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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (112,478)
  • GE1-350
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  • 101
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    Remote Sensing and Geosciences for Archaeology (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: This book collects more than 20 papers, written by renowned experts and scientists from across the globe, that showcase the state-of-the-art and forefront research in archaeological remote sensing and the use of geoscientific techniques to investigate archaeological records and cultural heritage. Very high resolution satellite images from optical and radar space-borne sensors, airborne multi-spectral images, ground penetrating radar, terrestrial laser scanning, 3D modelling, Geographyc Information Systems (GIS) are among the techniques used in the archaeological studies published in this book. The reader can learn how to use these instruments and sensors, also in combination, to investigate cultural landscapes, discover new sites, reconstruct paleo-landscapes, augment the knowledge of monuments, and assess the condition of heritage at risk. Case studies scattered across Europe, Asia and America are presented: from the World UNESCO World Heritage Site of Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa to heritage under threat in the Middle East and North Africa, from coastal heritage in the intertidal flats of the German North Sea to Early and Neolithic settlements in Thessaly. Beginners will learn robust research methodologies and take inspiration; mature scholars will for sure derive inputs for new research and applications.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; CC1-960 ; terrestrial laser scanning ; GIS ; condition assessment ; SAR ; remote sensing ; geophysics ; point cloud ; archaeological prospection ; optical ; pattern recognition ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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  • 102
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    The Use of Remote Sensing in Hydrology (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Remotely sensed data are nowadays commonly used for regional/global monitoring of hydrological variables including soil moisture, rainfall, water levels, flood extent, evapotranspiration or land water storage, as well as the forcing, calibration and assimilation into hydrodynamic, hydrological and hydrometeorological models. In the years to come, recent and future satellite sensors, some of them specifically designed for hydrological purposes, will provide systematic observations of hydrological parameters (e.g., surface and sub-surface storage and flux) at high spatial and temporal resolutions. This will offer new applications for the hydrological community. This book presents reviews and recent advances of general interest regarding the use of remote sensing for hydrology. The chapters are related to any hydrological reservoir (e.g., surface storage, soil moisture, groundwater, etc.) or flux (e.g., rainfall, evapotranspiration, discharge, etc.), the integration of satellite data into hydrological models, and the improvements to hydrology that can be expected from future satellite missions.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; land hydrology ; surface water storage ; regional/global water cycle ; earth observation ; terrestrial water storage ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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  • 103
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    Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas: Linkages between Science, Policy and Practice (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: This book brings together research findings and experiences from science, policy and practice to highlight and debate the importance of nature-based solutions to climate change adaptation in urban areas. Emphasis is given to the potential of nature-based approaches to create multiple-benefits for society. The expert contributions present recommendations for creating synergies between ongoing policy processes, scientific programmes and practical implementation of climate change and nature conservation measures in global urban areas.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; society ; mitigation ; biodiversity ; cities ; impact ; climate change ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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  • 104
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    The Long-Term Perspective of Human Impact on Landscape for Environmental Change and Sustainability (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The research studies included in this Special Issue highlight the fundamental contribution of the knowledge of environmental history to conscious and efficient environment conservation and management. The long-term perspective of the dynamics that govern the human–climate ecosystem is becoming one of the main focuses of interest in biological and earth system sciences. Multidisciplinary bio-geo-archaeo investigations into the underlying processes of human impact on the landscape are crucial to envisage possible future scenarios of biosphere responses to global warming and biodiversity losses. This Special Issue seeks to engage an interdisciplinary dialog on the dynamic interactions between nature and society, focusing on long-term environmental data as an essential tool for better-informed landscape management decisions to achieve an equilibrium between conservation and sustainable resource exploitation.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; oasis ; Late Holocene ; n/a ; DISP ; spatio-temporal pattern ; medieval age ; Tarim Basin ; forestland governance ; arable land ; Côte d’Ivoire ; landscape change ; landscape change index ; livestock ; middle and lower reaches of Shule River Basin ; human-induced ; land use change ; vegetation change ; land cover ; climate change ; Deforestation ; mitigation ; eco-fragile area ; development ; native forest ; agricultural oasis expansion ; cities ; central Spain ; wetland ; vegetation cover ; urbanization ; human activity intensity ; sustainability ; dike-ponds ; case study ; army ; palaeoenvironmental reconstruction ; paleoecology ; farming radius ; peace ; landscape transformation ; Shunde District ; archaeological sites ; late Holocene ; NPPs ; pollen ; soil carbon ; NDVI ; Costa Rica ; land politics ; historical land-cover/use change ; grasslands ; land use ; land reconstruction ; China ; land-use intensity ; Northeast China ; resilience ; landscape dynamics ; palaeoecology ; political tradition ; forest landscape ; African politics ; pasture indicators ; land use changes ; Landsat ; mid-mountains ; climate ; RESTREND ; driving forces ; carbon neutral ; Mediterranean ; environment ; Horqin Sandy Land ; southern Italy ; land-use degree ; flood management ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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  • 105
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    Sponge Cities: Emerging Approaches, Challenges and Opportunities (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Primarily as a response to increasing flood, impacts, the Chinese Central Government launched a program to implement the Sponge City Concept in selected pilot cities across China in 2013. As a result, the Sponge City Concept is gaining ground and becoming more and more accepted by city governments. The first best practices of the pilot cities are being shared, and international exchange activities between research institutions and cities are providing guidance on the design and implementation of new concepts and technologies. However, there are still many technical, institutional, and socio-economic challenges ahead that hamper wider uptake and up-scaling in China. While the Sponge City Concept is new, the approaches and technologies involved in it, and therefore related challenges and opportunities, have been tried out in many different parts of the globe under the guise of terminologies such as water sensitive cities, Sustainable Drainage Systems, low-impact development, and ABC waters. This book aims to capture a selection of these experiences from China, as well as from other countries in both the developed and developing world, and draws lessons from these experiences relevant to the Sponge City Concept.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Eco-restoration ; Sponge City ; Low Impact Development ; Stormwater Management ; Urban Flooding ; Water Sensitive City ; Urban Water Cycle ; Sustainable Drainage Systems ; Resilience
    Language: English
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  • 106
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    Public Deliberation on Climate Change: Lessons from Alberta Climate Dialogue (2021)
    Athabasca University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: There exists in both academic and political circles a growing interest in public deliberation as an alternative to the sometimes adversarial and polarizing public engagement activities that result in the pitting of experts against lay people. Proponents of public deliberation claim that a more deliberative process can engage a diversity of participants in a more guided process that better balances expert knowledge and citizen inclusion. Such an approach holds particular promise where citizens and governments engage in discussions of the most complex and intractable issues like climate change. Given the host of challenges climate governance presents and the global consequences of our response to them, the experience and knowledge shared by Hanson and the contributors to 〈em〉Public Deliberation on Climate Change〈/em〉 provide an important framework for advancing public conversations and processes on this and other wicked problems. The lessons contained in the volume were gained as a result of a five year multidisciplinary, community, university research project called Alberta Climate Dialogue (ABCD), which drew together scholars, practitioners, citizens, civil society members, and government officials from across Alberta at four public deliberations. By highlighting the value tensions and trade-offs and examining the impact that the design of the deliberations has on policy and the creation of conditions that encourage exchange, the contributors aim to build capacity within our institutions and society to find new ways to discuss and solve complex problems.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; civic engagement ; environment ; citizenship ; public deliberation ; public consultation ; wicked problems ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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  • 107
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    Forest Soil Respiration under Climate Changing (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The respiration of forest soils and the major factors controlling its rate are fairly well understood. The process is of utmost significance because its balance with the fixation of CO2 in the biomass defines whether a particular site is a source or sink of atmospheric CO2. Currently, the measurement of soil respiration in the field requires rather expensive experimental installations. Nevertheless, there are still some caveats in our understanding, such as the separation of autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration, the relevance of different groups of soil organisms, the effect of ecosystem disturbances in different types of forests on soil respiration with respect to magnitude and duration, the adaptation of soil respiration to changing site conditions, and the regional prediction of soil respiration, based on proxy data. Technical progress and additional contributions on process understanding will put us in the position of better predictions of the forest soil respiration. We encourage studies from all fields, including experimental studies, monitoring approaches and models, to contribute to this Special Issue in order to promote knowledge and adaptation strategies for the preservation, management, and future development of forest ecosystems.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; SD1-669.5 ; disturbance ; heterotrophic respiration ; modeling ; soil respiration ; autotrophic respiration ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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  • 108
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    Atmospheric Mercury (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Mercury is a serious environmental toxin that is distributed globally by large-scale atmospheric circulations. The chapters in this book cover measurements of speciated atmospheric mercury, regional modeling, continental-scale distributions across the U.S. and Canada, large-scale distributions in the free troposphere, and changes in wet deposition across the U.S. The diverse topics give snap-shots of current research areas in atmospheric mercury and some insight into policy issues in Europe. Together, the work demonstrates the complexity of atmospheric mercury and provides aspects on measuring and modeling it. Much work is needed in the future to unravel the chemical forms of oxidized atmospheric mercury and how it is intertwined in global cycling of mercury. The complexities of this work are extremely challenging for emerging atmospheric chemists.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; chemical transformations of atmospheric mercury ; particulate mercury ; regional and global modeling of atmospheric mercury ; cycling of atmospheric mercury ; emission inventories for atmospheric mercury ; elemental mercury ; gaseous oxidized mercury ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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  • 109
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    Technological Eco-Innovations for the Quality Control and the Decontamination of Polluted Waters and Soils (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The Special Issue “Technological Eco-Innovations for the Quality Control and the Decontamination of Polluted Waters and Soils” deals with the most recent research activities carried out at lab and field scale on eco-sustainable tools for the remediation of contaminated environmental substrates. It is particularly devoted to highlight the relevance of biological organisms (plants, microbes, algae) to assess the chemical contamination in water and soil and to remediate such matrices from the pollution caused by the human activities. Therefore, bioremediation is a primary focus of most of the articles published within the present Special Issue. Bioremediation is a promising environmentally friendly technology to deal with the chemical pollution in different ecosystem compartments and its integration with the traditional approaches might represent a
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; TD172-193.5 ; Q1-390 ; bioremediation ; natural-based remediation strategies ; plant stress reactions ; heavy metals ; bottom urban sediment ; cesium ions ; antioxidant defence ; pollution ; artificial intelligence ; plant growth promoting bacteria ; ferulic acid ; geostatistical analysis ; photosynthesis ; sulfur ; mining wastes ; phytomanagement ; TNT ; MCPA ; water contamination ; arsenic adsorption ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; water filtration ; salt stress ; industrial crop ; water ; proline ; 2 ; syringic acid ; energy crops ; coal ; kinetics ; Ralstonia sp. ; rhizobacterial inoculants ; bacterial contamination ; urban sediments ; water pollution ; biodegradation ; soil ; phytoremediation ; anti-oxidant enzymes ; ecotoxicity ; microscope ; autochthonous microbial community ; plant physiology ; Tagetes patula ; soil microbial communities ; DDT ; soil pollution ; polyamines ; Festuca arundinacea ; synthetic zeolite ; geological heterogeneity ; biostimulation ; Monviso clone ; acclimation ; iron and manganese minerals ; 4-D ; metal tolerance ; diesel oil ; dielectric permittivity ; plant secondary metabolites ; removal ; indigenous microorganisms ; Brassica napus ; PCDDs/PCDFs ; oxidative stress ; dissolved organic carbon ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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  • 110
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    Volatile Organic Compounds in Environment (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released from both static and mobile sources (e.g., industrial, transport, household, fossil fuels use, and many other sources). They are emitted into the atmosphere, taken up by plants, and ingested by animals to be bio accumulated along the food chain up to the apex predator. Many of these pollutants are classified as being toxic/carcinogenic by varying degrees and pose a worldwide risk to the environment and human health. Exposure (through different exposure pathways, i.e., inhalation, dermal absorption, ingestion, etc.) to those hazardous pollutants can damage the immune, neurological, reproductive (e.g., reduced fertility), developmental, and respiratory systems of humans and animals. More efforts are thus needed to improve the method of their detection and treatment. This Special Issue aims to present articles emphasizing more than one of all the available tools to monitor or treat VOCs: (1) measurement techniques for VOC; (2) treatment techniques for VOC; and (3) all important environmental issues associated with the management of VOCs.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Volatile organic compounds ; Reatment ; Sensing ; Environment ; Monitoring
    Language: English
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  • 111
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    Biodiversity in Locally Managed Lands (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: This volume assembles papers that provide empirical evidence for the success or otherwise of landscape and community or local government managed initiatives to conserve biodiversity. The papers report successful biodiversity conservation projects that have operated at those scales as well as documenting cases where these approaches were attempted but were less successful. The papers identify the conditions under which these local and landscape approaches have succeeded and those under which they have been less successful.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Community forest management ; biodiversity conservation ; landscape approaches
    Language: English
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  • 112
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    Climate Variability and Climate Change Impacts on Land Surface, Hydrological Processes and Water Management (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: During the last several decades, Earth´s climate has undergone significant changes due to anthropogenic global warming, and feedbacks to the water cycle. Therefore, persistent efforts are required to improve our understanding of hydrological processes and to engage in efficient water management strategies that explicitly consider changing environmental conditions. The twenty-four contributions in this book have broadly addressed topics across four major research areas: (1) Climate and land-use change impacts on hydrological processes, (2) hydrological trends and causality analysis faced in hydrology, (3) hydrological model simulations and predictions, and (4) reviews on water prices and climate extremes. The broad spectrum of international contributions to the Special Issue indicates that climate change impacts on water resources analysis attracts global attention. We hope that the collection of articles presented here can provide scientists, policymakers and stakeholders alike with insights that support sustainable decision-making in the face of climate change and increasingly scarce environmental resources.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; coal mining ; climate variability ; DPR Korea ; runoff map ; Haihe River Basin ; compound extremes ; variation in percentage of flood-season precipitation ; precipitation ; Mongolia ; Budyko framework ; water pricing ; model ; land use change ; quantitative analysis ; coal mining concentrated watershed ; trends ; river discharge ; runoff ; water resources management ; karst ; cascade joint operation chart ; Time series model ; flood ; Yellow River Delta ; Three Gorges Project ; contribution and sensitivity analysis ; distributed hydrological model ; the Loess Plateau ; topsoil ; air temperature ; natural streamflow variation ; Xinjiang ; Yangtze River ; land surface change ; sustainable water management ; power operations ; plot scale ; temperature ; Large-scale climate indices ; Mann-Kendall test ; eco-region ; human activities ; water security ; inter-basin water transfer project ; water management ; average annual runoff ; predictions ; Selenga river basin ; quantile regression ; estuarine wetlands ; runoff changes ; TFPW-MK ; scenario simulation ; streamflow ; indicator ; snowfall to precipitation ratio ; multivariate distribution ; hydroclimatic analysis ; spatiotemporal change analysis ; evapotranspiration ; Three Gorges Dam ; hydrological simulation ; Lake Baikal basin ; CMIP5 ; dam ; hydrological processes ; GRACE ; SHM ; trend analysis ; land cover ; climate change ; highland agricultural field area ; water conflicts ; Pan evaporation ; hydrology ; large scale basin ; remote sensing ; Yellow River ; SWAT ; GIS ; WRF model ; hydrological drought ; Ethiopia ; benefits ; grid-based ; Weihe River Basin ; Reservoir inflow forecasting ; multiple regression model ; jackknife validation ; elasticity coefficient ; diffuse pollutant discharge ; streamflow reduction ; MATOPIBA agricultural frontier ; land use and climate change ; LULCC ; Climate variability ; HEC-RAS ; PUB ; simulated rainfall ; trends and patterns ; HRU-based ; rainfall-runoff experiments ; SWCM ; Ensemble empirical mode decomposition ; freshwater availability ; macro scale modeling ; Artificial intelligence model ; intra-annual climate change ; economics ; hydrological model ; Hydro-Informatic Modelling System (HIMS) ; drought ; SWAT model ; arid region ; land use/cover change ; litter layer ; Budyko equation ; flood control ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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  • 113
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    Sustainable Use of Soils and Water: The Role of Environmental Land Use Conflicts (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: This book on the sustainable use of soils and water addressed a variety of issues related to the utopian desire for environmental sustainability and the deviations from this scene observed in the real world. Competing interests for land are frequently a factor in land degradation, especially where the adopted land uses do not conform with the land capability (the natural use of soil). The concerns of researchers about these matters are presented in the articles comprising this Special Issue book. Various approaches were used to assess the (im)balance between economic profit and environmental conservation in various regions, in addition to potential routes to bring landscapes back to a sustainable status being disclosed.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; environmental and economic changes ; overexploitation ; stream flow downscaling ; Recharge ; Institutions ; evaluation ; geo hazards ; marginal land resources ; water resources ; contributions ; land use change ; comprehensive land carrying capacity ; land eco-security ; scale effects ; river basin ; Ghana ; urbanization ; groundwater recharge ; MicroLEIS DSS ; multiple stresses ; forest ; land use conflicts ; soil ; analytic hierarchy process ; heavy metal pollution assessment ; recharge ; environmental degradation ; spatial variation ; debris flow waste-shoal land ; Lankao county ; encounters of interests ; territorial development ; driving forces analysis ; land use policy ; climate conditions ; time series analysis ; arable soil ; urban area ; multi-criterion comprehensive evaluation ; Land Use ; agricultural and livestock products ; evapotranspiration ; hydrological processes ; Trnava district ; macromodel DNS/SWAT ; central Asia ; CA-Markov ; integrative landscape management ; Land use change ; land use and transformation ; weight ; Contemporary Yellow River Delta ; conjunctive water resources management ; set pair theory ; sustainability ; karst aquifer ; withdrawal of agricultural land ; sustainable development ; SWAT ; water resource management ; water footprint ; land-use planning ; Ecosystem service value ; Penman–Monteith equation ; cloud model ; groundwater flow field ; standard deviation ; temporal stability ; landscape as geosystem ; Gross Domestic Product ; geology ; territorial factors ; agriculture ; multi-dimension ; Groundwater ; conflicts ; Green GDP ; temporal-spatial variations ; relief ; recharge zones ; groundwater depth ; Nitrate Vulnerable Zones ; hydrologic modeling ; Managed Aquifer ; soil reclamation ; nitrogen ; discrete wavelet transform ; legislative factors ; developmental factors ; ungauged catchment ; rural households’ behaviors ; arid region ; land use/cover change ; spatialization ; sustainable agriculture ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    Rainwater Harvesting: Quantity, Quality, Economics and State Regulations_Book (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the most popular alternative water source in many urban, peri-urban, and rural areas. Although rainwater is fresh in nature, it gets polluted from atmospheric contaminants, roof catchments, and the RWH system itself. The research questions which are the most relevant to RWH system include the optimum rainwater tank size for a given location and set of users, water quality from a RWH system, financial viability of a RWH system, and state regulations on the use of water from a RWH system. You are invited to submit a technical paper to this Special Issue of Water on these aspects of a RWH system.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; rainwater harvesting ; water regulations ; rainwater quality ; Rainwater ; urban water ; water recycling ; alternative water supply ; water cycle management ; stormwater ; rainwater economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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  • 115
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    Urban Land Systems: An Ecosystems Perspective (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Global urbanization creates challenges towards sustainability and human well-being. Urban areas are dependent on the ecosystems beyond the city limits but also benefit from the internal urban green places. An understanding of the importance of urban ecosystem services means that urban greenery can be designedly maintained or even expanded. As cities are expected to grow at a rapid rate in the coming decades, it is important that the ecosystem perspective is understood and valued by city planners and political decision-makers. This special issue highlights some aspects related to urban sprawl dynamics and urban ecosystem management. Observations and studies presented in ten papers show that urbanization affects essential ecological, economic, and social landscape functions, whose importance is often undervalued in cities worldwide.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; land use/land cover changes ; urban expansion ; urban green spaces ; urban planning ; green infrastructure ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    Molecular Magnetism of Lanthanides Complexes and Networks (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Over the last ten years a fresh air has been blowing in the field of molecular magnetism with the re-introduction of lanthanides ions as spin carriers in magnetic molecules. The strong magnetic moment and huge magnetic anisotropy of lanthanide ions has enabled significant breakthroughs in magnetic blocking temperature and related phenomena. The chemical versatility of these ions is also a strong asset as easy substitution among the lanthanides series enables isotropic, anisotropic or solid-solutions of magnetic molecules. Additionally, their outstanding luminescent properties are key features in rationalizing the single-molecule magnet (SMM) behavior and paving the way toward production of multifunctional materials. In this book, selected examples of research on molecular magnetism of lanthanides complexes and networks are presented illustrating the current dynamism of this research field.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; GE1-350 ; QD415-436 ; neutron scattering ; helical ligand ; molecular magnetism ; helicene ; luminescence ; chiral ligand ; Lanthanides ; hybrid networks ; electrical conductivity ; rare-earths ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 117
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    Condensed Matter Researches in Cryospheric Science (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: The cryosphere is very sensitive to climate change, and glaciers represent one of the most important archives of atmospheric composition and its variability. From the Himalaya to the European Alps, the longest mid-latitude mountain chain in the world, lie thousands of glaciers that have collected atmospheric compounds over the last millennia. China and Italy are located at the opposite terminals of this long mountain chain, comprising strategic positions for understanding climate evolution and providing important information for the modeling of future climates. The results presented are highlights of some of the most recent advances in cryospheric studies, especially on the topic of mineral dust and aerosols in the atmosphere. They evidence the complexity of the chemical–physical processes involving solid compounds occurring in glacier, snow, and permafrost environments, covering different aspects such as spatial and temporal trends, as well as the impact of mineral and nonmineral particles. Results also show that recent advances in measurement techniques and source apportionment may be powerful and sophisticated tools to provide novel, high-quality scientific information.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; XAS spectroscopy ; bacteria ; XANES ; mineral elements ; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy ; iron geochemistry ; ice ; X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy ; mineral dust ; compositional data analysis ; synchrotron radiation ; dust ; global warming hiatus ; simultaneous measurements ; TXRF ; low concentration elemental analysis ; global warming slowdown ; paleoclimatology ; water ; X-ray fluorescence ; snow ; long-range transport ; southern hemisphere ; Antarctica ; ice core ; cryoconite ; evaporation ; contaminants ; POPs ; paleoclimate ; XANES and LCF ; ultra-dilution ; particulate matter ; trace elements ; atmospheric mineral dust ; cryospheric sciences ; ice cores ; X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy ; droplets ; Arctic rapid warming ; microbiology ; cryosphere ; polycapillary optics ; environment ; Laohugou glacier ; iron speciation ; X-ray absorption spectroscopy ; Arctic ; insoluble dust
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    Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Large Asian River Basins (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The connections between water, food and energy are currently being discussed more than ever before, thanks to the recently emerged concept of the water–energy–food security nexus. Various organizations and authors have defined and addressed the concept from their own view points: nexus is, indeed in the air. This Special Issue looks at the water–energy–food security nexus in the context of large Asian river basins, with a focus on transboundary rivers shared by several countries. The articles included in the Special Issue analyse what benefits the nexus approach could bring to these kinds of, often quite demanding, settings. And where are the potential pitfalls that call for further development. The thematic areas covered in the Special Issue thus include water resources management; energy planning and policies with an emphasis on hydropower; and food production systems, including fisheries, irrigation and cropland management. Due to its focus on transboundary contexts, the articles also look at the geopolitical, international cooperation and security aspects related to the nexus. The articles of the Special Issue include case studies from relevant transboundary river basins, with a focus on the Mekong River Basin in Southeast Asia as well as the river basins in Central Asia. Articles also include a comparative analysis in several large Asian river basins as well as more theoretical discussions of the water–energy–food security nexus and its linkages to other framings and approaches, such as IWRM and sustainable development.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; water security ; water resources management ; transboundary rivers ; benefit sharing ; Central Asia ; transboundary water–energy–food nexus ; Southeast Asia ; Mekong ; Asia ; water–energy–food nexus ; river basin management ; China ; food security ; water governance ; water–energy–food security nexus ; energy security ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    Earth Observations for Geohazards (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Earth Observations (EO) encompasses different types of sensors (e.g., SAR, LiDAR, Optical and multispectral) and platforms (e.g., satellites, aircraft, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and enables us to monitor and model geohazards over regions at different scales in which ground observations may not be possible due to physical and/or political constraints. EO can provide high spatial, temporal and spectral resolution, stereo-mapping and all-weather-imaging capabilities, but not by a single satellite at a time. Improved satellite and sensor technologies, increased frequency of satellite measurements, and easier access and interpretation of EO information have all contributed to the increased demand for satellite EO data. EO, combined with complementary terrestrial observations and with physical models, have been widely used to monitor geohazards, revolutionizing our understanding of how the Earth system works.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; LiDAR ; InSAR ; remote sensing ; earthquake ; UAV ; landslide ; land subsidence ; earth observation ; surface displacement ; geohazards ; deformation ; optical ; damage assessment ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    Snake Venom Metalloproteinases (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: This special edition of Toxins will cover recent developments in snake venom metalloproteinase structure, function and clinical implications. It will include a historical retrospective of the discovery of Snake Venom Metalloproteinases (SVMPs) and early insights into their biochemical mechanisms and how they function in envenomation. The individual articles will review • SVMP Structure • Pathologies associated with SVMPs activities • Mechanism of action; evolution and orthologs • SVMP processing and disintegrins • Potential clinical applications of SVMP scaffolds
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    Deregulierung und Finanzierung des Bildungswesens (2021)
    Duncker & Humblot
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Sowohl in der wissenschaftlichen als auch in der öffentlichen Diskussion stehen Fragen der Umgestaltung des Bildungswesens ganz oben auf der Tagesordnung. Das hat vielfältige Ursachen. Diese gründen sich nicht nur auf den klassischen Zielkonflikt zwischen Effizienz und Gerechtigkeit, sondern reflektieren auch Folgewirkungen des technischen Fortschritts sowie die zunehmende Internationalisierung der Bildungssysteme. Die in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland stattfindende Reformdiskussion folgt damit einem Anpassungszwang des "Marktes für Humankapital" an die Gegebenheiten des wirtschaftlichen Wettbewerbs innerhalb und zwischen hochentwickelten Industrieländern. Mit welchem Ziel und auf welche Weise sollte das Bildungssystem verändert werden? Offensichtlich haben gesamtwirtschaftliche und institutioneninterne Effizienzziele eine hohe Priorität. Mögliche Wege dorthin berühren in zentraler Weise die Themen Deregulierung und Finanzierung. Es ist ein Anliegen dieses Bandes, die bildungsökonomische Rolle des Staates vor diesem Hintergrund auf den Ebenen der Schule, des Dualen Systems, der Hochschule und der Weiterbildung in einigen aktuellen Ausschnitten neu zu beleuchten.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Schule ; Bildungsreform ; Bildungsfinanzierung ; Sozialpolitik ; Deregulierung ; Bildungspolitik ; Berufsausbildung ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCV Economics of specific sectors::KCVG Environmental economics
    Language: German
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    Environmental and Management Factor Contributions to Maize Yield (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Agricultural production must increase substantially to meet the increasing per capita demand for food, feed, fuel, and fiber of a rising human census. The amount of arable land is limited due to soil type, weather, and ecosystem considerations; therefore, it is necessary to increase yields on current fields. To obtain the greatest maize (Zea mays L.) yield, a farmer needs to nurture the crop as much as possible. Weather and nitrogen availability are well- known as two factors that normally have the greatest influence on maize yields and grain quality. Some management factors a producer may need to consider while growing a maize crop are mineral fertilization, genotype, plant population, and protection from insects and diseases. Additionally, there are numerous biological and chemical compounds that can stimulate plant growth, such as in-furrow mixes and foliar fungicides. Field management also plays a role in final grain yield, including crop rotation, tillage, soil pH and nutrient levels, weed control, and drainage. This Special Issue Book focuses on weather, soil, and other maize crop management factors and their relative independent and/or interactive influence on maize growth and yield.]
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; GE1-350 ; Crop production ; Crop management ; Maize high-yield ; Crop Population density ; Maize rotation ; Crop protection ; Crop fertilization ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    Diamond Crystals (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: This Special Issue is intended to serve as an interdisciplinary forum covering broad aspects of the science, technology, and application of synthetic and natural diamonds. The issue contains 13 papers, which highlight recent investigations and developments in diamond research related to the diverse problems of natural diamond genesis, diamond synthesis and growth using CVD and HPHT techniques, and the use of diamond in both traditional applications, such as mechanical machining of materials, and the new recently emerged areas, such as quantum technologies. The results presented in the contributions collected in this special issue clearly demonstrate that diamond occupies a very special place in modern science and technology.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; QD71-142 ; QA1-939 ; QC1-999 ; Characterization ; Diamond properties ; Diamond crystals ; Natural diamond ; Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) ; High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) ; Diamond growth and synthesis ; Diamond applications ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    Exploring legitimization strategies for contested uses of citizen-generated data for policy (2021)
    Edward Elgar Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: In this article, we investigate how citizens use data they gather as a rhetorical resource for demanding environmental policy interventions and advancing environmental justice claims. While producing citizen-generated data (CGD) can be regarded as a form of ‘social protest’, citizens and interested institutional actors still have to ‘justify’ the role of lay people in producing data on environmental issues. Such actors adopt a variety of arguments to persuade public authorities to recognize CGD as a legitimate resource for policy making and regulation. So far, scant attention has been devoted to inspecting the different legitimization strategies adopted to push for institutional use of CGD. In order to fill this knowledge gap, we examine which distinctive strategies are adopted by interested actors: existing legitimization arguments are clustered, and strategies are outlined, based on a literature review and exemplary cases. We explore the conceivable effects of these strategies on targeted policy uses. Two threads emerge from the research, entailing two complementary arguments: namely that listening to CGD is a governmental obligation and that including CGD is ultimately beneficial for making environmental decisions. We conclude that the most used strategies include showing the scientific strength and contributory potential of CGD, whereas environmental rights and democracy-based strategies are still rare. We discuss why we consider this result to be problematic and outline a future research agenda.
    Keywords: TD172-193.5 ; GE1-350 ; K5000-5582 ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology::TQK Pollution control
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    Hillslope and Watershed Hydrology (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Watershed hydrology is driven by climate forcing, near ground surface characteristics, and human activities, addressing a wide spectrum of environmental and water resource problems regarding both scientific-driven questions and practical engineering issues. This book collates watershed problems and solutions from around the world covering diverse climate types. These cases show complex interactions between hydrological processes and environmental conditions and scientific methods for understanding the hydrological regime and management of human activities. This book can be used as a state-of-the-art resource for academic researchers and water resource professionals, and will also appeal to students, scholars, and general readers interested in watershed models, water management, environmental management, climate change impact assessment, or ecohydrologic interactions.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; environmental vulnerability ; resource assessment ; water management ; Watershed ; model ; climate change ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry of Precious Metals (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Precious metals continue to have economic and sociocultural importance, as their usage evolves and diversifies over time. Today, the industrial application of precious metals is increasing with the development of scientific and technological innovations. Especially, the biological cycling of these metals is receiving more and more attention, as the microbiota may be key to a range of issues regarding exploration, ore-processing and metallurgy, and the processing of electron waste. In this volume, we focus on enhancing the fundamental understanding of the biological processes that drive noble metal cycling and examine how this knowledge may be turned into biotechnolical applications.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; TP248.13-248.65 ; QH540-549.5 ; QE1-996.5 ; PGEs ; Gold ; Biotechnology ; Ecotoxicology ; e-Waste ; Metal resistance ; Exploration ; Fungi ; Precious metals ; Silver ; Biomineralisation ; Biogeochemistry ; Platinum ; Geomicrobiology ; Bacteria ; Metallurgy ; Bioremediation ; Element cycling ; Diatoms ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    Understanding and Managing Emerald Ash Borer Impacts on Ash Forests (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The emerald ash borer (EAB) is rapidly spreading throughout Eastern North America and devastating ecosystems where ash is a component tree. This rapid and sustained loss of ash trees has already resulted in ecological impacts on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and is projected to be even more severe as EAB invades ash dominated wetlands of the western Great Lakes region. We propose a Special Issue that will address current research documenting ecological impacts of EAB in forest ecosystems, as well as management approaches to mitigate those impacts. Prospective authors are invited to contribute original researches to this Special Issue of Forests. Topics may include, but are not limited to: Managements of ash forests and potential replacements, nutrient and vegetation dynamics, greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration and cycling, hydrologic impacts, and pre or post-infestation silvicultural approaches or management strategies.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; SD1-669.5 ; tree mortality ; species replacement ; carbon and nutrient dynamics ; vegetation and stand dynamics ; emerald ash borer ; silviculture and management ; water ; biogeochemistry ; ash forests ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    Der Ausbildungsstellenmarkt der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (2021)
    Duncker & Humblot
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Ausgangspunkt der Analyse ist die empirische Beobachtung, daß in einer Reihe von Berufen die Zahl der Ausgebildeten die Zahl der dort später Beschäftigten deutlich übersteigt und umgekehrt in anderen Berufen _zu wenig_ ausgebildet wird. Da eine _Ausbildung über und unter Bedarf_ unverändert über einen langen Zeitraum auftritt, wird unterstellt, daß dieses Phänomen das Ergebnis ökonomisch rationalen Verhaltens ist. Die Autorin entwickelt in drei Stufen ein Modell zu dessen Erklärung: Ein auf dem Humankapitalansatz basierender Zwei-Sektoren-Ansatz wird transaktionskostentheoretisch erweitert und auf segmentierte Arbeitsmärkte angewandt. Empirisch wurde das Modell mit einem umfangreichen Datensatz überprüft, der auf einer Auswertung der Beschäftigtenstatistik sowie auf zwei weiteren Untersuchungen zu den Kosten und Erträgen der Berufsausbildung und zur Zufriedenheit mit der beruflichen Tätigkeit basiert. Dabei erwiesen sich die theoretisch abgeleiteten Schlußfolgerungen als evident, und es konnte gleichzeitig ein detailliertes Bild der Dualen Berufsausbildung und der sich ihr anschließenden Mobilitätsprozesse entwickelt werden.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Gewerkschaften ; Makroökonomie ; Sozialpolitik ; Berufsausbildung ; Ausbildungsstellenmarkt ; Soziale Sicherung ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCV Economics of specific sectors::KCVG Environmental economics
    Language: German
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    Environmental Fate of Emerging Organic Micro-Contaminants (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The toxicity and fate of pharmaceuticals and other emerging micro-organic contaminants in the natural and built environments have been the focus of much research over the last twenty years. Particular focus has recently centred on the fate of antimicrobial chemicals, including antibiotics and antifungals. The occurrence of such chemicals in the environment is thought to contribute to the selection of resistance in exposed microorganisms.This Special Issue (SI) brings together a broad range of recent advances in the field of emerging micro-organic contaminants, ranging from medicinal contaminants to industrial chemicals in the environment. Notably, these range from chemical extraction and large-scale analysis to adverse effects on non-target aquatic organisms and potential risk to humans via contaminated foodstuffs. Additionally, this Special Issue also presents novel contaminant treatment/degradation methods of both physical and biological nature.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; chitosan ; risk assessment ; n/a ; di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) ; Escherichia coli ; picolinic acid ; degradation ; 6-hydroxypicolinic acid ; biosorption ; coagulation ; qPCR ; global monitoring ; Pseudomonas putida ; basic buffer ; validation ; ethyl tert-butyl ether ; wastewater ; sewage treatment ; crustacean ; ETBE biodegradation ; ethB gene ; veterinary drug ; water quality ; tetracyclines ; micropollutants ; bacterial community ; antibiotics ; Membrane Bioreactor ; UPLC MS/MS ; bisphenol A (BPA) ; GAC-biofilter ; shrimp ; vitellogenin (VTG) ; hormones ; polluted aquifer ; biodegradation ; Rhodococcus ; sewage sludge ; ion suppression ; ozone ; pharmaceutical residues ; beta-lactams ; espresso coffee machine extraction ; mass spectrometry ; dye decolorization ; chlorination ; pressurized hot water extraction ; immobilization ; ARGs ; pharmaceuticals ; organic pollutants ; residue ; perfluorinated compounds ; liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry ; activated carbon ; irgarol ; fuel oxygenates ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Social Ecology State of the Art and Future Prospects (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The book ‘Social Ecology. State of the Art and Future Prospects’ is published by ISOE – Institute for Social-Ecological Research, Frankfurt am Main and the Vienna Institute of Social Ecology (SEC). Both institutes have made defining contributions to the field of social ecology. How the complex relations between society and nature can be theoretically captured, empirically investigated and sustainably shaped is a focal question for both institutes. This book provides an overview of the current state of social-ecological research. It contains 11 contributions from 29 scientists, edited by Johanna Kramm and Martin Zimmermann (ISOE) and Melanie Pichler and Anke Schaffartzik (SEC). Topics range from the conceptional and theoretical foundations of social ecology to empirical case studies and research frontiers. The peer-reviewed essays highlight the role of social ecology as a critical, transdisciplinary science, discussing the current challenges for social-ecological transformations. Key concepts for sustainability research like ecosystem services, societal metabolism, risk, or extractive economies are applied and advanced.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Societal relations to nature ; Concepts and methods ; Social ecology ; Interdisciplinary sustainability studies ; Transdisciplinarity ; Social metabolism ; Sustainability research ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    Use of Meta-Heuristic Techniques in Rainfall-Runoff Modelling (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Each year, extreme floods, which appear to be occurring more frequently in recent years (owing to climate change), lead to enormous economic damage and human suffering around the world. It is therefore imperative to be able to accurately predict both the occurrence time and magnitude of peak discharge in advance of an impending flood event. The use of meta-heuristic techniques in rainfall-runoff modeling is a growing field of endeavor in water resources management. These techniques can be used to calibrate data-driven rainfall-runoff models to improve forecasting accuracies. This book, being also a Special Issue of the journal Water, is designed to fill the analytical void by including fourteen articles concerning advances in the contemporary use of meta-heuristic techniques in rainfall-runoff modeling. The information and analyses are intended to contribute to the development and implementation of effective hydrological predictions, and thus, of appropriate precautionary measures.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Wet and Dry Periods in Regions Surrounding the Atlantic Ocean Basin (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceanic divisions. It is bounded by the continents of America, Europe and Africa and at its polewards margins by the Arctic and the Southern Oceans. Different climatic patterns can be observed along its large latitudinal domain, which extends from the equator to sub-polar regions. Thus, different tropical and extra-tropical meteorological systems may have some influence on the characterization of precipitation regimes observed surrounding the basin, such as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), tropical monsoon systems, westerly storm tracks and atmospheric rivers. The subtropical regions of the Azores and South Atlantic high pressure systems are large evaporative areas which act as important moisture sources for the adjacent continents. Variations in the oceanic characteristics may influence the moisture transport towards the neighboring landmasses and alter the precipitation. The influence of climatic variability modes manifest not only over the Atlantic Ocean, but also over other oceanic regions, may also interact with the regional hydrological budget, thereby generating long periods of drought or excessive precipitation over the Atlantic rim landmasses. This Research Topic intends to highlight the advances of the scientific community in investigating the continental precipitation surrounding the Atlantic Ocean and its variability on various temporal and spatial scales.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; GB3-5030 ; Q1-390 ; QC1-999 ; precipitation ; Atlantic Ocean basin ; Droughts ; climate variability ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Selected Papers from 2017 International Conference on Micro/Nanomachines (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The 2017 International Conference on Micro/Nanomachines (http://www.icmnm.org/) was held in Wuhan, China, 25–28 August, 2017. Micro/nanomotors (MNMs), which are defined as micro/nanodevices capable of converting energy into autonomous motion, can be used to pick up, transport, and release various cargoes within a liquid medium. They have important potential applications, for example, in drug delivery, biosensors, protein and cell separation, microsurgeries, and environment remediation. MNMs can be classified into two categories, according to their propulsion mechanism. In this respect, self-propelled MNMs are capable of moving autonomously without external intervention, but they either require toxic fuel or have a short lifespan. MNMs actuated by external fields, such as light, magnetic field, and acoustic waves, are not subject to these problems, do not require toxic fuels, nor give rise to by-products during the motion process. For both self-propelled and field-actuated MNMs, there is still a long way to go before we reach practical applications. The future development of MNMs should be focused on improving the energy conversion efficiency through structure optimization, exploring new propulsion mechanisms and endowing MNMs with environmental responses for self-navigation, detection, and specific operations. In this way, MNMs will approach their practical application in biomedicine, environment treatment, microengineering, etc.
    Keywords: TJ1-1570 ; GE1-350 ; Autonomous motion ; Microengineering ; Micro/Nanomachines ; Environmental remediation ; Self-navigation ; Drug delivery ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering::TDCW Pharmaceutical chemistry and technology
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    Plant Nutrient Dynamics in Stressful Environments (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: The papers included in this special issue cover a broad range of aspects ranging from genetics and breeding to crop production in the field. Climate change, intensified agriculture, modifications of land use, or pollution are often accompanied by larger fluctuations including extreme events. The growing world’s population and nutrient deficiencies in agricultural products for human or animal nutrition, or pollutants in harvested products in some regions (quality of yield), are important points to be integrated in a comprehensive analysis aimed at supporting agriculture on the way into a challenging future. It is therefore necessary to develop suitable models to identify potentials and risks. Instabilities (e.g., caused by climatic factors or pests) should be detected as early as possible to initiate corrections in the nutrient supply or in other growth conditions. Sensitive detection systems for nutrient disorders in the field can facilitate this task, and are therefore, highly desirable
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; S1-972 ; Senescence ; Pollution ; Abiotic stress ; Transport via xylem and phloem ; Biotic stress ; Nutrient availability in soil ; Nutrient assimilation ; Nutrient uptake ; Nutrient redistribution ; Nutrient contents in harvested plant products
    Language: English
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    Die Stahlindustrie in der DDR (2021)
    Duncker & Humblot
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Außenwirtschaft ; DDR ; Eisen- und Stahlindustrie ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: German
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    New Vision 2050: A Platinum Society (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: This book presents the "New Vision 2050," which adds the concept of the “platinum society” to the “Vision 2050”. The 20th century was a century in which energy led the development of material civilization, resulting in deletion of resources, global warming and climate change. What form should sustainable material and energy take to protect the Earth? The "Vision 2050" was established 20 years ago as a model that we should pursue for the next half century. Fortunately, the world is on course for the Vision 2050. The 21st century will be a century in which we seek qualitative richness, with the Vision 2050 as the material basis. That is, a “platinum society” that has resource self-sufficiency and resource symbiosis, and where people remain active throughout their lives and have a wide range of choices and opportunities for free participation. Since the author presented the concept of "Vision 2050" in 1999, the idea has been introduced in two books entitled Vision 2050: Roadmap for a Sustainable Earth (2008) and Beyond the Limits to Growth: New Ideas for Sustainability from Japan (2014). The latter includes a chapter that sheds light on the concept of a “platinum society”. In this publication, the author presents the "New Vision 2050" in more detail.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; HD72-88 ; Sustainable cities ; Human-nature symbiosis ; Low carbon society ; Saturation ; Zero emission ; Aging society ; Lifelong learning ; Resource self-sufficiency ; Longevity ; Quality of life ; Urban mines ; Climate change ; Renewable energy ; Sustainability ; Leading country in resolving societal problems
    Language: English
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    Experimental and Thermodynamical Modeling of Ore-Forming Processes in Magmatic and Hydrothermal Systems (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: This special issue book includes 10 original research papers that discuss and solve some problems of ore-forming processes in magmatic and hydrothermal systems. Some of these papers in the issue deal with experimental and thermodynamical modeling, while the others are devoted to analytical geochemistry, geochronology and genesis of some ore occurrences. I hope that these papers will be useful for scientists who work on the fundamental problems of ore-forming processes and the genesis of ore deposits, and will provide new ideas for future research.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; sources of ore components and fluids ; physico-chemical parameters ; thermodynamic modeling ; ore-forming processes ; experimental investigations ; re deposit genesis ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    Environmental Leadership Capacity Building in Higher Education: Experience and Lessons from Asian Program for Incubation of Environmental Leaders (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The Graduate Program in Sustainability Science under the Department of Urban Engineering of The University of Tokyo has been running an environmental leadership education program at the graduate student level since 2007 called the Asian Program for Incubation of Environmental Leaders (APIEL). This book describes the University’s experiences in establishing and organizing that program and provides some lessons learned for those who are considering starting environmental leadership education programs. APIEL’s curriculum includes the classroom topic “Environmental Challenges and Leadership in Asia.” As well, the APIEL program has field units to provide experience in problem solving, decision making, and participation, taking into consideration ecological, political, economic, social, aesthetic, and ethical aspects. Another characteristic feature of the program is that it promotes changes in attitudes and behavior that will help to solve existing environmental problems and to avoid a generation of new ones. Over the four years of study, efforts have been made to bond leadership with field-oriented exercises such as: 1) The Intensive Program on Sustainability; 2) an integral approach focused on sustainable integrated watershed management of arid regions; 3) sustainable development of programs in Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand for qualifying students with problem-solving processes to combat issues such as flooding, lack of proper urban environmental infrastructure, and health risks; and 4) the Greater Pearl River Delta program with multicultural diversity to bring about sustainable urban development for a green city. All of those are described in the book. Last but not least, APIEL’s resonance throughout international networks and alumni are introduced.
    Keywords: L7-991 ; GE1-350 ; TS1-2301 ; QE1-996.5 ; Business Ethics ; Science Education ; Non-Profit Enterprises/Corporate Social Responsibility ; Environmental Management ; Environmental Science and Engineering ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
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    Water Optics and Water Colour Remote Sensing (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Water is irreplaceable natural resources on the planet for people to survival and develop. Declining water quality has become a global issue of significant concern as anthropogenic activities expand and climate change threatens to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle. Thus, monitoring the physical, chemical, and biological status of rivers, reservoirs, lakes, coastal waters, and oceans is immensely important. Remote sensing has the potential to provide an invaluable complementary source of data at local to global scales. This book—Water Optics and Water Colour Remote Sensing—provides an overview of the current state of the science on water optical properties and water colour remote sensing monitoring. Overall, the book presents a variety of applications at the global scale (with case studies in Europe, Asia, South and North America, and the Antarctic), achieved with different remote sensing instruments, such as hyperspectral field and airborne sensors, ocean colour radiometry, geostationary platforms, and the multispectral Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellites. The book is aimed at a wide audience, ranging from the graduate students, university teachers and the working scientists to policy makers and managers. Efforts have been made to highlight general principles as well as the site-specific application in the field of water optics and water colour remote sensing.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; water optics ; remote sensing algorithm ; water colour remote sensing ; atmospheric correction ; chlorophyll a ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Groundwater Contamination and Remediation (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: This Special Issue of Water brings together 10 studies on groundwater contamination and remediation. Common themes include practical techniques for plume identification and delineation, the central role of subsurface processes, the pervasiveness of non-Fickian transport, and the importance of bacterial communities in the broader context of biogeochemistry.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Remediation ; Reactive transport ; Bioremediation ; Contamination ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Genetics and Genomics of Forest Trees (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Forest tree genetics and genomics are advancing at an accelerated rate, thanks to recent developments in high-throughput, next-generation sequencing capabilities, and novel biostatistical tools. Population and landscape genetics and genomics have seen the rise of new approaches implemented in large-scale studies that employ the use of genome-wide sampling. Such studies have started to discern the dynamics of neutral and adaptive variation in nature and the processes that underlie spatially explicit patterns of genetic and genomic variation in nature. The continuous development of genetic maps in forest trees and the expansion of QTL and association mapping approaches contribute to the unravelling of the genotype-phenotype relationship and lead to marker-assisted and genome-wide selection. However, major challenges lie ahead. Recent literature suggests that species demography and genetic diversity have been affected both by climatic oscillations and anthropogenically induced stresses in a way calls into question the possibility of future adaptation. Moreover, the pace of contemporary environmental change presents a great challenge to forest tree populations and their ability to adapt, taking into consideration their life history characteristics. Several questions emerge that include, but are not limited to, the interpretation of forest tree genome surveillance and their structural/functional properties, the adaptive and neutral processes that have shaped forest tree genomes, the analysis of phenotypic traits relevant to adaptation (especially adaptation under contemporary climate change), the link between epigenetics/epigenomics and phenotype/genotype, and the use of genetics/genomics as well as genetic monitoring to advance conservation priorities.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; GE1-350 ; SD1-669.5 ; QTL/Association Mapping ; Management of Forest Genetic Resources ; Phylogeography ; Epigenetics/Epigenomics ; Molecular Evolution ; Proteomics ; Functional Genomics ; Population/Landscape Genetics/Genomics ; Conservation Genetics/Genomics ; Adaptation ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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    Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa (2021)
    Open Book Publishers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa comprehensively explores the challenges and potential solutions to key conservation issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. Easy to read, this lucid and accessible textbook includes fifteen chapters that cover a full range of conservation topics, including threats to biodiversity, environmental laws, and protected areas management, as well as related topics such as sustainability, poverty, and human-wildlife conflict. This rich resource also includes a background discussion of what conservation biology is, a wide range of theoretical approaches to the subject, and concrete examples of conservation practice in specific African contexts. Strategies are outlined to protect biodiversity whilst promoting economic development in the region. Boxes covering specific themes written by scientists who live and work throughout the region are included in each chapter, together with recommended readings and suggested discussion topics. Each chapter also includes an extensive bibliography. Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa provides the most up-to-date study in the field. It is an essential resource, available on-line without charge, for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as a handy guide for professionals working to stop the rapid loss of biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; textbook ; conservation ; biodiversity ; environmental laws ; Africa ; protected areas management ; poverty ; human-wildlife conflict ; sustainability ; Sub-Saharan Africa
    Language: English
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    Forest Insects and Pathogens in a Changing Environment: Ecology, Monitoring & Genetics (IUFRO Joint Meeting of WP7.03.05 & 7.03.10) (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: After the successful conclusion of the Joint Meeting of IUFRO’s 7.03.05 & 7.03.10 working parties and given the exciting and novel studies that have been presented in the framework of this meeting, we decided to present some of these studies in the current Special Issue of Forests. To make this issue more appealing and interesting to everyone in the field of Forest Protection, studies that cover a wide range of topics were selected, ranging from ecology and phylogeography to forest management and protection. More importantly, as these studies refer to pests and pathogens from different parts of the world, it is expected that the knowledge gained can be further used in the protection of natural environment worldwide.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; phenols ; flying ability ; Mediterranean forests ; wood borer insects ; Coraebus florentinus ; human-mediated transport ; ITS ; American chestnut ; sterols ; aggregated retention ; multivariate analysis ; Ips duplicatus ; Forestry Reclamation Approach ; triterpenes ; stand type ; Xyleborini ; birch ; Japanese red pine pure forests ; Scolytinae ; biological control ; Cephalcia kunyushanica ; deciduous forest ; silvicultural interventions ; fungal phytopathogens ; pathogen ; soil properties ; hypovirulence ; ammonium phosphite ; chestnut blight ; mtDNA ; latitude ; Cryphonectria parasitica ; occurrence ; distribution ; ash dieback ; ethanol ; phylogeography ; Carpathian Mountains ; Buprestidae ; stand characteristics ; oak ; vector ; Phytophthora ; black timber bark beetle ; infection level ; Romania ; coniferous forest ; Trypodendron laeve ; clearcutting ; Fraxinus excelsior ; selective pruning ; chlorophyll-a fluorescence ; forest management ; Ips sexdentatus ; disease management ; spread ; forest health ; ambrosia beetle ; Quercus ; invasive pathogens ; invasion ; biological invasion ; Lepidoptera ; ink disease ; functional group ; Betula ; mine reclamation ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    Biodiversity and Protected Areas (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Biodiversity and Protected Areas assembles twelve topics from around the world, illustrating the complexities and promise of addressing the biodiversity crisis. Authors from Mongolia, Africa, India, Canada, Iraq, and the United States dwell on particular aspects and challenges relevant to those regions. Lessons and approaches from interesting localities, coupled with global analyses give the reader a synthetic view of emerging problems. The opportunities for understanding common issues across different geographies abound, such as comparing local conservation in sub-Saharan Africa with a distribution of very small protected areas in Massachusetts. Several topics will be of immediate interest to policymakers. The book is illustrated with numerous color maps and figures and the authors strove for clear, uncomplicated writing. The editors provide an overview of chapters, placing them in the context of other biodiversity and protected area literature. Students and conservationists attempting to broaden their views of biodiversity and protected areas should find this collection to be interesting.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; n/a ; landscape metrics ; Mongolia ; nested approaches ; biodiversity hotspots ; conservation standards ; protected area reporting ; climate change ; private land conservation ; noise pollution ; management effectiveness ; conservation targets ; remote sensing ; protected area management ; deforestation ; prioritization ; GIS ; conservation ; protected areas ; Convention on Biological Diversity ; IUCN ; sacred forests ; equity framework ; wildness ; carbon finance ; light pollution ; public goods ; jurisdictional ; privacy ; hotspots ; fragmentation ; Tiger ; Aichi Biodiversity Targets ; biocultural heritage ; sub-Saharan Africa ; land use ; conservation landscapes ; accreditation ; biodiversity ; IPCAs ; Halgurd-Sakran National Park ; conservation planning ; traditional ecological knowledge ; reconciliation ; biodiversity conservation targets ; scale of assessment ; tropics ; threat assessment ; conservation assured ; ecosystems ; human population density ; Wilderness Study Areas ; information communication technology ; Aichi Target 11 ; Indigenous peoples ; global commons ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    New Insights in Stability, Structure and Properties of Porous Materials (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Porous materials (such as zeolites, clay minerals, and assemblies of oxide nanoparticles) are of great importance for the progress of many technological and environmental fields, such as catalysis, adsorption, separation, and ion exchange, because of their unique pore topologies, tunable structures, and the possibility of introducing active reaction sites. The major goal of this Special Issue was to provide a platform for scientists to discuss new insights in the stability, structure, and properties of porous materials, as well as in innovative aspects of their processing and applications. The emphasis was given as the relationships between the structure and/or chemical composition and the specific physical properties of these materials, as well as their role in mineralogical, technological, green, and sustainable processes. In this Special Issue of Minerals, we provide an up-to-date selection of high-quality original and review papers concerning the physical, chemical, and structural characterization of porous materials, the synthesis of crystalline phases with pores in the appropriate range, structure–property relationships at ambient conditions, but also at high temperatures and/or at high pressures, adsorption, and diffusion of mobile species in porous materials, host–guest interactions and confinement effects, ion exchange, modeling in geological and environmental processes, and new insights in processing and applications. In total, eight topical contributions reflect both the diversity and interdisciplinary of modern mineralogy, bridging together experimentalists and computational approaches.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Porous materials ; Structure-property relationships ; Clay minerals ; Oxide nanoparticles ; Zeolites ; Processing and applications ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Ecological Management of Pine Forests (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Natural pine forests characterize many landscapes preserved over time, either as a result of a specific forest management practice or a disturbance. In the event of a lack of management over a long period of time, these formations could evolve with increasingly chaotic structures towards other formations. This process can lead to landscape change, the spread of insects and pathogens, and the risk of fires and watercourse obstruction. Pine forest plantations should be considered as transient tree populations, destined to evolve into more complex and stable formations. However, sometimes they should be preserved for their cultural value. Careful management of these forests also takes into account the close relationship between forest and human settlements. As a first step, ecological management assumes the definition of these two macro types. These approaches include the application of integrated methods for determining the reference conditions of the main functional and structural ecosystem components of forests. The reference conditions are the historical (or natural) variability range of ecological structures and processes, reflecting the recent evolution and dynamic interaction of biotic and abiotic conditions and patterns of disturbance. These conditions form the basis for comparison with contemporary ecosystem processes and structures and are a frame of reference for designing ecological restoration treatments and conservation plans. The productive aspects must not be overlooked; rather, they have to be considered, planned, and managed with a perspective of sustainability and ecosystem functionality. This should be considered for a common approach to forest management, for a forest rehabilitation, and for forest restoration activities.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; TA170-171 ; SD1-669.5 ; Environmental Impact Assessment ; Ecological Indicator ; Silviculture ; Forest Management ; Pine Plantation ; Low Impact Logging ; Forest Restoration ; Pine Forest ; Forest Rehabilitation ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Water Resources in a Variable and Changing Climate (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Climate change will bring about significant changes to the capacity of, and the demand on, water resources. The resulting changes include increasing climate variability that is expected to affect hydrologic conditions. The effects of climate variability on various meteorological variables have been extensively observed in many regions around the world. Atmospheric circulation, topography, land use and other regional features modify global changes to produce unique patterns of change at the regional scale. As the future changes to these water resources cannot be measured in the present, hydrological models are critical in the planning required to adapt our water resource management strategies to future climate conditions. Such models include catchment runoff models, reservoir management models, flood prediction models, groundwater recharge and flow models, and crop water balance models. In water-scarce regions such as Australia, urban water systems are particularly vulnerable to rapid population growth and climate change. In the presence of climate change induced uncertainty, urban water systems need to be more resilient and multi-sourced. Decreasing volumetric rainfall trends have an effect on reservoir yield and operation practices. Severe intensity rainfall events can cause failure of drainage system capacity and subsequent urban flood inundation problems. Policy makers, end users and leading researchers need to work together to develop a consistent approach to interpreting the effects of climate variability and change on water resources. This Special Edition includes papers by international experts who have investigated climate change impacts on a variety of systems including irrigation and water markets, land use changes and vegetation growth, lake water levels and quality and sea level rises. These investigations have been conducted in many regions of the world including the USA, China, East Africa, Australia, Taiwan and the Sultanate of Oman.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; G1-922 ; meteorological variables ; water resources management ; uncertainty ; hydrological models ; climate models ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    Coastal Sea Levels, Impacts and Adaptation (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Extreme sea levels can lead to hazardous events, such as coastal flooding, erosion, or salt water intrusion, with-wide ranging environmental, societal, and economic consequences. In combination with climate-driven sea-level rise, and, potentially, additional changes in storminess, dynamic wave contributions, and tidal dynamics, the adverse consequences of extreme oceanographic events are expected to escalate in many regions. Integrated coastal zone impact assessments can guide the decisions on the adaptive responses to these changes in the physical environment and for the socioeconomic development of the local communities.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; waves ; risk management ; coastal vulnerability and impacts ; governance and socio-economic change ; mean sea level rise and variability ; storm surges ; adaptation ; extreme value analysis ; tides ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Wachstum und Strukturbildung bei Ausländerbeschäftigung (2021)
    Duncker & Humblot
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Makroökonomie
    Language: German
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    Global Indigeneities and the Environment (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Global Indigeneities and the Environment—covering fields from American Indian Studies, anthropology, communications, ethnoecology, ethnomusicology, geography, global studies, history, and literature, the purpose of the Special Issue is to give new understandings of the concept of global indigeneities and to showcase some of the most promising work in the field to date.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; ethnomusicology ; plant renewal ; cultivation practices ; ecopoetry ; extreme extraction ; memory trees ; global environmentalism ; ecocriticism ; indigenous ecotourism ; environmental justice ; knowledge situatedness ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Die Energiewende in den eigenen vier Wänden (2021)
    Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Zusammenfassung Die Studie zeigt, dass etwas Alltägliches wie das Heizen in privaten Haushalten ein komplexes soziales Phänomen darstellt. Technologische Entwicklungen wie Passivhäuser und smarte Heizungssteuerungen können nur dann ihre maximale Wirkung für Energieeinsparungen entfalten, wenn sie sozial adaptiert werden. Wie Technik und Handeln zusammen gedacht werden können, legt die Arbeit fundiert dar. Sie leistet somit einen Beitrag zur sozialwissenschaftlichen Klimaforschung. Anhand des Beispiels des Wohnraumheizens wird die theoretisch-analytische Leistungsfähigkeit des Praktikenansatzes vermittelt und gezeigt, dass dieser Ansatz großes Potenzial hat, auch Wandlungsprozesse sozialer Praktiken zu untersuchen. Für diejenigen, die sich aus praktischer Sicht mit dem Thema Heizen oder anderen Formen des alltäglichen Energiekonsums und dessen (politischen) Rahmenbedingungen beschäftigen, bieten sich zahlreiche Hinweise, wie der Komplexität des Alltags in der Praxis begegnet werden kann. Abstract This study shows that something commonplace, like heating in private households, is a complex social phenomenon. Technological developments, such as passive houses and smart heating controls, can only have their maximum effect on energy savings if they are socially adapted. How technology and action can be thought of together is explained in this work. It thus makes a contribution to social science climate research. Using the example of domestic heating, it conveys the theoretical and analytical efficiency of the practice approach and shows that this approach has great potential in investigating processes of change in social practices. For those who deal with the topic of heating or other forms of everyday energy consumption and its (political) framework conditions from a practical point of view, there are numerous hints as to how the complexity of everyday life can be addressed in practice.
    Keywords: HM401-1281 ; GE1-350 ; Energiewende ; Energiekonsum in Privathaushalten ; Naturschutz ; Passivhaus ; Smart Home ; Heizenergie ; Klimawandel ; Materialität ; Heizen ; Umwelt ; Praktikenwandel ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFP Social interaction
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    Advances in Environmental Engineering (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The book presents research papers addressing a wide range of environmental topics: water and wastewater treatment and management, soil degradation and conservation, sediment pollution control, environmental impacts of technologies, life cycle analysis (LCA), air quality and indoor environment, and advanced environmental materials. The contributions provide novel and significant scientific results and advanced applications in the field of environmental engineering and provide an integrated view of the trends in solving the problems associated with the achievement of sustainability.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; TA170-171 ; environmental assessment ; water and wastewater management ; environmental materials ; soil ; LCA ; sediment pollution ; air quality ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Plastic Pollution (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The presence, at sea, of large amounts of plastic and microplastics, which are sometimes invisible and results from the fragmentation of larger debris, requires an in-depth knowledge of the nature of ocean debris, its transport mechanisms, life cycle and effects on the environment. This volume provides new insights in the topic of plastic pollution, an actual and important problem for the marine environment.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; GC1-1581 ; Q1-390 ; modeling ; impact ; Lagrangian transport ; Plastic ; Microplastics ; Marine Litter ; lakes ; Plastic pollution ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Actor-network theory and the empirical critique of environmental law: unpacking the bioprospecting debates (2021)
    Edward Elgar Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: In recent years, actor-network theory (ANT), and the work of Bruno Latour in particular, have gained significant interest amongst legal scholars. This approach, derived from Science and Technology Studies (STS) and bearing various links with anthropology and ethnographic methods, has enabled new insights to emerge in relation to the ways in which law operates in everyday practices. The innovative position the approach suggests has been largely based on the breaking down of the dichotomy between nature and society, humans and non-humans, and in turn on an emphasis on the importance of materiality in social practices (and its complexity). In his early work, Bruno Latour therefore laid out the foundations of what was to become a radical rethink of sociological assumptions, by challenging the extent to which humanity can ever be imagined as being fundamentally separate from nature. Consequently, he argued that some of the most fundamental assumptions of modernity, about how knowledge is made, societies are built, and humans can relate to their environment, are mistaken and in need of revisiting. Given its deep engagement with our relationship with nature, and its grounding in the sociology of science, it is somehow surprising that ANT has not been more frequently explored in environmental law – in spite of a few examples. However, more resources are available to those wanting to imagine what an ‘ANT approach to environmental law’ may look like, if engaging with STS and the anthropology of science literature that has in recent years aimed to unpack some of the legal stories that surround environmental practices. In this chapter, I seek to bring together some of this scholarship to reflect on what ANT can bring to environmental law research. The chapter is illustrated specifically with the example of the use of natural resources for industrial purposes, and the long-standing debates on ‘biopiracy’ that have animated much legal debate since the 1990s. Through this example, I retrace the difficulty for modern environmental law to engage with practices that challenge the boundaries between nature and humanity, and the dichotomies on which law has so far operated. I explore how studies that have embraced some of the more radical claims of ANT and STS, and engaged ethnographic analyses of social practices, have illustrated how law often fails to seize the messiness of the entanglement of nature and society. I conclude by discussing how ANT, and the work of Bruno Latour, can be used more broadly by environmental lawyers seeking to reimagine the ways in which law relates to nature.
    Keywords: GN1-890 ; K1-7720 ; GE1-350 ; Natural resources ; Anthropocene and law ; Actor-Network Theory ; Environmental Law ; biopiracy ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology
    Language: English
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    Annually Laminated Lake Sediments (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The collection of papers presented in this book illustrates the recent progress made in varved sediment research and highlights the large variety of methodological approaches and research directions applied. The contributions cover monitoring of modern sediment fluxes using sediment traps; geochronological and sedimentological analyses of annually laminated lacustrine sediments or varves; and multiproxy investigations, including geochemical and biological proxies as well as spatiotemporal analyses based on multicore studies supported by satellite images and X-ray computed tomography (CT). The scientific issues discuss the influences of hydrological and climatological phenomena on short-term changes in sediment flux, the relationships between biogeochemical (limnological) processes in the water column and the formation of varves, the preservation of environmental signals in varved sediments, and possibilities of synchronizing varved records with other high-resolution environmental archives such as tree rings.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; environmental monitoring ; varve microfacies ; mast ; dropstones ; sediment flux ; X-ray CT ; meromixis ; flux rate ; end-members ; endogenic varves ; ultra-high resolution ; dating ; oxygen deficiency ; pollen traps ; hypoxia ; annually laminated lake sediments ; geochronology ; pigments ; eutrophication ; snow avalanche ; sedimentation ; calcite precipitation ; catchment dynamics ; lake sediments ; freshwater GDGTs ; varves ; grain-size ; varve ; tree-rings ; pollen analysis ; long-term ecology ; hypolimnetic hypoxia oscillations ; novel technology methodology ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Frontiers in Mental Health and the Environment (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: This book sheds light on the influence of the environment on people’s mental health. To what extent are exposures to green space, air pollution, natural disasters, etc. related to depression or suicide? Such questions are relevant for both scientists and policy-makers. A rich collection of chapters subsumes current research frontiers originating from disciplines such as geography, public health, epidemiology, environmental science, etc. The topics covered in the book are of interest to researchers, practitioners, and professionals. The editor hopes that the scientific outcome of this book will stimulate debate about how the environment affects mental health outcomes.
    Keywords: RA1-1270 ; GE1-350 ; G1-922 ; exposures ; risk assessment ; environments ; health geography ; mental disorders ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBN Public health & preventive medicine
    Language: English
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    Regional Cooperation for the Sustainable Development and Management in Northeast Asia (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: This Special Issue consists of selected papers from the Sustainable Asia Conference 2017, annual international conference which was held in Nanjing, China, from 23–28 June, 2017. SAC is one of the leading international conferences presenting novel and fundamental advances in Asia’s sustainable development issues. The purpose of the conference was for scientists, scholars, engineers, and students from universities and research institutes around the world to present ongoing research activities so as to promote global research networking in the area of sustainable development. This conference provides opportunities for the delegates to exchange new ideas and application experiences, face-to-face, to establish research or business relations, and to find global partners for future collaborations. The scope of this Special Issue encompassed topics related to sustainable development and management at both the macro- and micro-levels in Northeast Asian countries.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; HC10-1085 ; QH540-549.5 ; GF1-900 ; Northeast Asia ; Green Growth ; Sustainability
    Language: English
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    Earth Observations for Geohazards (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Earth Observations (EO) encompasses different types of sensors (e.g., SAR, LiDAR, Optical and multispectral) and platforms (e.g., satellites, aircraft, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and enables us to monitor and model geohazards over regions at different scales in which ground observations may not be possible due to physical and/or political constraints. EO can provide high spatial, temporal and spectral resolution, stereo-mapping and all-weather-imaging capabilities, but not by a single satellite at a time. Improved satellite and sensor technologies, increased frequency of satellite measurements, and easier access and interpretation of EO information have all contributed to the increased demand for satellite EO data. EO, combined with complementary terrestrial observations and with physical models, have been widely used to monitor geohazards, revolutionizing our understanding of how the Earth system works.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; LiDAR ; InSAR ; remote sensing ; earthquake ; UAV ; landslide ; land subsidence ; earth observation ; surface displacement ; geohazards ; deformation ; optical ; damage assessment
    Language: English
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    Konsumstruktur, Umweltbewußtsein und Umweltpolitik (2021)
    Duncker & Humblot
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Politische Ökonomie ; Umweltpolitik ; Politische Soziologie ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCV Economics of specific sectors::KCVG Environmental economics
    Language: German
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    Our Car as Power Plant (2021)
    IOS Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Fuel cell cars can provide more efficient and cleaner transportation. However, we use our cars for transportation only 5% of the time. When parked, the fuel cell in the car can produce electricity from hydrogen, which is cleaner and more efficient than the current electricity system, generating useful ‘waste’ products in the form of heat and fresh water. The produced electricity, heat and fresh water can be fed into the respective grids or be used directly in our house, office or the school of our kids. The required hydrogen can be produced from gas (natural gas, biogas) or electricity (hydro, wind, solar, etc.). In the end, these fuel cell cars can replace all power plants worldwide. As a result, the ‘car as power plant’ can create an integrated, efficient, reliable, flexible, clean, smart and personalized transport, energy and water system: a real paradigm shift. The ‘Car as Power Plant’ is developed at Delft Technical University, in The Green Village: a sustainable, lively and entrepreneurial environment where we discover, learn and show how to solve society’s urgent challenges. The Green Village unifies clever, imaginative strengths of scientists and entrepreneurs and turns ideas and visions into experiences and commercially viable products and services. Innovative power that sets horizons for a new, sustainable, green and circular economy.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; T ; TP315-360 ; renewable energy ; The Green Village ; Delft University of Technology ; TU Delft ; fuel cell cars ; sustainability ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    Recreational Water Illnesses (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The safety of recreational waters is affected by numerous variables such as the microbiological and chemical quality of water, the number and health conditions of the users, and the correct functioning of all technological installations used for water treatment. By evaluating the various health risks related to exposure to swimming pools, spas, and surface waters, this Special Issue seeks to address the proper management of waters used for recreational purposes, both in natural and built environments. This Issue contains 12 scientific papers. The first four, three of which are literature reviews, illustrate the epidemiological picture of infections related to recreational waters, by describing cases and outbreaks caused by both traditional and emerging microorganisms. The following four papers concern the microbiological monitoring of swimming pools, gardens, estuarine areas, and therapeutic spas. Two of these also analyse the distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the associated transmission risks. The relationship between microbial indicators and pathogens in recreational water is analysed by the following two papers, one of which is an experimental study on the survival of Salmonella and Escherichia coli in estuarine bank sediments and the other of which is an exhaustive literature review. The last two papers are focused on the development of risk control approaches, including the validation of questionnaire methods to quantify recreational water ingestion and the application of traditional and innovative technologies in water treatment.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; RC620-627 ; swimming pools and spas ; waterborne diseases ; water treatment ; recreational waters ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Landscape Urbanism and Green Infrastructure (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: This volume examines the applicability of landscape urbanism theory in contemporary landscape architecture practice by bringing together ecology and architecture in the built environment. Using participatory planning of green infrastructure and application of nature-based solutions to address urban challenges, landscape urbanism seeks to reintroduce critical connections between natural and urban systems. In light of ongoing developments in landscape architecture, the goal is a paradigm shift towards a landscape that restores and rehabilitates urban ecosystems. Nine contributions examine a wide range of successful cases of designing livable and resilient cities in different geographical contexts, from the United States of America to Australia and Japan, and through several European cities in Italy, Portugal, Estonia, and Greece. While some chapters attempt to conceptualize the interconnections between cities and nature, others clearly have an empirical focus. Efforts such as the use of ornamental helophyte plants in bioretention ponds to reduce and treat stormwater runoff, the recovery of a poorly constructed urban waterway or participatory approaches for optimizing the location of green stormwater infrastructure and examining the environmental justice issue of equative availability and accessibility to public open spaces make these innovations explicit. Thus, this volume contributes to the sustainable cities goal of the United Nations.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; public perception ; urban sustainability ; public open space ; landscape urbanism ; urban ecology ; re-naturing cities ; floating treatment wetland ; viable city ; deprived areas ; urban planning ; renaturing cities ; Greece ; postal questionnaire ; pedestrian zones ; street verges ; landscape first ; public green infrastructure (PGI) ; resource rationalization ; context-sensitive design ; green infrastructure ; environmental justice ; river restoration ; public amenity ; well-being ; sustainable cities ; Japan ; recreation ; plant ecology ; social equity ; runoff ; sustainable development ; Soviet-era housing blocks ; regenerative design ; biophilic urbanism ; livability ; post-postmodernism ; landscape history ; nature-based solutions ; vacant land ; nature-based solution ; built environment ; green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) ; urban nature (UN) ; urban design ; geographic information systems ; landscape theory ; urban geography ; residents’ views ; pollutant removal ; liveability ; visitor satisfaction survey ; biophilic design ; Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) ; urban nature ; spontaneous vegetation ; Asia ; green gentrification ; site suitability modeling ; landscape architecture ; Roma minority ; Philadelphia ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    Welcome to the Green Village (2021)
    IOS Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: A sustainable world can only be achieved by an open collaboration between science, business and the public. That is why we create the Green Village: an innovative, lively, interactive & challenging environment where entrepreneurs, innovators, companies, artists, teachers and visitors can meet, work and play to develop, apply and experience innovative sustainable products and solutions. In the Green Village you will find Future Labs for paradigm-shifting system research, resulting in icon projects such as the Car Park Power Plant, the Harp and the Energy Wall. The Green Village will be sustainably powered by the Engines, with ‘heart’, ‘veins’ and ‘lungs’ that supply energy and water, treat waste water and solid waste into useful new products and provide energy and transport fuels like electricity and hydrogen. It will also house the Greentech Store, an innovative co-making shop for 3D printing, apps, crowd funding & more. And it will be the stage for many sustainability Events: exhibitions, shows, contests, workshops, games, challenges, conferences, etcetera.The Green Village is located at Delft Campus, enabled by Delft University of Technology and empowered by a lively online community of scientists, entrepreneurs and you! Its vision: “Creating a sustainable, lively and entrepreneurial environment where we discover, learn and show how to solve society’s urgent challenges”.
    Keywords: T ; GE1-350 ; Green Economy ; Car Park Power Plant ; The Green Village ; Society’s Urgent Challenges ; The Energy Wall ; Engines ; Future Labs ; AC DC ; The Harp ; Energy ; Sustainable Environment ; Car as Power Plant ; GreenTech Store ; Circular Economy ; LED Revolution ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes
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    Biological Communities Respond to Multiple Human-Induced Aquatic Environment Change (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Perturbations linked to the direct and indirect impacts of human activities during the Anthropocene affect the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems to varying degrees. Some perturbations involve stress to aquatic life, including soil and water acidification, soil erosion, loss of base cations, release of trace metals/organic compounds, and application of essential nutrients capable of stimulating primary productivity. Superimposed onto these changes, climate warming impacts aquatic environments via altering species’ metabolic processes and by modifying food web interactions. The interaction stressors is difficult to predict because of the differential response of species and taxonomic groups, interacting additively, synergistically, or antagonistically. Whenever different trophic levels respond differently to climate warming, food webs are restructured; yet, the consequences of warming-induced changes for the food web structure and long-term population dynamics of different trophic levels remain poorly understood. Such changes are crucial in lakes, where food web production is mainly due to ectotherms, which are highly sensitive to changes in their surrounding environment. Due to its remarkable physical inertia, including thermal stability, global warming also has a profound effect on groundwater ecosystems. Combining contemporary and palaeo data is essential to understand the degree to which mechanisms of stressors impact on lake biological communities and lake ecosystem functioning. The degree to which alterations can affect aquatic ecosystem structure and functioning also requires functional diversity to be addressed at the molecular level, to reconstruct the role different species play in the transfer of material and energy through the food web. In this issue, we present examples of the impact of different stressors and their interaction on aquatic ecosystems, providing long-term, metabolic, molecular, and paleolimnological analyses.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; multivariate analyses ; risk assessment ; aquatic insects ; crustaceans ; lab-microcosms ; nonmetric multidimensional scaling ; adaptation ; porous aquifer ; PERMANOVA ; Planktothrix rubescens ; species conservation ; distribution patterns of species ; Cyanobacteria ; fossil Cladocera ; high throughput sequencing ; machine learning model ; stability ; small lakes ; environmental factor ; non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) ; stream ecosystem ; lake vulnerability ; PCA ; functional diversity ; ecological resilience ; nitrification ; deep lake ; metabolism ; South–North Water Diversion Project ; endemic species ; EPT taxa ; trophic interactions ; stable isotope analysis ; environmental change ; bioassessment ; generalized procrustes analysis ; freshwater pollution ; colonization ; paleolimnology ; Tychonema bourrellyi ; plankton ; subalpine lakes ; random forest model ; Danjiangkou Reservoir ; trophic degree ; multiple scale ; biodiversity ; copepods ; zooplankton ; groundwater ; genetic variability ; respirometry ; ammonium impact ; Stable Isotopes Analysis ; trophic gradient ; seasonality ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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    Synthesis, homopolymerization, and block copolymerization of N-ethyl-2-ethynyl-pyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate with styrene and butadiene (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 703-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: synthesis ; homopolymerization ; block copolymerization ; N-ethyl-2-ethyl-pyridinium ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel acetylenic monomer 2-N-ethyl pyridinium trifluoromethane sulfonate (2EPyEtTf) was synthesized and polymerized. Diblock copolymers of 2EPyEtTf with styrene and with butadiene were prepared. Initiation of the polymerization by living anionic polystyryl--Li+ and polybutadienyl--Li+ (Scheme 1) resulted in polystyrene-block-poly(N-ethyl-2-ethynylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate) (PS57PA8), and polybutadiene -block-poly(N-ethyl-2-ethynylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate) (PB30PA8). These amphiphilic block molecules contain rigid, conjugated, and strongly hydrophilic polyacetylene chain fragments attached to hydrophobic polystyrene or flexible polybutadiene chain fragments. The structure of these copolymers was studied by FTIR, UV-visible, and NMR spectroscopy. GPC and viscometry were also used to obtain information on the molecular mass and the molecular mass distribution. Thermal behavior was investigated by means of TGA and DSC. Both block copolymers were shown to form stable monolayers at the air-water interface. The positively charged rigid polyacetylene portion of the copolymer is believed to be partially submerged, while the more flexible hydrophobic chains are forced out of the water. Multilayers of PB30PA8 deposited using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique were found to be less uniform than in the case of the previously reported polystyrene-block-poly(2EPyMeTf) (PS12PA4) copolymer (Balogh et al., Macromolecules, 29, 1996). Polycation-polyanion self-assembly deposition was also investigated, using polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) as polyanion. While PS57PA8/PSS layer-by-layer deposition was not uniform, it was found that PB30PA8/PSS gave homogenous and stable films on hydrophilic glass substrates. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 703-712, 1998
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    Kinetics of the photoinitiated inverse microemulsion polymerization of 2-methacryloyl oxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 737-748 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: inverse microemulsion polymerization ; MADQUAT ; nucleation ; photopolymerization ; molecular weights ; flocculants ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of inverse microemulsions of 2-methacryloyl oxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride stabilized by a blend of nonionic emulsifiers (a sorbitan sesquioleate and a sorbitan monooleate) and initiated by UV light in the presence of Azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) was investigated. The effect of initiator concentration, light intensity, emulsifier concentration, and dispersed phase weight fraction on the polymerization rate (Rp), number of polymer particles (Np), and polymer molecular weight (Mw) was studied. The application of this process to tubular reactors is discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 737-748, 1998
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    Molecular weight distribution of crosslinked polymers produced in emulsion (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1127-1156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: emulsion polymerization ; crosslinking and long-chain branching ; molecular weight distribution ; compartmentalization ; gel formation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A kinetic model for evaluating the chain length distribution of a branched polymer produced in emulsion was developed. Chain branching occurring through any intermolecular mechanism is considered, namely, crosslinking, chain transfer to polymer and propagation to terminal double bond. The model accounts for active chain compartmentalization and, when coupled to a model able to describe the evolution of the polymerization system, allows evaluation of the cumulative properties of the produced polymer both in the pregel and postgel phases. The numerical difficulties related to the description of a rather wide polymer chain population and of gel formation are overcome by using the ‘numerical fractionation’ technique. A parametric analysis of both instantaneous and cumulative properties is reported and discussed, with special attention to the role of radical compartmentalization in determining the molecular weight properties of a polymer produced in emulsion. Significant differences with the molecular weights computed using models developed for homogeneous (non compartmentalized) systems have been found. A comparison with the predictions of Flory's statistical theory is also reported in terms of gel point and gel weight fraction. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1127-1156, 1998
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    Cationic copolymerization of cyclic ketene acetals: The effect of substituents on reactivity (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 861-871 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 2-methylene-1,3-dioxane ; 4-methyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxane ; 4,4,6-trimethyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxane ; 2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane ; 4-methyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane ; 4,5-dimethyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane ; cationic copolymerization ; reactivity ratio ; relative reactivity ; ring-retained polymerization ; cyclic ketene acetals ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cationic copolymerizations of 4-methyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxane, 2 (M1), with 2-methylene-1,3-dioxane, 1 (M2); of 4,4,6-trimethyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxane, 3 (M1), with 2-methylene-1,3-dioxane, 1 (M2); of 4-methyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane, 5 (M1), with 2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane, 4 (M2); and of 4,5-dimethyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane, 6 (M1), with 2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane, 4 (M2) were conducted. The reactivity ratios for these four types of copolymerizations were r1 = 1.73 and r2 = 0.846; r1 = 2.26 and r2 = 0.310; r1 = 1.28 and r2 = 0.825; r1 = 2.23 and r2 = 0.515, respectively. The relative reactivities of these monomers towards cationic polymerization are: 3 〉 2 〉 1; and 6 〉 5 〉 4. With both five- and six-membered ring cyclic ketene acetals, the reactivity increased with increasing methyl substitution on the ring. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 861-871, 1998
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    Enzymatic activity of trypsin adsorbed on temperature-sensitive composite polymer particles (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 883-888 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: temperature sensitive ; particle ; emulsion polymerization ; morphology ; adsorption ; enzyme ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two kinds of temperature-sensitive composite polymer particles were prepared by seeded emulsion copolymerizations of (dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate with 0.14 μm-sized polystyrene and 0.26 μm-sized poly(methylmethacrylate) seed particles. To evaluate the usefulness as a carrier for biomolecules, the enzymatic activities of trypsin adsorbed on these two composite polymer particles were measured at temperatures above and below each lower critical solution temperature (LCST). In both cases, adsorbed trypsin retained its enzymatic activity during repeated adsorption/desorption measurements. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 883-888, 1998
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    Synthesis of (1→6)-2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol through cyclopolymerization of 3,4-di-O-allyl-1,2 : 5,6-dianhydro-D-mannitol and optical resolution ability of its derivative in HPLC (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 901-909 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: (1→6)-2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol ; HPLC ; optical resolution ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cyclopolymerization of 3,4-di-O-allyl-1,2 : 5,6-dianhydro-D-mannitol (1) was carried out using BF3·OEt2 and t-BuOK. The polymer obtained by the polymerization with BF3·OEt2 mainly consisted of (1→6)-bonded 3,4-di-O-allyl-2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol as the five-membered constitutional repeating unit, though it contained a small amount of other cyclic repeating units. On the other hand, during the polymerization using t-BuOK, the stereoregular polymer (1→6)-linked 3,4-di-O-allyl-2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (2) was synthesized via a regio- and stereoselective mechanism. Cleavage of the allyl ether linkage in polymer 2 occurred to produce the polymer consisting of only 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol units, i.e., (1→6)-2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (3). Chromatographic enantioseparation of chloroquine and tröger base has been performed on (3,5-dimethylphenyl)carbamate and 4-methylbenzoate derivatives of 3 as a chiral stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 901-909, 1998
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    Model structures of thermoplastic polyesters having regularly alternated aromatic and fluorinated segments (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 939-947 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: fluorine ; perfluoropolyether ; polyester ; segmented ; thermoplastic ; interfacial synthesis ; thermal transitions ; dynamic-mechanical properties ; chemical resistance ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Linear segmented polyesters containing soft perfluoropolyether (PFPE) and hard aromatic segments are obtained by an interfacial polycondensation reaction of an acyl chloride-ended fluorinated prepolymer with various aromatic diphenols in the presence of phase transfer catalysts (PTC) as accelerators. Experimental conditions for reaching high molecular weights are discussed. The calorimetric analysis (DSC) of all the polyesters synthesized shows a typical biphasic morphology, where a very low Tg (〈 -110°C) corresponding to the segregated PFPE moiety, is always accompanied by another Tg or a higher melting temperature, depending on the nature of the hard phase. Dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA) has been carried out confirming the DSC results and suggesting diversified mechanical behaviors at the various temperatures in line with the amorphous or semicrystalline nature of the polymer. Chemical resistance was finally tested by dipping in several solvents and chemicals. The new polyesters show high contact angles, a moderate swelling in many organic solvents and excellent stability in aggressive hydrolytic environments. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 939-947, 1998
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    Thermosensitive lactitol-based polyether polyol (LPEP) hydrogels (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 979-984 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: lactitol ; hydrogel ; polyether polyol ; PEO and PPO linkage ; swelling degree ; thermosensitivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of new thermosensitive polymer hydrogels were prepared by reacting acylated poly(ethylene glycol) bis(carboxymethyl) ether (PEGBCOCl) with lactitol-based polyether polyols (LPEP). The polyether polyols were generated from propoxylation of lactitol and have molecular weights ranging from 1337 to 4055 g/mol. The hydrogels absorb water up to 1000% of their dry weight and expel free water at temperatures at and above 30°C. The wide ranging swelling behavior and excellent thermosensitivity depend closely on the degree of crosslinking and the propylene oxide lengths in the polyols. Differential scanning calorimetry of the hydrogels showed two endotherms associated with the phase transitions of PO and EO segments in the hydrogel structures. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 979-984, 1998
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    Kinetic and microstructure studies of poly(ethylene-co-p-methylstyrene) copolymers prepared by metallocene catalysts with constrained ligand geometry (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1017-1029 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper discusses the poly(ethylene-co-p-methylstyrene) copolymers prepared by metallocene catalysts, such as Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 and [C5Me4(SiMe2NtBu)]-TiCl2, with constrained ligand geometry. The copolymerization reaction was examined by comonomer reactivity (reactivity ratio and comonomer conversion versus time), copolymer microstructure (DSC and 13C-NMR analyses) and the comparisons between p-methylstyrene and other styrene-derivatives (styrene, o-methylstyrene and m-methylstyrene). The combined experimental results clearly show that p-methylstyrene performs distinctively better than styrene and its derivatives, due to the cationic coordination mechanism and spatially opened catalytic site in metallocene catalysts with constrained ligand geometry. A broad composition range of random poly(ethylene-co-p-methylstyrene)copolymers were prepared with narrow molecular weight and composition distributions. With the increase of p-methylstyrene concentration, poly(ethylene-co-p-ethylstyrene)copolymer shows systematical decrease of melting point and crystallinity and increase of glass transition temperature. At above 10 mol % of p-methylstyrene, the crystallinity of copolymer almost completely disappears. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1017-1029, 1998
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    Synthesis and spinning of a thermotropic liquid crystal copolyester containing a semirigid cycloaliphatic spacer (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1473-1480 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: thermotropic polymers ; liquid crystalline polymers ; semirigid spacers ; melt spinning ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A thermotropic, liquid crystalline copolyester, based on 2-chlorohydroquinone, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and terephthaloyl chloride, has been synthesized and melt spun. The cyclohexanedimethylene moiety acts as a semirigid spacer, introducing flexibility while preserving the thermotropic nature of the polymer. Melt-spun fibers were observed to have a high degree of molecular alignment owing to the nematic nature of the melt. Both polymer and fiber properties have been characterized. Characterization techniques used to this end include elemental analysis, hot-stage polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dilute solution viscometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1473-1480, 1998
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    Synthesis and properties of copolymers from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-linked nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents with methacrylic acid (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1481-1490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: ibuprofen ; ketoprofen ; naproxen ; copolymer reactivity ; thermal stability ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid (ibuprofen), 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid (ketoprofen), and 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen), were covalently linked with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The drug-linked HEMA (M1) (ibuprofen-linked HEMA abbreviated as HI; ketoprofen-linked HEMA as HK, and naproxen-linked HEMA as HN), were respectively copolymerized with methacrylic acid (M2), MA, to obtain macromolecular prodrugs. The compositions of the copolymers were determined by means of a 1H-NMR spectroscopy and monomer reactivity ratios were estimated using the Kelen-Tüdös linear differential equation. The reactivity ratios are: r1 = 0.101 ± 0.012, r2 = 1.071 ± 0.065 for HI-MA; r1 = 0.344 ± 0.066, r2 = 0.966 ± 0.032 for HN-MA, and r1 = 0.650 ± 0.182, r2 = 1.032 ± 0.106 for HK-MA, respectively. The monomer reactivity toward to MA radical estimated from 1/r2 values is almost same for all three monomers (1/r2 ∼ 1). The glass transition temperatures of three drug-linked homopolymers go hand in hand with the steric hindrance of three drugs, i.e., ketoprofen 〉 naproxen ≫ ibuprofen calculated the minimum energy by computer molecular modeling. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1481-1490, 1998
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    Liquid chromatography of macromolecules at the critical adsorption point. II. Role of column packing: Bare silica gel (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1363-1371 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: liquid chromatography ; column packing ; bare silica gel ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Liquid chromatography of macromolecules at the critical adsorption point (LC CAP) presents a potentially very powerful method for molecular characterization of complex polymers. However, LC CAP applicability is limited due to various experimental problems. The pore sizes and surface chemistry of the column packings belong to the most important weak points of the method. The LC CAP behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)s was investigated using bare silica gels of 6, 12, and 100 nm pore sizes and with various amounts of surface silanols. Tetrahydrofuran as the adsorption suppressing liquid and toluene as the adsorption promoting liquid were mixed to form the “nearly critical” eluents. Both pore size and surface chemistry of silica were found to strongly influence the retentive characteristics of the system in the critical adsorption area. Macromolecules that were large enough to be excluded from the packing pores hardly followed the LC CAP rules: their retention volumes changed irregularly with the polymer molar mass and their recovery dropped sharply. The narrow pore silica gel-packed column governed the elution patterns of the whole column set composed of silica gels with different pore sizes. This makes the conventional LC CAP characterization of common polymers with broader molar mass distribution impractical and even not feasible. A hybrid column system was proposed containing narrow pore nonadsorptive column added in series to the meso- and macroporous LC CAP silica gels. This narrow pore column would allow separation of gas, impurities, and system peaks from the polymer peaks. The possible successive changes of the surface of silica gel, e.g., due to formation of silanols by hydrolysis or due to irreversible adsorption of some admixtures from the sample or eluent may make the LC CAP irrepeatable. Pronounced peak broadening was observed in the critical adsorption area and this effect increased strongly with the polymer molar mass. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1363-1371, 1998
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    New polymer syntheses. XCVII. Hyperbranched LC-polyesters based on β-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1397-1405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: hyperbranched polyesters ; nematic phase ; phloritic acid ; vectra ; melt rheology ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two classes of liquid crystalline hyperbranched copolyesters were prepared by the copolycondensation of silylated 3,5-bis(acetoxy)benzoic acid with mixtures of mesogenic difunctional monomers. The first class of LC-copolyesters was obtained from 1 : 1 mixtures (molar ratio) of silylated β-(4-acetoxyphenyl)propionic acid and silylated 4-acetoxybenzoic acid (poly(HPPA/HBA)). The second class of LC-copolyesters was obtained by additional copolycondensation of silylated 6-acetoxy-2-naphthoic acid. The hyperbranched copolyesters of this ternary system poly(HPPA/HBA/HNA) proved to be less crystalline in contrast to the binary system. In both classes of LC-copolyesters the degree of branching was varied via the feed ratio of 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. A minimum segment length of 6 difunctional monomer units between the branching points is required to establish a nematic phase. However, a greater segment length is needed to obtain a homogeneous LC-phase. The poly(HPPA/HBA) copolyesters were also characterized by melt rheology. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1397-1405, 1998
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    Polymerization of acrylates by atom transfer radical polymerization. Homopolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1417-1424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate ; poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) ; atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) ; controlled free radical polymerization ; MALDI-MS ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The application of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to the homopolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, a functional monomer, is reported. The polymerizations exhibit first-order kinetics, and molecular weights increase linearly with conversion. Polydispersities remain low throughout the polymerization (Mw/Mn ≈ 1.2). Reactions were conducted in bulk and in 1 : 1 (by volume) aqueous solution; the latter demonstrates the resilience of ATRP to protic media. Analysis of poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) by MALDI-MS and 1H-NMR shows Mn,exp to be much closer to Mn,th than those observed by SEC using polystyrene standards. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1417-1424, 1998
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    Unbridged bivalent lanthanidocenes for isotactic and stereomultiblock polymerization of methyl methacrylate (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1599-1606 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: bivalent organolanthanides ; polymerization ; methyl methacrylate ; stereomultiblock polymer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bivalent organolanthanides with unbridged substituted indenyl or fluorenyl ligands (1-SiMe3Ind)2YTHF (I), (9-SiMe3Flu)2YTHF (II), were found to efficiently catalyze the stereoregular polymerization of methyl methacrylate. The microstructure of resultant polymers was shown to be dependent of a conformation that the ligands adopt at the polymerization temperature. The formation of isotactic rich PMMAs from complex II was proposed to be associated with the fluctuation of the 9-trimethylsilylfluorenyls around a C2 symmetric twisted-conformation. The formation of the multi(syndioPMMA-block-iso-PMMA) polymers from the mixture of rac- and meso-isomers of I was rationalized on the basis of competing conjugate addition and inversion of the metallocene conformation. Surprisingly, both rac- and meso-isomers of I were found to operate with similar activity and stereospecifity, although the stereospecific operation of the meso-form was not completely understandable. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1599-1606, 1998
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    Novel hydrogen-transfer polymerization of vinyl monomer derived from p-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate and acrylamide (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1491-1494 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: sulfonyl isocyanate ; acrylamide ; hydrogen-transfer polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract.
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    p-Nitrophenol permeability and temperature characteristics of an acryloyl-L-proline methyl ester-based porous gel membrane (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1495-1500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: acryloyl-L-proline methyl ester (A-ProOMe) ; methacryloyl-L-proline methyl ester (MA-ProOMe) ; porous gel membranes ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermoresponsive porous gel membranes were synthesized by a simultaneously occurring process consisting of radiation-induced polymerization and crosslinking in aqueous solutions at various concentrations of acryloyl-L-proline methyl ester(A-ProOMe) without a crosslinker. Permeation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) through a thermoresponsive porous gel membrane obtained at a monomer concentration of 80% (w/w) drastically reduced around 14°C, the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of linear poly(A-ProOMe) in water, from 0.60 × 10-3 cm/min at 10°C to no permeation at 18°C, accompanied by changes in both size and shape of pores associated with gel shrinkage. Moreover, it was found that porous gel membranes with a porosity of approximately 60% had a greater PNP permeability constant through porous gel membranes with mutually connected pores obtained at a monomer concentration of 50% (w/w) than individually supported pores obtained at a monomer concentration of 70% (w/w). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1495-1500, 1998
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    Polymerization under a magnetic field. VI. Triplet dye-sensitized photopolymerization of acrylamide and methyl methacrylate (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1509-1513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: methylene blue ; dye-sensitized photopolymerization ; magnetic field ; triplet state ; acrylamide ; methyl methacrylate ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Methylene blue sensitized photopolymerization of acrylamide (AM) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) using triethanolamine or the sodium salt of EDTA as a reducing agent has been investigated under the influence of a magnetic field (0-7.3 kG). There was no effect of the magnetic field (MF) on the polymerization of AM and MMA in aqueous medium. However, in the water-methanol mixture (1 : 1) the yield of polymer decreases and the molecular weight increases in both cases under MF. This has been explained on the basis of the triplet mechanism. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1509-1513, 1998
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    Porous monodisperse poly(divinylbenzene) microspheres by precipitation polymerization (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1543-1551 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymer microspheres ; monodisperse ; crosslinked ; porosity ; porogen ; precipitation polymerization ; divinylbenzene ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The precipitation polymerization of commercial divinylbenzene in acetonitrile containing up to 40 vol. % toluene or other cosolvents is shown to produce novel porous monodisperse poly(divinylbenzene) microspheres. These microspheres have diameters between 4 and 7 μm, total pore volumes of up to 0.52 cm3/g, and surface areas of up to 800 m2/g. As no surfactant nor stabilizer was used in the preparation of these particles, their surfaces are free of any such residues. The particles were slurry-packed into stainless steel columns for size exclusion chromatography evaluation, and the results show an exclusion limit at molecular weights of 500 g/mol. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1543-1551, 1998
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    (Diisopropylamido) bis (methylcyclopentadienyl) lanthanides as single-component initiators for polymerization of methyl methacrylate (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1593-1597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: MMA ; polymerization ; (diisopropylamido)bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)lanthanides ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It was first found that (diisopropylamido)bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)lanthanides (MeC5H4)2LnN(i-Pr)2(THF) (Ln = Yb (1), Er (2), Y (3)) exhibit extremely high catalytic activity in the polymerization of methyl methacrylate. The reactions can be carried out over a quite broad range of polymerization temperatures from -78 to 40°C. The catalytic activity of the complexes increases with an increase of ionic radii of the metal elements, i.e. Y 〉 Er 〉 Yb. The results of GPC (gel permeation chromatography) indicate that the number-average molecular weights (Mn) of polymers obtained exceed 100 × 103 and the molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) becomes broad with the increase of temperature. Furthermore highly syndiotactic PMMA (87.7%) can be obtained by lowering the reaction temperature to -78°C. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1593-1597, 1998
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    Preparation and properties of poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)/silica hybrid materials by the in situ sol-gel process (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1607-1613 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: sol-gel ; hybrid material ; poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) ; tetraethoxysilane ; (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)/silica hybrid material has been successfully prepared from styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in the presence of a coupling agent (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) by an in situ sol-gel process. It was observed that the gel time of sol-gel solution was dramatically influenced by the amount of APTES. The hybrid material exhibits optical transparency almost as good as both silica gel and the copolymer. The covalent bonds between organic and inorganic phases were introduced by the aminolysis reaction of the amino group with maleic anhydride units of copolymer to form a copolymer bearing trimethoxysilyl groups, which undergo hydrolytic polycondensation with TEOS. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the glass transition temperature of the hybrid materials increases with increasing of SiO2 composition. Photographs of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) inferred that the size of the inorganic particles in the hybrid materials was less than 20 nm. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1607-1613, 1998
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    Influence of plasma treatment on the molar mass of poly(ethylene terephthalate) investigated by different chromatographic and spectroscopic methods (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1639-1648 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) ; plasma ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The influence of different types of low and atmospheric pressure plasma on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been studied in terms of changes in molar mass and molar mass distribution. Apart from a variation of plasma gases (oxygen, helium) different types of plasma (microwave, radio frequency, corona discharge) were used for the plasma surface modification. The changes in molar mass and types of functional end groups of lower molar mass products were investigated by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS), whereas the high-molar mass fraction was analyzed by means of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The formation of crosslinked products during exposure to a helium plasma, which emits preponderately energy-rich and intense ultraviolet radiation, was proved by means of thermal field-flow fractionation (ThFFF). This method combined with a multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS) detector allows detection of weakly crosslinked polymers and microgels. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1639-1648, 1998
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    Synthesis and properties of poly(ether imide)s derived from 2,6-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)naphthalene dianhydride and aromatic diamines (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1657-1665 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 2,6-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)naphthalene dianhydride ; poly(ether imide)s ; thermal behavior ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new naphthalene unit-containing bis(ether anhydride), 2,6-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)naphthalene dianhydride, was synthesized in three steps starting from the nucleophilic nitrodisplacement reaction of 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene and 4-nitrophthalonitrile in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution in the presence of potassium carbonate, followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the intermediate bis(ether dinitrile) and subsequent dehydration of the resulting bis(ether diacid). High-molar-mass aromatic poly(ether imide)s were prepared using a conventional two-step polymerization process from the bis(ether anhydride) and various aromatic diamines. The intermediate poly(ether amic acid)s had inherent viscosities of 0.65-2.03 dL/g. The films of poly(ether imide)s derived from two rigid diamines, i.e. p-phenylenediamine and benzidine, crystallized during the thermal imidization process. The other poly(ether imide)s belonged to amorphous materials and could be fabricated into transparent, flexible, and tough films. These aromatic poly(ether imide) films had yield strengths of 104-131 MPa, tensile strengths of 102-153 MPa, elongation to break of 8-87%, and initial moduli of 1.6-3.2 GPa. The glass transition temperatures (Tg's) of poly(ether imide)s were recorded in the range of 220-277°C depending on the nature of the diamine moiety. All polymers were stable up to 500°C, with 10% weight loss being recorded above 550°C in both air and nitrogen atmospheres. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1657-1665, 1998
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    A simple method for the anionic polymerization of α-carbonyl acids in water (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1683-1683 
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    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Novel aromatic polyhydrazides and poly(amide-hydrazide)s based on “multiring” flexible dicarboxylic acids (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1847-1854 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyhydrazides ; poly-1,3,4-oxadiazoles ; thermal behavior ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two flexible dicarboxylic acid monomers, 4,4′-[isopropylidenebis(1,4-phenylene)dioxy]dibenzoic acid (1) and 4,4′-[hexafluoroisopropylidenebis(1,4-phenylene)-dioxy]dibenzoic acid (3), were synthesized from readily available compounds in two steps in high yields. High molecular-weight polyhydrazides and poly(amide-hydra-zide)s were directly prepared from dicarboxylic acids 1 and 3 with terephthalic dihydrazide (5), isophthalic dihydrazide (6), and p-aminobenzhydrazide (7) by the phosphorylation reaction by means of diphenyl phosphite (DPP) and pyridine in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)/LiCl, or prepared from the diacyl chlorides of 1 and 3 with the hydrazide monomers 5-7 by the low-temperature solution polycondensation in NMP/LiCl. Less favorable results were obtained when using triphenyl phosphite (TPP) instead of DPP in the direct polycondensation reactions. Except for those derived from terephthalic dihydrazide, the resulting polyhydrazides and poly(amide-hydrazide)s could be cast into colorless, flexible, and tough films with good tensile strengths. All the hydrazide polymers and copolymers are amorphous in nature and are readily soluble in various polar solvents such as NMP and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Their Tgs were recorded in the range of 162-198°C and could be thermally cyclodehydrated into the corresponding polyoxadiazoles and poly(amide-oxadiazole)s approximately in the region of 300-380°C, as evidenced by the DSC thermograms. The oxadiazole polymers and copolymers showed a dramatically decreased solubility and higher Tg when compared to their respective hydrazide prepolymers. They exhibited Tgs of 190-216°C and were stable up to 450°C in air or nitrogen. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1847-1854, 1998
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    Novel polyisobutylene/poly(dimethylsiloxane) bicomponent networks. I. Synthesis and characterization (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1891-1899 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyisobutylene ; poly(dimethylsiloxane) ; hydrosilation ; bicomponent networks ; molecular weight between crosslinks ; network functionality ; sol fraction ; extractables ; model networks ; end-linking ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of novel polyisobutylene (PIB)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) bicomponent networks is described. The synthesis strategy (see Figure 1) was to prepare well-defined and -characterized allyl-tritelechelic polyisobutylenes [φ(PIB - C - C=C)3] and SiH-ditelechelic poly(dimethylsiloxanes) (HSi-PDMS-SiH) and then crosslink these moieties by hydrosilation. The φ(PIB - C - C=C)3 was prepared by living isobutylene polymerization followed by end-quenching with allyltrimethylsilane, whereas the HSi-PDMS-SiH was obtained by equilibrium polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and tetramethyldisiloxane. The detailed structures of the starting polymers were characterized by GPC and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. A series of PIB/PDMS bicomponent networks of varying compositions and average molecular weights between crosslinks (Mc) of ∼ 20,000 g/mol were assembled. Optimum crosslinking conditions were defined in terms of H2PtCl6 catalyst concentration, nature of solvent, time, temperature, and stoichiometry of ∼ CH2CH=CH2/∼SiH groups, allowing for the convenient synthesis of well-defined model bicomponent networks. Swelling studies and elemental analysis confirm the correctness of the synthetic strategy. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1891-1899, 1998
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    Novel polyisobutylene/poly(dimethylsiloxane) bicomponent networks. II. Network structure and property characterization (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1901-1910 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyisobutylene ; poly(dimethylsiloxane) ; bicomponent networks ; network structure ; molecular weight between crosslinks ; network properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The first part of this series concerned the synthesis of novel polyisobutylene (PIB)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) bicomponent networks; the present paper concerns the structure and property characterization of a series of bicomponent networks of varying compositions (PIB wt %/PDMS wt % = 92/8, 70/30, 50/50, 35/65) having average molecular weights between crosslinks (Mc) of ˜ 20,000 g/mol. According to network structure analysis by uniaxial equilibrium stress-strain measurements, the experimental Mc's are in excellent agreement with theoretical values. Hydrosilation end-linking efficiency was quantitated by the amount of sol and functional group analysis by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. NMR evidence indicates double-bond isomerization during hydrosilation. Network compositions by elemental analysis together with the low sol fractions indicate efficient crosslinking. These data suggest highly efficient network formation and well-defined bicomponent network structures. While PIB and PDMS showed Tg's at -72 and -124°C, respectively, the bicomponent network did not exhibit clearly discernible phase transitions. The heat stability of bicomponent networks increased slightly with increasing PDMS content showing initial (10%) degradation temperatures at ˜ 380°C in nitrogen and ˜ 320°C in air. Tensile strengths and elongations were dependent on composition and varied in the 0.6-3.8 MPa and 600-1100% ranges, respectively. The swelling behavior was not much affected by composition. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1901-1910, 1998
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    Copolymerization of carbon monoxide and norbornene derivatives with ester groups by palladium catalyst (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1785-1790 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: carbon monoxide ; norbornene ester ; glass transition temperature ; palladium catalyst ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this article we will discuss the synthesis of the new copolymers of norbornene derivatives with an ester group and carbon monoxide, using Pd(CH3CN)4(BF4)2 as a catalyst and 2,2′-bipyridine as a ligand in nitromethane/methanol at 60°C. Elementary analysis, infrared spectra, and NMR spectra indicated that copolymers contain ketone, ester, and bicyclic structures. Methanol functions as the coinitiator and chain transfer agent in copolymerization. A decrease in the molar ratio of [CH3OH]/[Pd] caused an increase in molecular weight and a decrease in yield of the copolymer. The number-average molecular weight of copolymers (Mn) ranged from 3800 to 5300, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) ranged from -32 to 117°C. Thermal analysis revealed that both T10%d and Tmaxd exceeded 180 and 230°C, respectively. Linear long-chain substituents such as n-C11H23C(O)—O—CH2— drastically reduced Tg to a value of -32°C. In general, copolymers having a longer linear side-chain substituents of ester on norbornene have a more desirable solubility. Moreover, X-ray diffraction demonstrated that the degree of crystallinity decreases with an increasing length of side chain substituents. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1785-1790, 1998
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    LC-polyimides XXXIV. Noncrystalline thermotropic copoly(ester-imide)s based on PET (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1813-1820 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(ester-imide)s ; poly(ethylene terephthalate) ; transesterification, nematic phase ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four series of copoly(ester-imide)s (co-PEIs) were prepared by transesterification of poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, with N-(4-carboxyphenyl)trimellitimide and an acetylated diphenol. Methylhydroquinone, tert. butylhydroquinone, phenylhydroquinone, and 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene were used as diphenols. The chemical structures of these co-PEIs were characterized by chemical analyses, 1H-, and 13C-NMR spectra. A low degree of crystallinity was observed when the PET content was above 85% mol %. Between 60 and 80 mol % PET all co-PEIs are biphasic, whereas below 60 mol % the co-PEIs form a homogeneous nematic melt and below the glass transition temperature (Tg) a nematic glass. The Tgs vary continously with the molar composition but the mechanical properties drop sharply when the nematic phase changes to an isotropic one. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1813-1820, 1998
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    Morphology and grafting of oxazoline-functional polymer particles with various carboxylic acids (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1821-1827 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: morphology ; grafting ; oxazoline-functionalized polymer particles ; carbolic acids ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oxazoline-functionalized, crosslinked PMMA-particles, prepared by free radical nonaqueous dispersion polymerization, were grafted with n-decanoic acid and carboxylic acid-terminated polystyrene. Oxazoline groups, separated by an alkylspacer from the PMMA backbone, showed enhanced mobility with respect to the backbone, as evaluated by solid-state NMR spectroscopy using a dipolar filter. As a function of molecular mass of the carboxylic acid, the oxazoline conversion varied from 70 mol % for n-decanoic acid to 1% for monocarboxylate-terminated polystyrene CT-PS with Mn: 15,900 g/mol. Morphological studies, performed by TEM, showed that reaction with acid terminated polystyrene results exclusively in interfacial grafting at the particle surface. At low grafting levels a raspberry-like morphology was obtained, whereas grafting levels exceeding 14 wt % CT-PS resulted in core-shell morphology. Core-shell morphology was also verified by static light scattering using toluene solvent, which is isorefractive to the PMMA core. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1821-1827, 1998
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    Aminolysis kinetics of model and polymer-bound anhydride moieties in low- and high-viscosity media (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1573-1582 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: amic acid ; secondary amine ; maleic anhydride ; melt reaction kinetics ; model compounds ; polymer-bound functional groups ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This study examines the legitimacy of using the reaction kinetics of low molecular weight model compounds in solution to predict the chemical kinetics of polymer-bound species in a homogeneous melt. The reaction under study takes place between an aliphatic secondary amine, diisooctadecylamine (DiOA), and a 5-membered anhydride ring, saturated maleic anhydride (MA), forming an amic acid product. The MA species was present as a pendant graft on either a model compound, dodecane-g-(maleic anhydride) (dodecane-g-MA), or a polymer chain, linear low-density polyethylene-g-(maleic anhydride) (LLDPE-g-MA). Pseudo-second-order kinetics of the anhydride consumption are followed by infrared spectroscopy, either in situ in dodecane solution or by scanning frozen film samples taken from a linear low-density polyethylene melt. It was found that the LLDPE-g-MA/DiOA system reacted at a slightly slower rate than the dodecane-g-MA/DiOA system in the low-viscosity solution at 140°C. In the melt, the dodecane-g-MA/DiOA system experienced a small decrease in the overall reaction rate compared to the same reaction carried out in dodecane. However, the LLDPE-g-MA/DiOA system underwent a 65% decrease in the observed second-order rate constant on going from a solution to the melt. To explain these phenomena, the effects of diffusion, miscibility, and chain entanglements in the melt are examined here. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1573-1582, 1998
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    New polymer syntheses. XC. A-B-A triblock copolymers with hyperbranched polyester A-blocks (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: triblock copolymers ; polycondensations ; telechelic character ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Telechelic oligo(ether-ketone)s containing two trimethylsiloxy end groups and one methyl group per repeating unit were prepared by polycondensation of 4-fluoro-2′-methyl-4′-(trimethylsiloxy)benzophenone. The telechelic character was achieved by cocondensation of a small amount of silylated bisphenol-P. The end groups of the silylated oligo(ether-ketone)s were acetylated by means of acetyl chloride. On the basis of 1H-NMR end group analyses two samples of α,ω-bis(acetoxy) oligo(ether-ketone)s with DP = 14 and DP ∼ 28 were obtained. These oligo(ether-ketone)s and a 70 or 140 fold molar amount of silylated 3,5-bis(acetoxy)benzoic acid were polycondensed at 270°C in bulk. The resulting A-B-A triblock copolymers were fractionated by dissolution in tetrahydrofuran. In three out of four experiments a small fraction of precipitated material rich in oligo(ether-ketone) was isolated. The purified triblock copolymers were characterized by inherent viscosities and NMR spectra. For those samples containing the long oligo(ether-ketone) block a low degree of crystallinity was observed after annealing. Four additional polycondensations were conducted with an initial reaction temperature of 290°C. In this way a completely soluble and amorphous triblock copolymer was obtained. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 31-38, 1998
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    Liquid crystalline epoxy resins by polyaddition of diglycidyl ether of 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl and difunctional aromatic compounds (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 21-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: liquid crystalline polymers ; epoxy resins ; thermotropic ; polymer chain extension ; catalytic polyaddition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This work is a continuation of the authors' earlier investigations of liquid crystalline epoxy resins prepared from diglycidyl ether of 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl (DGE-DHBP), which was used as a mesogenic agent, and aliphatic dicarboxylic compounds, which were used as flexible spacers. In this paper, the synthesis and characterization of liquid crystalline epoxy resins, prepared from DGE-DHBP and difunctional aromatic compounds are described. Three series of liquid crystalline epoxy resins were prepared by chain extension of DGE-DHBP with isomeric hydroxybenzoic and benzenedicarboxylic acids as well as diphenols. An isophthalic-terminated polyether was applied to decrease the temperature of phase transitions. The syntheses were carried out by catalytic polyaddition in the melt. Triphenylphosphine was applied as the catalyst. The resulting epoxy resins were investigated by DSC, polarizing microscope as well as by X-ray and IR spectroscopy. The phase transition temperatures and the type of mesophase of the resulting products depend on the character of the functional groups in the chain extender and on the position of the functional groups in the aromatic ring. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 21-29, 1998
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    Preparation and properties of new soluble aromatic polyimides from 2,2′-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)biphenyl dianhydride and aromatic diamines (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 2021-2027 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 2,2′-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)biphenyl dianhydride ; aromatic polyimides ; solubility ; thermal behavior ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride having a crank and twisted noncoplannar structure, 2,2′-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)biphenyl dianhydride, was synthesized by the reaction of 4-nitrophthalonitrile with biphenyl-2,2′-diol, followed by hydrolysis and cyclodehydration. The biphenyl-2,2′-diyl-containing aromatic polyimides having inherent viscosities up to 0.66 dL/g were obtained by the conventional two-step procedure starting from the dianhydride monomer and various aromatic diamines. Most of the polyimides were readily soluble in amide-type solvents such as N,N-dimethylacetamide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The aromatic polyimides had glass transition temperatures in the range of 205-242°C, and began to lose weight around 415°C, with 10% weight loss being recorded at about 500°C in air. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 36: 2021-2027, 1998
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    Studies of lipase-catalyzed polyesterification of an unactivated diacid/diol system (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 2069-2079 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Candida antarctica lipase ; Novozym 435® ; polyester ; enzymatic polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preliminary enzymatic polymerization studies in the simple stoichiometric adipic acid/butane-1,4-diol system using lipase B from Candida antarctica, immobilized as Novozym 435®, suggest that in solvent-free conditions a step-growth mechanism operates involving the sequential addition of an AB synthon by esterification mode only. Conversely, in toluene as solvent there is a change to the more facile transesterification mode in line with the conventional polyesterification procedure, pointing to a change in specificity of the lipase. Evidence is drawn from qualitative studies using a series of synthetic intermediates, enabling authentication of product mixtures together with an indication of the comparative reactivity of species along the proposed reaction pathway. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 2069-2080, 1998
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    Mechanical properties of blends of PAMAM dendrimers with poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(vinyl acetate) (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 2111-2117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: dendritic polymer ; blends ; coatings ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hybrid blends of poly(amidoamine) PAMAM dendrimers with two linear high polymers, poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, and poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc, are reported. The interaction between the blend components was studied using dynamic mechanical analysis, xenon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and tensile property measurements. The data suggest a much higher degree of interaction between components of PVAc-containing blends compared to those containing PVC. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 2111-2117, 1998
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