly inhibited by GF109203X, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), but not KN-93, an inhibitor of Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). HUHS2002 had no potentiating effect on currents through mutant GluA1 AMPA receptors with replacement of Ser831, a PKC/CaMKII phosphorylation site, by Ala. In the in situ PKC assay using rat PC-12 cells, HUHS2002 significantly enhanced PKC activity, that is suppressed by GF109203X. Overall, the results of the present study show that HUHS2002 potentiates GluA1 AMPA receptor responses by activating PKC and phosphorylating the receptors at Ser831, regardless of CaMKII activation and phosphorylation. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3736-4 Authors Takaaki Nishimoto, Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, 663-8501 Japan Takeshi Kanno, Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, 663-8501 Japan Tadashi Shimizu, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Advanced Medicinal Research Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8530 Japan Akito Tanaka, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Advanced Medicinal Research Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8530 Japan Tomoyuki Nishizaki, Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, 663-8501 Japan Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    This study investigated the effect of triticale dried distillers’ grain with solubles (DDGS), flax (FS) and sunflower (SS) seed on growth and the fatty acid profile of subcutaneous (SQ) fat in individually housed steers ( n  = 15 per diet) fed ad libitum (DM basis); (1) control (CON) 90 % barley grain + 10 % barley silage; or substitution of barley grain for: (2) 30 % DDGS; (3) 10 % FS; (4) 30 % DDGS + 8.5 % FS; (5) 10 % SS and (6) 30 % DDGS + 8.5 % SS. Oilseeds in the combination diets were reduced to maintain diet lipid levels below 9 % DM and to determine if favorable changes in the fatty acid profile could be maintained or enhanced at reduced levels of oilseed. Plasma and SQ fat biopsies were collected at 0, 6, and 12 weeks. Inclusion of DDGS decreased ( P  〈 0.05) average daily gain, feed conversion and backfat thickness. Feeding FS increased ( P  〈 0.05) plasma ALA compared to CON and SS and consistently increased ( P  〈 0.01) ALA and non-conjugated and non-methylene interrupted dienes (NCD), whereas SS tended to decrease ALA in fat. Inclusion of DDGS with FS further increased ( P  〈 0.02) ALA and decreased ( P  〈 0.05) NCD and 18:1- t 10 in fat. The fact that the levels of n-3 fatty acids in SQ fat from steers fed DDGS + FS were higher than those obtained with FS alone, has obvious benefits to the practical cost of favorably manipulating fatty acid profiles in beef. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3720-z Authors M. L. He, Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada H. Sultana, Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada M. Oba, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada J. P. Kastelic, Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada M. E. R. Dugan, Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada J. J. McKinnon, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada T. A. McAllister, Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Triacylglycerol estolides have been reported as components of the seed oil of a number of plant species and are generally associated with the presence of fatty acids containing hydroxyl groups. We have used MALDI-TOF MS to examine the intact acylglycerol species present in the seed oils of two plants that produce kamlolenic acid (18-hydroxy-Δ9 cis ,11 trans ,13 trans -octadecatrienoic acid). Mallotus philippensis and Trewia nudiflora were both shown to produce seed oil rich in TAG-estolides. Analysis by MALDI-TOF MS/MS demonstrated that the TAG-estolides had a structure different to that previously proposed after enzymatic digestion of the oil. Acylglycerols containing up to 14 fatty acids were detected but fatty acid estolides were only present in a single position on the glycerol backbone, with predominantly non-hydroxyl fatty acids in the remaining two positions. Increased numbers of fatty acids per glycerol backbone were accounted for by the presence of fatty acid estolides containing a correspondingly greater number of fatty acids. For example, acylglycerols containing seven fatty acids had a fatty acid estolide of five fatty acids at one position on the glycerol backbone. Both capped and uncapped fatty acid estolides, with a free hydroxyl group, were present, with capped fatty acid estolides being more abundant in T. nudiflora and uncapped fatty acid estolides in M. philippensis . Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3721-y Authors Mark A. Smith, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada Haixia Zhang, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada Li Forseille, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada Randy W. Purves, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The varied functional requirements satisfied by trans fatty acid (TFA)—containing oils constrains the selection of alternative fats and oils for use as potential replacements in specific food applications. We aimed to model the effects of replacing TFA-containing partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO) with application-appropriate alternatives on population fatty acid intakes, plasma lipids, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 24-hour dietary recalls for 1999–2002, we selected 25 food categories, accounting for 86 % of soybean oil (SBO) and 79 % of TFA intake for replacement modeling. Before modeling, those in the middle quintile had a mean PHSBO TFA intake of 1.2 % of energy. PHSBO replacement in applications requiring thermal stability by either low-linolenic acid SBO or mid-oleic, low-linolenic acid SBO decreased TFA intake by 0.3 % of energy and predicted CVD risk by 0.7–0.8 %. PHSBO replacement in applications requiring functional properties with palm-based oils reduced TFA intake by 0.8 % of energy, increased palmitic acid intake by 1.0 % of energy, and reduced predicted CVD risk by 0.4 %, whereas replacement with fully hydrogenated interesterified SBO reduced TFA intake by 0.7 % of energy, increased stearic acid intake by 1.0 % of energy, and decreased predicted CVD risk by 1.2 %. PHSBO replacement in both thermal and functional applications reduced TFA intake by 1.0 % of energy and predicted CVD risk by 1.5 %. Based solely on changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins, all PHSBO replacement models reduced estimated CVD risk, albeit less than previously reported using simpler replacement models. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3705-y Authors Michael Lefevre, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Utah State University, 9815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-9815, USA Ronald P. Mensink, Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Barbara Petersen, Exponent Inc, Washington, DC 20036, USA Kim Smith, Exponent Inc, Washington, DC 20036, USA Brent D. Flickinger, Nutritional Science, Archer Daniels Midland Company, Randall Research Center, Decatur, IL 62521, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The major fatty acids of a novel species of Thermogemmatispora sp. (strain T81) from the phylum Chloroflexi were identified as i 18:0 (42.8 % of total fatty acids), i 19:0 (9.7 %), and i 17:0 (5.9 %). Also observed was a number of unidentified fatty acids, including a major acid (16.3 %) with ECL of 19.04 (BP1), and 18.76 (TG-WAXMS A). GCMS revealed that this compound is a saturated 20-carbon atom fatty acid. 1 H– and 13 C–NMR, with 1 H– 1 H–COSY and 1 H– 13 C–HSQC experiments suggested the structure of dimethyl octadecanoic acid with iso -branching, and an extra middle-chain methyl group. A pyrrolidide derivative demonstrated the characteristic gaps in GCMS indicating methyl branching at C12 and C17, which was eventually confirmed by a 1 H– 13 C–HSQC–TOCSY experiment. This 12,17-dimethyloctadecanoic acid has not been previously detected or described in these organisms. However, a recent description of a phylogenetically related species of Thermogemmatispora (Yabe et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 61:903–910, 2010), noted an unidentified 20:0 fatty acid with matching GC behavior and GCMS data to that of strain T81. These data suggest that Thermogemmatispora share an ability to synthesize the same fatty acid. A number of other dimethyl-branched fatty acids, namely 8,14-diMe 15:0; 12,15-diMe 16:0; 10,15-diMe 16:0; 12,16-diMe 17:0; 10,16-diMe 17:0; 12,17-diMe 18:0; 12,18-diMe 19:0; 14,19-diMe 20:0, were also identified in strain T81. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3668-z Authors M. Vyssotski, Industrial Research Limited, PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, 5040 New Zealand J. Ryan, Industrial Research Limited, PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, 5040 New Zealand K. Lagutin, Industrial Research Limited, PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, 5040 New Zealand H. Wong, Industrial Research Limited, PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, 5040 New Zealand X. Morgan, GNS Science, Extremophiles Research Group, Private Bag 2000, Taupo, 3352 New Zealand M. Stott, GNS Science, Extremophiles Research Group, Private Bag 2000, Taupo, 3352 New Zealand Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The present work studies the potential restorative effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 5 μM/24 h) on the dimethoate (DMT)-induced inhibition of testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells isolated from rat testes. Various fatty acids (FA) from the n-6 (18:2, 20:3, 20:4, 22:4 and 22:5) and n-3 (18.3, 20:5, 22:5, 22:6) series were assayed in Leydig cells, alone (as delipidated BSA complexes) and in combination with DMT (1 ppm). The n-6 FA stimulated lipid peroxidation (LPO) and inhibited the activities of steroidogenic enzymes (3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases). The n-3 FA exerted an anti-oxidant effect, decreasing the production of thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances (TBARS) and inhibiting phospholipase A 2 activity. The biosynthesis of testosterone in DMT-treated cultures was completely normalized by ARA (20:4n-6) and partially restored by the addition of 20:3n-6, increasing ARA content inside the mitochondria. The other FA assayed failed to restore androgenesis. COX-2 protein and prostaglandin F2α and E2 production were stimulated by 20:3n-6, ARA, 18:3n-3 and 20:5 n-3. COX-2 protein decreased upon addition of 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. StAR protein was increased by ARA and partially increased by 20:3n-6, likely due to its metabolic conversion into ARA. Both FA increased the mitochondrial cholesterol pool available for testosterone biosynthesis. The rate of androgenesis is likely the result of various regulatory factors acting concomitantly on the physiology of Leydig cells. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3669-y Authors Mariana Astiz, INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina Graciela Hurtado de Catalfo, INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina María J. T. de Alaniz, INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina Carlos Alberto Marra, INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201