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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 201
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    [New Products] New Products (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 202
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    [Report] Structural basis for membrane anchoring of HIV-1 envelope spike (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: HIV-1 envelope spike (Env) is a type I membrane protein that mediates viral entry. We used nuclear magnetic resonance to determine an atomic structure of the transmembrane (TM) domain of HIV-1 Env reconstituted in bicelles that mimic a lipid bilayer. The TM forms a well-ordered trimer that protects a conserved membrane-embedded arginine. An amino-terminal coiled-coil and a carboxyl-terminal hydrophilic core stabilize the trimer. Individual mutations of conserved residues did not disrupt the TM trimer and minimally affected membrane fusion and infectivity. Major changes in the hydrophilic core, however, altered the antibody sensitivity of Env. These results show how a TM domain anchors, stabilizes, and modulates a viral envelope spike and suggest that its influence on Env conformation is an important consideration for HIV-1 immunogen design. Authors: Jyoti Dev, Donghyun Park, Qingshan Fu, Jia Chen, Heather Jiwon Ha, Fadi Ghantous, Tobias Herrmann, Weiting Chang, Zhijun Liu, Gary Frey, Michael S. Seaman, Bing Chen, James J. Chou
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 203
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    [Working Life] The questions that opened doors (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Carlos A. Aguilar-Trigueros
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 204
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    Organic core-sheath nanowire artificial synapses with femtojoule energy consumption (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Emulation of biological synapses is an important step toward construction of large-scale brain-inspired electronics. Despite remarkable progress in emulating synaptic functions, current synaptic devices still consume energy that is orders of magnitude greater than do biological synapses (~10 fJ per synaptic event). Reduction of energy consumption of artificial synapses remains a difficult challenge. We report organic nanowire (ONW) synaptic transistors (STs) that emulate the important working principles of a biological synapse. The ONWs emulate the morphology of nerve fibers. With a core-sheath–structured ONW active channel and a well-confined 300-nm channel length obtained using ONW lithography, ~1.23 fJ per synaptic event for individual ONW was attained, which rivals that of biological synapses. The ONW STs provide a significant step toward realizing low-energy–consuming artificial intelligent electronics and open new approaches to assembling soft neuromorphic systems with nanometer feature size.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 205
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    Edge-selenated graphene nanoplatelets as durable metal-free catalysts for iodine reduction reaction in dye-sensitized solar cells (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Metal-free carbon-based electrocatalysts for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are sufficiently active in Co(II)/Co(III) electrolytes but are not satisfactory in the most commonly used iodide/triiodide (I – /I 3 – ) electrolytes. Thus, developing active and stable metal-free electrocatalysts in both electrolytes is one of the most important issues in DSSC research. We report the synthesis of edge-selenated graphene nanoplatelets (SeGnPs) prepared by a simple mechanochemical reaction between graphite and selenium (Se) powders, and their application to the counter electrode (CE) for DSSCs in both I – /I 3 – and Co(II)/Co(III) electrolytes. The edge-selective doping and the preservation of the pristine graphene basal plane in the SeGnPs were confirmed by various analytical techniques, including atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Tested as the DSSC CE in both Co(bpy) 3 2+/3+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) and I – /I 3 – electrolytes, the SeGnP-CEs exhibited outstanding electrocatalytic performance with ultimately high stability. The SeGnP-CE–based DSSCs displayed a higher photovoltaic performance than did the Pt-CE–based DSSCs in both SM315 sensitizer with Co(bpy) 3 2+/3+ and N719 sensitizer with I – /I 3 – electrolytes. Furthermore, the I 3 – reduction mechanism, which has not been fully understood in carbon-based CE materials to date, was clarified by an electrochemical kinetics study combined with density functional theory and nonequilibrium Green’s function calculations.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 206
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    A highly shape-adaptive, stretchable design based on conductive liquid for energy harvesting and self-powered biomechanical monitoring (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: The rapid growth of deformable and stretchable electronics calls for a deformable and stretchable power source. We report a scalable approach for energy harvesters and self-powered sensors that can be highly deformable and stretchable. With conductive liquid contained in a polymer cover, a shape-adaptive triboelectric nanogenerator (saTENG) unit can effectively harvest energy in various working modes. The saTENG can maintain its performance under a strain of as large as 300%. The saTENG is so flexible that it can be conformed to any three-dimensional and curvilinear surface. We demonstrate applications of the saTENG as a wearable power source and self-powered sensor to monitor biomechanical motion. A bracelet-like saTENG worn on the wrist can light up more than 80 light-emitting diodes. Owing to the highly scalable manufacturing process, the saTENG can be easily applied for large-area energy harvesting. In addition, the saTENG can be extended to extract energy from mechanical motion using flowing water as the electrode. This approach provides a new prospect for deformable and stretchable power sources, as well as self-powered sensors, and has potential applications in various areas such as robotics, biomechanics, physiology, kinesiology, and entertainment.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 207
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    Efficient and selective degradation of polyethylenes into liquid fuels and waxes under mild conditions (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Polyethylene (PE) is the largest-volume synthetic polymer, and its chemical inertness makes its degradation by low-energy processes a challenging problem. We report a tandem catalytic cross alkane metathesis method for highly efficient degradation of polyethylenes under mild conditions. With the use of widely available, low-value, short alkanes (for example, petroleum ethers) as cross metathesis partners, different types of polyethylenes with various molecular weights undergo complete conversion into useful liquid fuels and waxes. This method shows excellent selectivity for linear alkane formation, and the degradation product distribution (liquid fuels versus waxes) can be controlled by the catalyst structure and reaction time. In addition, the catalysts are compatible with various polyolefin additives; therefore, common plastic wastes, such as postconsumer polyethylene bottles, bags, and films could be converted into valuable chemical feedstocks without any pretreatment.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 208
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    Efficient solar-driven water splitting by nanocone BiVO4-perovskite tandem cells (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4 ) has been widely regarded as a promising photoanode material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting because of its low cost, its high stability against photocorrosion, and its relatively narrow band gap of 2.4 eV. However, the achieved performance of the BiVO 4 photoanode remains unsatisfactory to date because its short carrier diffusion length restricts the total thickness of the BiVO 4 film required for sufficient light absorption. We addressed the issue by deposition of nanoporous Mo-doped BiVO 4 (Mo:BiVO 4 ) on an engineered cone-shaped nanostructure, in which the Mo:BiVO 4 layer with a larger effective thickness maintains highly efficient charge separation and high light absorption capability, which can be further enhanced by multiple light scattering in the nanocone structure. As a result, the nanocone/Mo:BiVO 4 /Fe(Ni)OOH photoanode exhibits a high water-splitting photocurrent of 5.82 ± 0.36 mA cm –2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode under 1-sun illumination. We also demonstrate that the PEC cell in tandem with a single perovskite solar cell exhibits unassisted water splitting with a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of up to 6.2%.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 209
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    Synergistic roles of climate warming and human occupation in Patagonian megafaunal extinctions during the Last Deglaciation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: The causes of Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions (60,000 to 11,650 years ago, hereafter 60 to 11.65 ka) remain contentious, with major phases coinciding with both human arrival and climate change around the world. The Americas provide a unique opportunity to disentangle these factors as human colonization took place over a narrow time frame (~15 to 14.6 ka) but during contrasting temperature trends across each continent. Unfortunately, limited data sets in South America have so far precluded detailed comparison. We analyze genetic and radiocarbon data from 89 and 71 Patagonian megafaunal bones, respectively, more than doubling the high-quality Pleistocene megafaunal radiocarbon data sets from the region. We identify a narrow megafaunal extinction phase 12,280 ± 110 years ago, some 1 to 3 thousand years after initial human presence in the area. Although humans arrived immediately prior to a cold phase, the Antarctic Cold Reversal stadial, megafaunal extinctions did not occur until the stadial finished and the subsequent warming phase commenced some 1 to 3 thousand years later. The increased resolution provided by the Patagonian material reveals that the sequence of climate and extinction events in North and South America were temporally inverted, but in both cases, megafaunal extinctions did not occur until human presence and climate warming coincided. Overall, metapopulation processes involving subpopulation connectivity on a continental scale appear to have been critical for megafaunal species survival of both climate change and human impacts.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 210
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    Oil droplet self-transportation on oleophobic surfaces (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Directional liquid transportation is important for a variety of biological processes and technical applications. Although surface engineering through asymmetric chemical modification or geometrical patterning facilitates effective liquid manipulation and enables water droplet self-transportation on synthetic surfaces, self-transportation of oil droplets poses a major challenge because of their low surface tension. We report oil droplet self-transportation on oleophobic surfaces that are microtextured with radial arrays of undercut stripes. More significantly, we observe three modes of oil motion on various sample surfaces, namely, inward transportation, pinned, and outward spreading, which can be switched by the structure parameters, including stripe intersection angle and width. Accompanying theoretical modeling provides an in-depth mechanistic understanding of the structure–droplet motion relationship. Finally, we reveal how to optimize the texture parameters to maximize oil droplet self-transportation capability and demonstrate spontaneous droplet movement for liquids down to a surface tension of 22.4 mN/m. The surfaces presented here open up new avenues for power-free liquid transportation and oil contamination self-removal applications in various analytical and fluidic devices.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 211
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    Tunable room-temperature spin-selective optical Stark effect in solution-processed layered halide perovskites (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Ultrafast spin manipulation for opto–spin logic applications requires material systems that have strong spin-selective light-matter interaction. Conventional inorganic semiconductor nanostructures [for example, epitaxial II to VI quantum dots and III to V multiple quantum wells (MQWs) are considered forerunners but encounter challenges such as lattice matching and cryogenic cooling requirements. Two-dimensional halide perovskite semiconductors, combining intrinsic tunable MQW structures and large oscillator strengths with facile solution processability, can offer breakthroughs in this area. We demonstrate novel room-temperature, strong ultrafast spin-selective optical Stark effect in solution-processed (C 6 H 4 FC 2 H 4 NH 3 ) 2 PbI 4 perovskite thin films. Exciton spin states are selectively tuned by ~6.3 meV using circularly polarized optical pulses without any external photonic cavity (that is, corresponding to a Rabi energy of ~55 meV and equivalent to applying a 70-T magnetic field), which is much larger than any conventional system. The facile halide and organic replacement in these perovskites affords control of the dielectric confinement and thus presents a straightforward strategy for tuning light-matter coupling strength.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 212
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    [Editorial] Fast horses (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Those who know me well appreciate my passion for fast horses—those with spirit and stamina, as well as speed. And thus I devote my final words as editor-in-chief of the Science journals to the incredible team of thoroughbreds who accomplished more in a short time than I ever thought was possible. The changes that have come to the publishing enterprise at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS, the publisher of Science journals) have touched all facets of what we do and how we deliver it to our readers. Author: Marcia McNutt
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 213
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    [In Depth] High-profile cancer reviews trigger controversy (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: On 15 June, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), released a statement concluding there isn't enough evidence to say that coffee causes cancer, but that very hot beverages are probably carcinogenic. IARC, the cancer research arm of the World Health Organization, has released verdicts on the human carcinogenicity of almost a thousand products and environmental factors since 1972, from plutonium and shift work to coffee and processed meat. The reviews, produced primarily for regulatory agencies, have come under fire from scientists who say that they are confusing and of little help to consumers, and that IARC's focus on cancer hazards instead of risks is outdated. Author: Kai Kupferschmidt
    Schlagwort(e): Epidemiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 214
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    [In Depth] Step aside, E. coli (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Escherichia coli has long been the bacterium of choice for laboratory experiments, but geneticist George Church and his team are hoping to save scientists time by getting them to use a faster-reproducing model organism. Vibrio natriegens is a salt marsh organism with a doubling time of as little as 10 minutes—twice the fastest time for E. coli. Church's team has released the first complete genome of V. natriegens, and hope to make it a "drop-in, turnkey alternative" to E. coli for future research. Biologists see questions still to be resolved about V. natriegens, but are cautiously optimistic about its potential. Author: Ben Panko
    Schlagwort(e): Biology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 215
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    [In Depth] Beleaguered phage therapy trial presses on (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: In the face of rising antibiotic resistance, many researchers hope that bacteria-killing viruses known as phages—long available to patients in Eastern Europe—will offer patients in the West with dangerous infections an alternative treatment. A European clinical trial envisioned as the first large-scale test of phages under modern regulatory standards was expected to have results this summer. But after a series of delays, the trial, known as PhagoBurn, has been forced to shrink in size and scope. Now, it's racing to recruit patients and produce results by early next year. The project may blaze a path for future products to seek market approval, but it also illustrates some of the many obstacles they'll face in demonstrating that phages are safe and effective. Author: Kelly Servick
    Schlagwort(e): Drug Development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 216
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    [Feature] Polar explorer (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: It is now widely accepted that many animals sense Earth's magnetic field and use it for navigation, and researchers are getting ever closer to the cellular foundations of magnetoreception. But what about humans? Researchers in Tokyo and Pasadena, California, think they have found glimmers of a vestigial sense. Screening out electromagnetic noise, and applying weak magnetic fields on human subjects in a dark, metal box, the researchers think they have found brain waves that signal a passive response to the fields. But as with many things in the colorful history of magnetoreception research, only time will tell if the results hold up. Author: Eric Hand
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 217
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    [Perspective] Our driverless dilemma (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Suppose that a driverless car is headed toward five pedestrians. It can stay on course and kill them or swerve into a concrete wall, killing its passenger. On page 1573 of this issue, Bonnefon et al. (1) explore this social dilemma in a series of clever survey experiments. They show that people generally approve of cars programmed to minimize the total amount of harm, even at the expense of their passengers, but are not enthusiastic about riding in such “utilitarian” cars—that is, autonomous vehicles that are, in certain emergency situations, programmed to sacrifice their passengers for the greater good. Such dilemmas may arise infrequently, but once millions of autonomous vehicles are on the road, the improbable becomes probable, perhaps even inevitable. And even if such cases never arise, autonomous vehicles must be programmed to handle them. How should they be programmed? And who should decide? Author: Joshua D. Greene
    Schlagwort(e): Ethics
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 218
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    [Perspective] Corals' microbial sentinels (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: In 2005, Pandolfi et al. (1) asked whether U.S. coral reefs would in the future be overgrown and dominated by algae as a result of rapid change in the marine environment. Over a decade later, an increasing number of reefs worldwide have declined, and severe and lasting environmental changes are altering the composition of coral reefs that were once pristine and resilient. In the past 2 years, many reefs around the world have suffered from repeated bleaching (see the photo) as a result of high water temperatures caused by a strong El Niño event combined with climate change. Corals that survive the multiple impacts of climate change and local disturbance will form the basis of future reefs that will differ in fundamental ways from those considered healthy today (2). Changes to the coral microbiome on these reefs will play a vital part in future coral reef health (see the figure). Authors: Tracy D. Ainsworth, Ruth D. Gates
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean Biology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 219
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    [Perspective] When the universe became dusty (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Observations of the most distant galaxies known are now reaching into the epoch when the first generations of stars were being formed. As stars are the main factories of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, one also expects to see a reduced abundance of these heavy elements and of the dust that condenses out of them. Recent observations of galaxies within 1 billion years of the Big Bang have shown that the far-infrared (far-IR) emission from dust in these galaxies indeed becomes fainter. Also, the usually strong far-IR emission line from ionized carbon remains undetected in an increasing number of galaxies of redshift z 〉 7 (1–3). Hence, it has been assumed that detailed studies of the interstellar medium (ISM) in these galaxies will be very challenging, even with the powerful Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). On page 1559 of this issue, Inoue et al. (4) detect doubly ionized oxygen at a rest wavelength of 88 µm from a galaxy at z = 7.2, where neither dust nor ionized carbon was detected. The oxygen to far-ultraviolet luminosity ratio in this galaxy is similar to nearby dwarf galaxies with an oxygen abundance of 10 to 60% that of the Sun (5), which suggests that some substantial chemical enrichment has already occurred. However, the similarities stop there; in dwarf galaxies, the dust and ionized carbon lines are not as faint. It appears that the dust in this young galaxy may not have formed yet, or that it was destroyed, for example, by supernova shock waves. Author: Carlos De Breuck
    Schlagwort(e): Astronomy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 220
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    [Book Review] Making babies (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Two authors have recently sought to enlighten readers on the topic of advances in reproductive technologies: Paul S. Knoepfler, a prolific blogger and well-known stem cell researcher at the University of California, Davis, and Henry T. Greely, professor of law at Stanford University and director of the Center for Law and the Biosciences. Knoepfler's GMO Sapiens is a down-to-earth introduction to the human use of new genetic technologies. An easy and enjoyable read, the book is targeted to an audience that has a general interest in, but perhaps a minimal understanding of, science. Readers looking for a more in-depth analysis of human genome modifications and reproductive technologies and their legal and ethical implications are encouraged to consider picking up Greely's The End of Sex and the Future of Human Reproduction. Greely's breezy first-person narrative belies the extraordinary depth and impressive quality of information provided, both scientific and legal. Author: Dov Greenbaum
    Schlagwort(e): Human Reproduction
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 221
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    [Feature] What and where are the body's magnetometers? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Exactly how animals—and maybe humans—sense Earth's magnetic field is still a mystery. There are two rival explanations, one based on the mineral magnetite working as a mechanical sensor, and another based on the protein cryptochrome as a chemical sensor. Magnetite has turned up in many animal tissues and would provide the sensitivity necessary to respond to minute changes in Earth's field strength, as some animals appear to do. But magnetite could also be a metabolic byproduct. Cryptochrome has been found in the retina and, through a complex series of quantum chemical reactions, it could be a magnetically sensitive neural gatekeeper. But questions remain about its ability to provide a refined, precise compass. Author: Eric Hand
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [This Week in Science] Making error-free DNA from RNA (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Guy Riddihough
    Schlagwort(e): Biochemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [This Week in Science] Mind the mobilities (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Phil Szuromi
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Devices
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [This Week in Science] Nanoparticles restore tolerance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: John F. Foley
    Schlagwort(e): Immunology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [This Week in Science] Bosons refusing to thermalize in 2D (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Schlagwort(e): Quantum Simulation
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [This Week in Science] Simplifying DNA origami design (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Phil Szuromi
    Schlagwort(e): DNA Nanotechnology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Editors' Choice] Disease information-seeking behavior (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Caroline Ash
    Schlagwort(e): Infectious Disease
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 228
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    [This Week in Science] Single-nucleus gene expression (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Laura M. Zahn
    Schlagwort(e): Neurogenomics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Editors' Choice] Can a red dwarf host a habitable planet? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Keith T. Smith
    Schlagwort(e): Extrasolar Planets
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [This Week in Science] Codes of conduct in autonomous vehicles (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Barbara R. Jasny
    Schlagwort(e): Driving Ethics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Editors' Choice] From the green glow to the deep tunnel (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Biophysics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Editors' Choice] Exploring the human proteome (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Valda Vinson
    Schlagwort(e): cell Biology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Research Article] Atomic structure of Hsp90-Cdc37-Cdk4 reveals that Hsp90 traps and stabilizes an unfolded kinase (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: The Hsp90 molecular chaperone and its Cdc37 cochaperone help stabilize and activate more than half of the human kinome. However, both the mechanism by which these chaperones assist their “client” kinases and the reason why some kinases are addicted to Hsp90 while closely related family members are independent are unknown. Our structural understanding of these interactions is lacking, as no full-length structures of human Hsp90, Cdc37, or either of these proteins with a kinase have been elucidated. Here we report a 3.9 angstrom cryo–electron microscopy structure of the Hsp90-Cdc37-Cdk4 kinase complex. Surprisingly, the two lobes of Cdk4 are completely separated with the β4-β5 sheet unfolded. Cdc37 mimics part of the kinase N lobe, stabilizing an open kinase conformation by wedging itself between the two lobes. Finally, Hsp90 clamps around the unfolded kinase β5 strand and interacts with exposed N- and C-lobe interfaces, protecting the kinase in a trapped unfolded state. On the basis of this structure and an extensive amount of previously collected data, we propose unifying conceptual and mechanistic models of chaperone-kinase interactions. Authors: Kliment A. Verba, Ray Yu-Ruei Wang, Akihiko Arakawa, Yanxin Liu, Mikako Shirouzu, Shigeyuki Yokoyama, David A. Agard
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Report] Identification of an NKX3.1-G9a-UTY transcriptional regulatory network that controls prostate differentiation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: The NKX3.1 homeobox gene plays essential roles in prostate differentiation and prostate cancer. We show that loss of function of Nkx3.1 in mouse prostate results in down-regulation of genes that are essential for prostate differentiation, as well as up-regulation of genes that are not normally expressed in prostate. Conversely, gain of function of Nkx3.1 in an otherwise fully differentiated nonprostatic mouse epithelium (seminal vesicle) is sufficient for respecification to prostate in renal grafts in vivo. In human prostate cells, these activities require the interaction of NKX3.1 with the G9a histone methyltransferase via the homeodomain and are mediated by activation of target genes such as UTY (KDM6c), the male-specific paralog of UTX (KDM6a). We propose that an NKX3.1-G9a-UTY transcriptional regulatory network is essential for prostate differentiation, and we speculate that disruption of such a network predisposes to prostate cancer. Authors: Aditya Dutta, Clémentine Le Magnen, Antonina Mitrofanova, Xuesong Ouyang, Andrea Califano, Cory Abate-Shen
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Editors' Choice] Macrophages moonlight in brain bleeds (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Beverly A. Purnell
    Schlagwort(e): Vascular Repair
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Research Article] Designer nanoscale DNA assemblies programmed from the top down (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Scaffolded DNA origami is a versatile means of synthesizing complex molecular architectures. However, the approach is limited by the need to forward-design specific Watson-Crick base pairing manually for any given target structure. Here, we report a general, top-down strategy to design nearly arbitrary DNA architectures autonomously based only on target shape. Objects are represented as closed surfaces rendered as polyhedral networks of parallel DNA duplexes, which enables complete DNA scaffold routing with a spanning tree algorithm. The asymmetric polymerase chain reaction is applied to produce stable, monodisperse assemblies with custom scaffold length and sequence that are verified structurally in three dimensions to be high fidelity by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. Their long-term stability in serum and low-salt buffer confirms their utility for biological as well as nonbiological applications. Authors: Rémi Veneziano, Sakul Ratanalert, Kaiming Zhang, Fei Zhang, Hao Yan, Wah Chiu, Mark Bathe
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Report] Synthetic evolutionary origin of a proofreading reverse transcriptase (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Most reverse transcriptase (RT) enzymes belong to a single protein family of ancient evolutionary origin. These polymerases are inherently error prone, owing to their lack of a proofreading (3′- 5′ exonuclease) domain. To determine if the lack of proofreading is a historical coincidence or a functional limitation of reverse transcription, we attempted to evolve a high-fidelity, thermostable DNA polymerase to use RNA templates efficiently. The evolutionarily distinct reverse transcription xenopolymerase (RTX) actively proofreads on DNA and RNA templates, which greatly improves RT fidelity. In addition, RTX enables applications such as single-enzyme reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and direct RNA sequencing without complementary DNA isolation. The creation of RTX confirms that proofreading is compatible with reverse transcription. Authors: Jared W. Ellefson, Jimmy Gollihar, Raghav Shroff, Haridha Shivram, Vishwanath R. Iyer, Andrew D. Ellington
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Research Article] A sentinel goblet cell guards the colonic crypt by triggering Nlrp6-dependent Muc2 secretion (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Innate immune signaling pathways contribute to the protection of host tissue when bacterially challenged. Colonic goblet cells are responsible for generating the two mucus layers that physically separate the luminal microbiota from the host epithelium. Analysis of colonic tissues from multiple mouse strains allowed us to identify a “sentinel” goblet cell (senGC) localized to the colonic crypt entrance. This cell nonspecifically endocytoses and reacts to the TLR2/1, TLR4, and TLR5 ligands by activating the Nlrp6 inflammasome downstream of TLR- and MyD88-dependent Nox/Duox reactive oxygen species synthesis. This triggers calcium ion–dependent compound exocytosis of Muc2 mucin from the senGC and generates an intercellular gap junction signal; in turn, this signal induces Muc2 secretion from adjacent goblet cells in the upper crypt, which expels bacteria. Thus, senGCs guard and protect the colonic crypt from bacterial intruders that have penetrated the inner mucus layer. Authors: George M. H. Birchenough, Elisabeth E. L. Nyström, Malin E. V. Johansson, Gunnar C. Hansson
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Report] Neuronal subtypes and diversity revealed by single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the human brain (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: The human brain has enormously complex cellular diversity and connectivities fundamental to our neural functions, yet difficulties in interrogating individual neurons has impeded understanding of the underlying transcriptional landscape. We developed a scalable approach to sequence and quantify RNA molecules in isolated neuronal nuclei from a postmortem brain, generating 3227 sets of single-neuron data from six distinct regions of the cerebral cortex. Using an iterative clustering and classification approach, we identified 16 neuronal subtypes that were further annotated on the basis of known markers and cortical cytoarchitecture. These data demonstrate a robust and scalable method for identifying and categorizing single nuclear transcriptomes, revealing shared genes sufficient to distinguish previously unknown and orthologous neuronal subtypes as well as regional identity and transcriptomic heterogeneity within the human brain. Authors: Blue B. Lake, Rizi Ai, Gwendolyn E. Kaeser, Neeraj S. Salathia, Yun C. Yung, Rui Liu, Andre Wildberg, Derek Gao, Ho-Lim Fung, Song Chen, Raakhee Vijayaraghavan, Julian Wong, Allison Chen, Xiaoyan Sheng, Fiona Kaper, Richard Shen, Mostafa Ronaghi, Jian-Bing Fan, Wei Wang, Jerold Chun, Kun Zhang
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [New Products] New Products (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Working Life] A winding path to satisfaction (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Sarah Fankhauser
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Debris-carrying camouflage among diverse lineages of Cretaceous insects (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-25
    Beschreibung: Insects have evolved diverse methods of camouflage that have played an important role in their evolutionary success. Debris-carrying, a behavior of actively harvesting and carrying exogenous materials, is among the most fascinating and complex behaviors because it requires not only an ability to recognize, collect, and carry materials but also evolutionary adaptations in related morphological characteristics. However, the fossil record of such behavior is extremely scarce, and only a single Mesozoic example from Spanish amber has been recorded; therefore, little is known about the early evolution of this complicated behavior and its underlying anatomy. We report a diverse insect assemblage of exceptionally preserved debris carriers from Cretaceous Burmese, French, and Lebanese ambers, including the earliest known chrysopoid larvae (green lacewings), myrmeleontoid larvae (split-footed lacewings and owlflies), and reduviids (assassin bugs). These ancient insects used a variety of debris material, including insect exoskeletons, sand grains, soil dust, leaf trichomes of gleicheniacean ferns, wood fibers, and other vegetal debris. They convergently evolved their debris-carrying behavior through multiple pathways, which expressed a high degree of evolutionary plasticity. We demonstrate that the behavioral repertoire, which is associated with considerable morphological adaptations, was already widespread among insects by at least the Mid-Cretaceous. Together with the previously known Spanish specimen, these fossils are the oldest direct evidence of camouflaging behavior in the fossil record. Our findings provide a novel insight into early evolution of camouflage in insects and ancient ecological associations among plants and insects.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    A strongly robust type II Weyl fermion semimetal state in Ta3S2 (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-25
    Beschreibung: Weyl semimetals are of great interest because they provide the first realization of the Weyl fermion, exhibit exotic quantum anomalies, and host Fermi arc surface states. The separation between Weyl nodes of opposite chirality gives a measure of the robustness of the Weyl semimetal state. To exploit the novel phenomena that arise from Weyl fermions in applications, it is crucially important to find robust separated Weyl nodes. We propose a methodology to design robust Weyl semimetals with well-separated Weyl nodes. Using this methodology as a guideline, we search among the material parameter space and identify by far the most robust and ideal Weyl semimetal candidate in the single-crystalline compound tantalum sulfide (Ta 3 S 2 ) with new and novel properties beyond TaAs. Crucially, our results show that Ta 3 S 2 has the largest k -space separation between Weyl nodes among known Weyl semimetal candidates, which is about twice larger than the measured value in TaAs and 20 times larger than the predicted value in WTe 2 . Moreover, all Weyl nodes in Ta 3 S 2 are of type II. Therefore, Ta 3 S 2 is a type II Weyl semimetal. Furthermore, we predict that increasing the lattice by 〈4% can annihilate all Weyl nodes, driving a novel topological metal-to-insulator transition from a Weyl semimetal state to a topological insulator state. The robust type II Weyl semimetal state and the topological metal-to-insulator transition in Ta 3 S 2 are potentially useful in device applications. Our methodology can be generally applied to search for new Weyl semimetals.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Genomic agonism and phenotypic antagonism between estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-25
    Beschreibung: The functional role of progesterone receptor (PR) and its impact on estrogen signaling in breast cancer remain controversial. In primary ER + (estrogen receptor–positive)/PR + human tumors, we report that PR reprograms estrogen signaling as a genomic agonist and a phenotypic antagonist. In isolation, estrogen and progestin act as genomic agonists by regulating the expression of common target genes in similar directions, but at different levels. Similarly, in isolation, progestin is also a weak phenotypic agonist of estrogen action. However, in the presence of both hormones, progestin behaves as a phenotypic estrogen antagonist. PR remodels nucleosomes to noncompetitively redirect ER genomic binding to distal enhancers enriched for BRCA1 binding motifs and sites that link PR and ER/PR complexes. When both hormones are present, progestin modulates estrogen action, such that responsive transcriptomes, cellular processes, and ER/PR recruitment to genomic sites correlate with those observed with PR alone, but not ER alone. Despite this overall correlation, the transcriptome patterns modulated by dual treatment are sufficiently different from individual treatments, such that antagonism of oncogenic processes is both predicted and observed. Combination therapies using the selective PR modulator/antagonist (SPRM) CDB4124 in combination with tamoxifen elicited 70% cytotoxic tumor regression of T47D tumor xenografts, whereas individual therapies inhibited tumor growth without net regression. Our findings demonstrate that PR redirects ER chromatin binding to antagonize estrogen signaling and that SPRMs can potentiate responses to antiestrogens, suggesting that cotargeting of ER and PR in ER + /PR + breast cancers should be explored.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Global warming without global mean precipitation increase? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-25
    Beschreibung: Global climate models simulate a robust increase of global mean precipitation of about 1.5 to 2% per kelvin surface warming in response to greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. Here, it is shown that the sensitivity to aerosol cooling is robust as well, albeit roughly twice as large. This larger sensitivity is consistent with energy budget arguments. At the same time, it is still considerably lower than the 6.5 to 7% K –1 decrease of the water vapor concentration with cooling from anthropogenic aerosol because the water vapor radiative feedback lowers the hydrological sensitivity to anthropogenic forcings. When GHG and aerosol forcings are combined, the climate models with a realistic 20th century warming indicate that the global mean precipitation increase due to GHG warming has, until recently, been completely masked by aerosol drying. This explains the apparent lack of sensitivity of the global mean precipitation to the net global warming recently found in observations. As the importance of GHG warming increases in the future, a clear signal will emerge.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    High functional diversity stimulates diversification in experimental microbial communities (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-25
    Beschreibung: There is a growing awareness that biodiversity not only drives ecosystem services but also affects evolutionary dynamics. However, different theories predict contrasting outcomes on when do evolutionary processes occur within a context of competition. We tested whether functional diversity can explain diversification patterns. We tracked the survival and diversification of a focal bacterial species ( Pseudomonas fluorescens ) growing in bacterial communities of variable diversity and composition. We found that high functional diversity reduced the fitness of the focal species and, at the same time, fostered its diversification. This pattern was linked to resource competition: High diversity increased competition on a portion of the resources while leaving most underexploited. The evolved phenotypes of the focal species showed a better use of underexploited resources, albeit at a cost of lower overall growth rates. As a result, diversification alleviated the impact of competition on the fitness of the focal species. We conclude that biodiversity can stimulate evolutionary diversification, provided that sufficient alternative niches are available.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Novel multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci implicated in epigenetic regulation (2016)
    Andlauer, T. F. M., Buck, D., Antony, G., Bayas, A., Bechmann, L., Berthele, A., Chan, A., Gasperi, C., Gold, R., Graetz, C., Haas, J., Hecker, M., Infante-Duarte, C., Knop, M., Kümpfel, T., Limmroth, V., Linker, R. A., Loleit, V., Luessi, F., Meuth, S. G., Mühlau, M., Nischwitz, S., Paul, F., Pütz, M., Ruck, T., Salmen, A., Stangel, M., Stellmann, J.-P., Stürner, K. H., Tackenberg, B., Then Bergh, F., Tumani, H., Warnke, C., Weber, F., Wiendl, H., Wildemann, B., Zettl, U. K., Ziemann, U., Zipp, F., Arloth, J., Weber, P., Radivojkov-Blagojevic, M., Scheinhardt, M. O., Dankowski, T., Bettecken, T., Lichtner, P., Czamara, D., Carrillo-Roa, T., Binder, E. B., Berger, K., Bertram, L., Franke, A., Gieger, C., Herms, S., Homuth, G., Ising, M., Jöckel, K.-H., Kacprowski, T., Kloiber, S., Laudes, M., Lieb, W., Lill, C. M., Lucae, S., Meitinger, T., Moebus, S., Müller-Nurasyid, M., Nöthen, M. M., Petersmann, A., Rawal, R., Schminke, U., Strauch, K., Völzke, H., Waldenberger, M., Wellmann, J., Porcu, E., Mulas, A., Pitzalis, M., Sidore, C., Zara, I., Cucca, F., Zoledziewska, M., Ziegler, A., Hemmer, B., Müller-Myhsok, B.
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility in German cohorts with 4888 cases and 10,395 controls. In addition to associations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, 15 non-MHC loci reached genome-wide significance. Four of these loci are novel MS susceptibility loci. They map to the genes L3MBTL3 , MAZ , ERG , and SHMT1 . The lead variant at SHMT1 was replicated in an independent Sardinian cohort. Products of the genes L3MBTL3 , MAZ , and ERG play important roles in immune cell regulation. SHMT1 encodes a serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzing the transfer of a carbon unit to the folate cycle. This reaction is required for regulation of methylation homeostasis, which is important for establishment and maintenance of epigenetic signatures. Our GWAS approach in a defined population with limited genetic substructure detected associations not found in larger, more heterogeneous cohorts, thus providing new clues regarding MS pathogenesis.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    The transition from linear to highly branched poly({beta}-amino ester)s: Branching matters for gene delivery (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-19
    Beschreibung: Nonviral gene therapy holds great promise but has not delivered treatments for clinical application to date. Lack of safe and efficient gene delivery vectors is the major hurdle. Among nonviral gene delivery vectors, poly(β-amino ester)s are one of the most versatile candidates because of their wide monomer availability, high polymer flexibility, and superior gene transfection performance both in vitro and in vivo. However, to date, all research has been focused on vectors with a linear structure. A well-accepted view is that dendritic or branched polymers have greater potential as gene delivery vectors because of their three-dimensional structure and multiple terminal groups. Nevertheless, to date, the synthesis of dendritic or branched polymers has been proven to be a well-known challenge. We report the design and synthesis of highly branched poly(β-amino ester)s (HPAEs) via a one-pot "A2 + B3 + C2"–type Michael addition approach and evaluate their potential as gene delivery vectors. We find that the branched structure can significantly enhance the transfection efficiency of poly(β-amino ester)s: Up to an 8521-fold enhancement in transfection efficiency was observed across 12 cell types ranging from cell lines, primary cells, to stem cells, over their corresponding linear poly(β-amino ester)s (LPAEs) and the commercial transfection reagents polyethyleneimine, SuperFect, and Lipofectamine 2000. Moreover, we further demonstrate that HPAEs can correct genetic defects in vivo using a recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa graft mouse model. Our findings prove that the A2 + B3 + C2 approach is highly generalizable and flexible for the design and synthesis of HPAEs, which cannot be achieved by the conventional polymerization approach; HPAEs are more efficient vectors in gene transfection than the corresponding LPAEs. This provides valuable insight into the development and applications of nonviral gene delivery and demonstrates great prospect for their translation to a clinical environment.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Reduced evolutionary rate in reemerged Ebola virus transmission chains (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-01
    Beschreibung: On 29 June 2015, Liberia’s respite from Ebola virus disease (EVD) was interrupted for the second time by a renewed outbreak ("flare-up") of seven confirmed cases. We demonstrate that, similar to the March 2015 flare-up associated with sexual transmission, this new flare-up was a reemergence of a Liberian transmission chain originating from a persistently infected source rather than a reintroduction from a reservoir or a neighboring country with active transmission. Although distinct, Ebola virus (EBOV) genomes from both flare-ups exhibit significantly low genetic divergence, indicating a reduced rate of EBOV evolution during persistent infection. Using this rate of change as a signature, we identified two additional EVD clusters that possibly arose from persistently infected sources. These findings highlight the risk of EVD flare-ups even after an outbreak is declared over.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    The earliest herbivorous marine reptile and its remarkable jaw apparatus (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-08
    Beschreibung: Newly discovered fossils of the Middle Triassic reptile Atopodentatus unicus call for a radical reassessment of its feeding behavior. The skull displays a pronounced hammerhead shape that was hitherto unknown. The long, straight anterior edges of both upper and lower jaws were lined with batteries of chisel-shaped teeth, whereas the remaining parts of the jaw rami supported densely packed needle-shaped teeth forming a mesh. The evidence indicates a novel feeding mechanism wherein the chisel-shaped teeth were used to scrape algae off the substrate, and the plant matter that was loosened was filtered from the water column through the more posteriorly positioned tooth mesh. This is the oldest record of herbivory within marine reptiles.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Pan-ice-sheet glacier terminus change in East Antarctica reveals sensitivity of Wilkes Land to sea-ice changes (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-08
    Beschreibung: The dynamics of ocean-terminating outlet glaciers are an important component of ice-sheet mass balance. Using satellite imagery for the past 40 years, we compile an approximately decadal record of outlet-glacier terminus position change around the entire East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) marine margin. We find that most outlet glaciers retreated during the period 1974–1990, before switching to advance in every drainage basin during the two most recent periods, 1990–2000 and 2000–2012. The only exception to this trend was in Wilkes Land, where the majority of glaciers (74%) retreated between 2000 and 2012. We hypothesize that this anomalous retreat is linked to a reduction in sea ice and associated impacts on ocean stratification, which increases the incursion of warm deep water toward glacier termini. Because Wilkes Land overlies a large marine basin, it raises the possibility of a future sea level contribution from this sector of East Antarctica.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [In Brief] News at a glance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: In science news around the world, scientists working off the coast of Mexico have drilled into the crater of a dinosaur-killing asteroid, an ExoMars mission to put a rover on the Red Planet has been delayed to 2020, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency announces that its x-ray observatory Hitomi cannot be recovered, Italy's troubled geophysics institute gets a new boss, a crowdfunding effort to support a Swedish trial of a prostate cancer drug to treat pedophiles falls short of its target, and more. Also, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers concludes that the 9000-year-old Kennewick Man was Native American. And a Science survey finds that 88% of respondents think it's not wrong to download pirated papers from repositories such as Sci-Hub.
    Schlagwort(e): SCI COMMUN
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Feature] The power of personality (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: To a birdwatcher or pet owner, it may be obvious that individual animals have distinct personalities. However, that idea has been slow to penetrate biology. Yet now researchers are learning that just as human quirks and temperaments shape our lives and the world around us, the behavior patterns of individual animals affect their role in their ecosystem, their prospects for survival, and, ultimately, their evolution. Researchers have figured out how to quantify personality and are showing in studies of great tits, salamanders, stickleback fish, lizards, and social spiders why different personalities persist, how they might lead to speciation, and the role they might play in the spread of information and disease. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [In Depth] Why humans are the high-energy apes (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: We may not be raring to go on a Monday morning, but humans are the Energizer Bunnies of the primate world. That's the conclusion of a new study that for the first time measures precisely how many calories humans and apes burn each day. Compared with chimpanzees and other apes, our revved-up internal engines burn calories 27% faster, according to a paper in Nature this week. This higher metabolic rate equips us to quickly fuel energy-hungry brain cells, paving the way for our bigger brains. And lest we run out of gas when food is short, the study also found that humans are fatter than other primates, giving us energy stores to draw on in lean times. Author: Ann Gibbons
    Schlagwort(e): Human Evolution
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Perspective] Hope for America's next generation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: A deluge of recent studies has shown that poorer communities suffer worse health outcomes. Among low-income Americans, life expectancy at age 40 in the poorest areas of the U.S. is 4.5 years lower than in the highest-income areas (1). In 2010, infant mortality rates in the poorest U.S. communities were over 70% higher than those in the most affluent ones [see tables S3 and S4 in (2)]. On page 708 of this issue, Currie and Schwandt paint a more complicated but encouraging picture (2). They show that, despite rising inequality in almost every dimension of American life, the child mortality gap between the poorest and the richest counties has shrunk in recent decades. Authors: Martha J. Bailey, Brenden Timpe
    Schlagwort(e): Child Health
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Perspective] Inspired by nature (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: Over the past decade, scientists have made exciting progress in designing protein folds entirely on the computer and then successfully synthesizing them in the laboratory (1–5). These designer proteins had the same structure in experiment as in the model and were very stable; however, they lacked important structural features seen in protein interfaces and enzyme active sites. In two reports on pages 680 and 687 of this issue, Boyken et al. (6) and Jacobs et al. (7) use the Rosetta biomolecular modeling software to design proteins that include some of these features. Experiments show that these new designs retain high structural precision and stability. Authors: Ravit Netzer, Sarel J. Fleishman
    Schlagwort(e): Protein Design
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Feature] An oasis for orcas (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: How do you retire a 5-ton whale? That's a question some advocates and scientists have been asking themselves in the wake of SeaWorld's historic decision in March to stop breeding the 29 orcas in its care. Now, a new organization of about three dozen scientists, marine veterinarians, and engineers called the Whale Sanctuary Project has begun developing plans for an orca sanctuary, including coves and small groups of islands that could be cordoned off. But critics say that placing an orca that has spent its entire life in a sterile, concrete tank into an ocean filled with creatures and conditions it has never encountered before could be dangerous not just for the whale, but for the previously whale-free ecosystem. Plus, the costs are mammoth—perhaps tens or hundreds of millions of dollars. Author: David Grimm
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Technical Comment] Comment on “Cycling Li-O2 batteries via LiOH formation and decomposition” (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: Liu et al. (Research Article, 30 October 2015, p. 530) described a lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) battery based on lithium iodide (LiI)–assisted lithium hydroxide (LiOH) formation and decomposition. We argue that LiOH cannot be oxidized by triiodide (I3–). The charge capacity is from the oxidation of I– instead of LiOH. The limited-capacity cycling test is misleading when the electrolyte contributes considerable parasitic reaction capacity. Authors: Yue Shen, Wang Zhang, Shu-Lei Chou, Shi-Xue Dou
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [This Week in Science] Building new proteins from the old (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: Author: Valda Vinson
    Schlagwort(e): Protein Design
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [This Week in Science] Rapid mixing to race past rearrangement (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Microfluidics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [This Week in Science] Visualizing a response to light (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: Author: Valda Vinson
    Schlagwort(e): Protein Structure
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [This Week in Science] Faulty channels, not faulty synapses (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: Author: Stella M. Hurtley
    Schlagwort(e): Neuroscience
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Report] Microtubule doublets are double-track railways for intraflagellar transport trains (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: The cilium is a large macromolecular machine that is vital for motility, signaling, and sensing in most eukaryotic cells. Its conserved core structure, the axoneme, contains nine microtubule doublets, each comprising a full A-microtubule and an incomplete B-microtubule. However, thus far, the function of this doublet geometry has not been understood. We developed a time-resolved correlative fluorescence and three-dimensional electron microscopy approach to investigate the dynamics of intraflagellar transport (IFT) trains, which carry ciliary building blocks along microtubules during the assembly and disassembly of the cilium. Using this method, we showed that each microtubule doublet is used as a bidirectional double-track railway: Anterograde IFT trains move along B-microtubules, and retrograde trains move along A-microtubules. Thus, the microtubule doublet geometry provides direction-specific rails to coordinate bidirectional transport of ciliary components. Authors: Ludek Stepanek, Gaia Pigino
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [New Products] New Products (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Business Office Feature] Webinar | CRISPR/Cas9 in drug discovery: Applications in target discovery, validation, and hit screening (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-06
    Beschreibung: The CRISPR/Cas9 system allows for unprecedented ease and control when editing the genome. Its potential impact on drug discovery is vast, including enabling gene and cell replacement therapies, identifying novel drug targets through functional genomic screens, and simplifying the production of disease models using permanent knockouts for validating therapy targets and testing drug efficacy. But in practical terms, how is CRISPR/Cas9 currently being applied, and where might the future challenges and pitfalls be? Furthermore, how do assays based on the new CRISPR/Cas9 technology compare with current screening methodologies, particularly those using small interfering RNA (siRNA)?View the Webinar Authors: Lorenz Mayr, Ralph Garippa
    Schlagwort(e): Science Webinar Series
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    A global quantification of "normal" sleep schedules using smartphone data (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-08
    Beschreibung: The influence of the circadian clock on sleep scheduling has been studied extensively in the laboratory; however, the effects of society on sleep remain largely unquantified. We show how a smartphone app that we have developed, ENTRAIN, accurately collects data on sleep habits around the world. Through mathematical modeling and statistics, we find that social pressures weaken and/or conceal biological drives in the evening, leading individuals to delay their bedtime and shorten their sleep. A country’s average bedtime, but not average wake time, predicts sleep duration. We further show that mathematical models based on controlled laboratory experiments predict qualitative trends in sunrise, sunset, and light level; however, these effects are attenuated in the real world around bedtime. Additionally, we find that women schedule more sleep than men and that users reporting that they are typically exposed to outdoor light go to sleep earlier and sleep more than those reporting indoor light. Finally, we find that age is the primary determinant of sleep timing, and that age plays an important role in the variability of population-level sleep habits. This work better defines and personalizes "normal" sleep, produces hypotheses for future testing in the laboratory, and suggests important ways to counteract the global sleep crisis.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Rapid identification of health care-associated infections with an integrated fluorescence anisotropy system (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-08
    Beschreibung: Health care–associated infections (HAIs) and drug-resistant pathogens have become a major health care issue with millions of reported cases every year. Advanced diagnostics would allow clinicians to more quickly determine the most effective treatment, reduce the nonspecific use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials, and facilitate enrollment in new antibiotic treatments. We present a new integrated system, polarization anisotropy diagnostics (PAD), for rapid detection of HAI pathogens. The PAD uses changes of fluorescence anisotropy when detection probes recognize target bacterial nucleic acids. The technology is inherently robust against environmental noise and economically scalable for parallel measurements. The assay is fast (2 hours) and performed on-site in a single-tube format. When applied to clinical samples obtained from interventional procedures, the PAD determined the overall bacterial burden, differentiated HAI bacterial species, and identified drug resistance and virulence status. The PAD system holds promise as a powerful tool for near-patient, rapid HAI testing.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Tumor-homing peptides as tools for targeted delivery of payloads to the placenta (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-08
    Beschreibung: The availability of therapeutics to treat pregnancy complications is severely lacking mainly because of the risk of causing harm to the fetus. As enhancement of placental growth and function can alleviate maternal symptoms and improve fetal growth in animal models, we have developed a method for targeted delivery of payloads to the placenta. We show that the tumor-homing peptide sequences CGKRK and iRGD bind selectively to the placental surface of humans and mice and do not interfere with normal development. Peptide-coated nanoparticles intravenously injected into pregnant mice accumulated within the mouse placenta, whereas control nanoparticles exhibited reduced binding and/or fetal transfer. We used targeted liposomes to efficiently deliver cargoes of carboxyfluorescein and insulin-like growth factor 2 to the mouse placenta; the latter significantly increased mean placental weight when administered to healthy animals and significantly improved fetal weight distribution in a well-characterized model of fetal growth restriction. These data provide proof of principle for targeted delivery of drugs to the placenta and provide a novel platform for the development of placenta-specific therapeutics.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Dehydration of chlorite explains anomalously high electrical conductivity in the mantle wedges (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-08
    Beschreibung: Mantle wedge regions in subduction zone settings show anomalously high electrical conductivity (~1 S/m) that has often been attributed to the presence of aqueous fluids released by slab dehydration. Laboratory-based measurements of the electrical conductivity of hydrous phases and aqueous fluids are significantly lower and cannot readily explain the geophysically observed anomalously high electrical conductivity. The released aqueous fluid also rehydrates the mantle wedge and stabilizes a suite of hydrous phases, including serpentine and chlorite. In this present study, we have measured the electrical conductivity of a natural chlorite at pressures and temperatures relevant for the subduction zone setting. In our experiment, we observe two distinct conductivity enhancements when chlorite is heated to temperatures beyond its thermodynamic stability field. The initial increase in electrical conductivity to ~3 x 10 –3 S/m can be attributed to chlorite dehydration and the release of aqueous fluids. This is followed by a unique, subsequent enhancement of electrical conductivity of up to 7 x 10 –1 S/m. This is related to the growth of an interconnected network of a highly conductive and chemically impure magnetite mineral phase. Thus, the dehydration of chlorite and associated processes are likely to be crucial in explaining the anomalously high electrical conductivity observed in mantle wedges. Chlorite dehydration in the mantle wedge provides an additional source of aqueous fluid above the slab and could also be responsible for the fixed depth (120 ± 40 km) of melting at the top of the subducting slab beneath the subduction-related volcanic arc front.
    Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [In Brief] News at a glance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: In science news around the world, a new U.S. labor law would require more pay for postdocs—or that they receive overtime pay, the World Health Organization determines that yellow fever outbreaks in urban regions of Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo do not yet constitute an international health emergency, South Africa plans to launch a new trial of an HIV vaccine approach that showed modest efficacy 7 years ago in Thailand, the French government is tightening clinical trial rules in the aftermath of the final report about a study that killed one person and landed five others in the hospital earlier this year, U.S. President Barack Obama contends that funding proposals from the Senate and House of Representatives are both insufficient to effectively combat the Zika epidemic, and more. Also, just weeks after the announcement of the privately funded Breakthrough Starshot project to send tiny spacecraft to Alpha Centauri, a U.S. lawmaker urges NASA to develop its own interstellar probes bound for our nearest star neighbor. And dog lovers are flocking to a citizen science project that aims to study the genetic basis of canine behavior.
    Schlagwort(e): SCI COMMUN
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [In Depth] Near miss at Fukushima is a warning for U.S (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Japan's chief cabinet secretary called it “the devil's scenario.” Two weeks after the 11 March 2011 earthquake and tsunami devastated the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, causing three nuclear reactors to melt down and release radioactive plumes, officials were bracing for even worse. They feared that spent fuel stored in pools in the reactor halls would catch fire and might send radioactive smoke across a much wider swath of eastern Japan, including Tokyo. Thanks to a lucky break detailed in a report released last week by the U.S. National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, Japan dodged that bullet. But the report warns that spent fuel accumulating at U.S. nuclear plants is also vulnerable. Unpublished modeling presents chilling scenarios for a hypothetical spent fuel fire at the Peach Bottom nuclear power plant in southeastern Pennsylvania. Author: Richard Stone
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Safety
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [In Depth] Government ‘nudges’ prove their worth (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Over the past 5 years, on behalf of state governments, nearly 100,000 Americans were gently manipulated by a team of social scientists. In 15 randomized, controlled trials, people in need of social services either encountered the standard application process or received a psychological nudge, in which the information was presented slightly differently—a postcard reminded them of deadlines, for example, or one choice was made easier than another. In 11 of the trials, the nudge modestly increased a person's response rate or influenced them to make financially smarter choices. The results, presented this week at a meeting in Chicago, add to the growing evidence that nudges developed by psychologists can make a real difference in the success of government programs. Author: John Bohannon
    Schlagwort(e): Social Sciences
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [In Depth] India nears putting GM mustard on the table (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Six years after it backed down from approving cultivation of a transgenic food crop, India's government is trying again. But it is encountering stiff headwinds as it mulls whether to approve what would be India's first such crop, a genetically modified (GM) mustard. Environmentalists argue that the mustard, grown for its edible leaves and for cooking oil, could harm local varieties and that the toxicity tests being carried out to evaluate GM mustard's safety as a food are inadequate. Heightening suspicion, regulators have repeatedly spurned calls to release biosafety data. But India's environment minister, Prakash Javadekar, is determined to open the door to GM food technologies, saying they can help ensure food security and that rejecting them is like "saying 'no' to science." Author: Priyanka Pulla
    Schlagwort(e): Transgenic Crops
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Editorial] Implicit bias (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: We all have it. Implicit bias was the shorthand that allowed our distant ancestors to make split-second decisions (friend or foe?) based on incomplete information. It provided a razor-thin reaction-time advantage that could mean life or death. But today, we no longer need to assume that people who do not look or sound like us pose an immediate threat. Instead, successful organizations and people welcome those who do not necessarily look, think, and act like they do. They must overcome that implicit bias wired into the human DNA if they are to reap the benefits of diversity. To explore the extent of implicit bias in peer review, and what can be done to counter it, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS, the publisher of Science) recently convened a day-long forum of editors, publishers, funders, and experts on implicit bias in Washington, DC (see p. 1067). Author: Marcia McNutt
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [In Depth] Shooting for a star (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Last month, Russian internet billionaire Yuri Milner announced plans to send thousands of tiny spacecraft to visit Alpha Centauri, the closest star system to Earth. In order to cover the vast distance—41 trillion kilometres—in a reasonable time, the proposed spacecraft will each weigh less than a gram and will unfurl lightweight sails to catch laser beams shot from Earth, accelerating them to one-fifth the speed of light. But the proposal has polarized opinion: Some are enthused by its ambition, whereas others say it is costly and unnecessary, isn't feasible, or is downright dangerous. Milner speaks with Science about the challenges facing the project and how he answers his critics. Author: Zeeya Merali
    Schlagwort(e): Q&A
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Feature] The battery builder (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Yi Cui, a materials scientist at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, is trying to take lithium-ion batteries to the next level. He's not alone: Massive corporations are also attempting to make batteries smaller, lighter, and more powerful. But unlike others who focus on tweaking the chemical composition of a battery's electrodes or its charge-conducting electrolyte, Cui—and his startup, Amprius—are marrying battery chemistry with nanotechnology. He is building intricately structured battery electrodes that can soak up and release charge-carrying ions in greater quantities, and faster, than standard electrodes can, without producing troublesome side reactions. The nanoscale architectures he is exploring have already led to phone batteries that store 10% more energy than the best conventional lithium-ion batteries on the market, and better ones are in the works. If the technologies live up to their promise, Amprius could one day supply car batteries able to store up to 10 times more energy than today's top performers. Author: Robert F. Service
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [In Depth] Brazilian crisis threatens science and environment (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: In the midst of Brazil's political turmoil, scientists and environmentalists are wondering whether they have an enemy in Interim President Michel Temer, who came to power after Dilma Rousseff was removed on 12 May. Days after Temer assumed office, the government merged the science ministry with the communications ministry, leaving researchers fearing for what's left of their already diminished budgets. Meanwhile, pro-development forces are moving ahead on a constitutional amendment that could speed approval for dams, highways, mines, and other megaprojects. The measure has alarmed scientists, environmentalists, and indigenous rights advocates, who fear it would gut the country's environmental licensing process. Author: Lizzie Wade
    Schlagwort(e): Latin America
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Perspective] A metal shuttle keeps pathogens well fed (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that is a leading cause of life-threatening infections in humans. Knowledge of how this pathogen colonizes the human host and causes disease is crucial for the development of strategies to prevent and treat S. aureus infections (see the image, next page). On page 1105 of this issue, Ghssein et al. report the discovery, isolation, and functional evaluation of staphylopine (see the figure), a compound biosynthesized by S. aureus that captures metal ions from the pathogen's surroundings and thereby enables it to grow (1). Author: Elizabeth M. Nolan
    Schlagwort(e): Biochemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Perspective] The cancer predisposition revolution (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Studies of rare cancer predisposition syndromes often lead to the identification of genes critical to carcinogenesis. In 1969, Li and Fraumeni described a constellation of various cancers in the family members of four unrelated children who were diagnosed with soft tissue sarcomas (1). They posited that the cancers best fit an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, attributable to a genetic defect. At that time, cancer was not generally thought of as a genetic disease. Their hypothesis set the stage for establishing germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene TP53 as the underlying genetic event in Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) families (2) (see the figure). It also foreshadowed dozens of discoveries, still ongoing, that associate mutations in tumor suppressor genes, activated oncogenes, mitochondrial genes, and DNA repair genes with cancer predisposition phenotypes in which multiple different neoplasms occur across generations. Authors: David Malkin, Judy E. Garber, Louise C. Strong, Stephen H. Friend
    Schlagwort(e): Cancer
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Perspective] How to break down crystalline cellulose (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Biomass-degrading microorganisms use lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) enzymes to help digest cellulose, chitin, and starch. By cleaving otherwise inaccessible crystalline cellulose chains, these enzymes provide access to hydrolytic enzymes. LPMOs are of interest to biotechnology because efficient depolymerization of cellulose is a major bottleneck for the production of biologically based chemicals and fuels. On page 1098 of this issue, Kracher et al. (1) compare LPMO-reducing substrates in fungi from different taxonomic groups and lifestyles, based on both biochemical and genomic evidence. The results provide insights into reductive activation of LPMO that are important for developing more efficient industrial enzymes for lignocellulose biorefineries. Author: Angel T. Martínez
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Perspective] Organic photocatalysts for cleaner polymer synthesis (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: The material properties of synthetic polymers can be tuned by changing their chain length and branching and the way in which monomer units repeat. For example, high-density polyethylene, which has little chain branching, is a stiff polymer used for food containers and drain pipes, whereas low-density polyethylene, which has more chain branching, is flexible and used to make grocery bags and bottles for chemicals. Polymers are usually made through thermal polymerization, but recent efforts focusing on green chemistry have led to a push toward using solar energy to drive chemical reactions. On page 1082 of this issue, Theriot et al. (1) report on metal-free visible-light photocatalysts that produce well-defined polymers free of metal contamination through radical polymerization. Authors: Sivaprakash Shanmugam, Cyrille Boyer
    Schlagwort(e): Polymer Synthesis
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Policy Forum] Paying for future success in gene therapy (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Imagine a young man with hemophilia A who no longer has to self-administer factor VIII replacement; an individual with sickle cell disease who is free of chronic pain and intermittent crises; a girl functionally blind since the age of 5 who can now see; or a baby rescued from a fatal, inherited neurodegenerative disease. For decades, gene therapy has tantalized us with such futuristic scenarios. However, these goals are now coming into focus, and it is the time to consider some of the consequences of success. Authors: Stuart H. Orkin, Philip Reilly
    Schlagwort(e): Medicine
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Perspective] Unwinding inducible gene expression (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: The inflammatory response is coordinated by hundreds of genes that promote host defense against infection and injury. Inducible expression of these genes is mediated by distinct mechanisms, including transcriptional elongation, histone modifications, and nucleosome remodeling. On page 1074 of this issue, Rialdi et al. (1) report that a subset of the genes activated by viral infections depends on topoisomerase 1 (Top1) for induced expression. Pharmacological targeting of specific gene subsets has many clinical applications in inflammatory diseases. Because Top1 inhibition primarily affects genes dependent on nucleosome remodeling, many of which are key drivers of inflammation, it holds promise for gene-specific manipulation of the inflammatory response. Authors: Scott D. Pope, Ruslan Medzhitov
    Schlagwort(e): Gene Expression
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Perspective] Matching markets in the digital age (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Recent advances in information technology are enabling new markets and revolutionizing many existing markets. For example, taxicabs used to find passengers through chance drive-bys or slow central dispatching (see the photo). Location tracking, computer navigation, and dynamic pricing now enable ride-sharing services such as Uber to offer low and consistent delay times of only a few minutes. In a recent study, Cramer and Krueger (1) show that ride-sharing has dramatically increased the usage of drivers and their cars, cutting costs for riders. The results highlight the opportunities provided by digital markets. Further efficiency gains may come from academia-industry collaborations, which could also help to ensure that the markets develop in ways that further the public interest. Authors: Eduardo M. Azevedo, E. Glen Weyl
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Letter] Public participation in China's project plans (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Authors: Guoyou Qi, Yanhong Jia, Saixing Zeng, Jonathan J. Shi
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Book Review] Like. Share. Retweet (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Tom Vanderbilt's You May Also Like: Taste in an Age of Endless Choice sets out to understand this mysterious phenomenon of how our preferences change and come to be. Jockeying between the various definitions of taste (what one likes; what our society sanctions as good or bad standards of judgment; the sensory experience itself), the book moves on a whirlwind tour of taste across its many domains, from food and music to color and even cats. Author: Sheena Iyengar
    Schlagwort(e): Psychology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Book Review] Navigating the cascades of circumstance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: In his new book, Serendipity, eminent ecologist James A. Estes deftly weaves rigorous science with personal reflection to create an absorbing and introspective read that is equal parts memoir, ecological textbook, and motivational guidebook for young ecologists. Emphasizing the role of chance encounters in creating career opportunities, the book serves as a revitalizing reminder of the self-doubt and exhilaration that go hand-in-hand with scientific discovery. Authors: Elizabeth Forbes, Ana Miller ter Kuile, Devyn Orr, Georgia Titcomb
    Schlagwort(e): Autobiography
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [This Week in Science] Rhythm remodeling traced to tiny RNA (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Author: Megan Frisk
    Schlagwort(e): Cardiovascular Disease
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [This Week in Science] Designing better estrogens (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Author: Wei Wong
    Schlagwort(e): Pharmacology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [This Week in Science] Calcium signals the making of symbiosis (2016)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Author: Pamela J. Hines
    Schlagwort(e): Plant Science
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Letter] Infection and the first eukaryotes (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Author: Sven B. Gould
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [This Week in Science] Genes and microbes converge in colitis (2016)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Author: Kristen L. Mueller
    Schlagwort(e): Mucosal Immunology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Association Affairs] Journals and funders confront implicit bias in peer review (2016)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Experts brainstorm ways to allow a more diverse community of science and technology innovators Author: Ginger Pinholster
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [This Week in Science] Narrowing down genetic loci of interest (2016)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Author: Laura M. Zahn
    Schlagwort(e): Genetic Mapping
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [This Week in Science] Forcing the spindle to the cell center (2016)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Author: Beverly A. Purnell
    Schlagwort(e): Cell Division
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [This Week in Science] Quantum cats here and there (2016)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Author: Ian S. Osborne
    Schlagwort(e): Quantum Physics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Letter] Infection and the first eukaryotes—Response (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Authors: Steven G. Ball, Debashish Bhattacharya, Andreas P. M. Weber
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [This Week in Science] Precise control from a metal-free catalyst (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Polymer Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    [Association Affairs] Research shows gun owners support gun-violence prevention (2016)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: With federal funding of firearm injury prevention stalled, a top scientist says policies to reduce gun violence not as polarizing as politicians may think Author: Kathleen O'Neil
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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