ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: P-wave Velocity Discontinuity in D" Layer beneath Western Pacific with J-Array Records / T. Shibutani, K. Hirahara, and M. Kato / pp. 1-11 --- Formation of Iron Hydrides under the Condition of the Earth's Interior-Implication for the Core Formation Process / T. Yagi / pp. 13-28 --- Computer Simulation of the Structural and Elastic Properties of Iron at Earth's Inner Core Conditions / M. Matsui / pp. 29-34 --- Experimental Study of the Decomposition of Kyanite at High Pressure and High Temperature / T. Irifune, K. Kuroda, T. Minagawa, and M. Unemoto / pp. 35-44 --- Empirical Formulation for the Distribution of Ca2+ between Olivine and Ca-rich Clinopyroxene at 7.5 GPa Pressure / T. Kawasaki / pp. 45-55 --- Rock-Magnetic Study of Sediments: A Brief Review of Bulk Sample Methods / M. Torii / pp. 57-73 --- Intensity of the Geomagnetic Field in Geological Time: A Statistical Study / M. Kono and H. Tanaka / pp. 75-94 --- Strength ol the Magnetic Field in the Earth's Core Estimated from Geomagnetic Field Data / M. Matsushima / pp. 95-104 --- On Truncation Levels in Spherical Harmonic Expansion of Magnetic and Velocity Fields in an MHD Dynamo Model / Y. Tanahashi, Y. Honkura, and M. Matsushima / pp. 105-122 --- Boussinesq Convection in Rotating Spherical Shells ~ A Study on the Equatorial Superrotation / S. Takehiro and Y.-Y. Hayashi / pp. 123-156 --- Bubble Convection / K. Iga and R. Kimura / pp. 157-180 --- Simulation of Fluid Flow in the Earth's Outer Core: Application of a Lattice Gas Method / H. Kabayama, Y. Teshima, H. Takayanagi, and Y. Honkura / pp. 181-213 --- Basic Equations for the Evolution of Partially Molten Mantle and Core / Y. Abe / pp. 215-230 --- A Model for the Structural Evolution of the Earth's Core and Its Relation to the Observations / I. Sumita, S. Yoshida, Y. Hamano, and M. Kumazawa / pp. 231-260 --- Evaporation and Condensation Kinetics and Isotopic Mass Fractionations in the Systems Mg-Si-O-H and Fe-S-H in Relation to the Major Element Compositions of the Earth / A. Tsuchiyama and C. Uyeda / pp. 261-275 --- Isotope line Analysis on Primitive Materials Using Ion Microprobe / C. Uyeda and A. Tsuchiyama / pp. 277-285 --- Element Partitioning between MgSiO3 Perovskite, Magma, and Molten Iron: Constraints for the Earliest Processes of the Earth-Moon System / E. Ohtani, H. Yurimoto, T. Segawa, and T. Kato / pp. 287-300 --- Evolution of the Earth's Obliquity and the Role of Core-Mantle Coupling / T. Ito and Y. Hamano / pp. 301-318 --- Core and Deformable Mantle Couplings beneath the Eurasian and the Pacific Plate Boundary / C. Kakuta / pp. 319-330 --- Differences in Morphology and Structure between Hotspot Tracks: Effects of the Lithospheric Age at the Time of Formation / C. Honsho and K. Tamaki / pp. 331-342 --- Noble Gas Constraints on the Plume Sources in the Earth's Deep Interior / I. Kaneoka / pp. 343-355 --- Polynesian Super Plume: A Window down to the Core/Mantle Boundary / Y. Tatsumi and T. Kogiso / pp. 357-367 ---

Description / Table of Contents: The subject of the book is an indepth description of the theory and mathematical models behind the application of the Global Positioning System in geodesy and geodynamics. The text has been prepared by leading experts in the field, contributing their particular points of view. Unlike a collection of disjoint papers, the text provides a continous flow of ideas and developments. The mathematical models for GPS measurements are developed in the first half of the book, followed by the description of GPS solutions for geodetic applications on local, regional and global scales.

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION Humic substances, comprise a class of biogenic, coloured, organic substances that are ubiquitous in soil, sediment and water. Originally, the occurrence and nature of humic substances were regarded as issues of primarily academic interest. This situation is now rapidly changing, and studies of humics have gained recognition as important contributions to environmental science. In particular it has been shown that humic substances, in several different ways can interact with biologically active substances, thereby modifying their environmental impact. Whereas the history of soil humus studies goes back to the 19th century, the awareness of aquatic humus is more recent. The brownish colour that, in many surface waters, shows the presence of substantial amounts of humic substances, was long considered to be a harmless phenomenon that did not call for detailed investigations. Hnmic waters had few known toxic effects, and the refractory character of hnmic substances indicated the they played a peripheral role in most biochemical processes. In fact, it was not until the mid 70's that aquatic humus was brought into focus in environmental science. The event trigging this was the discovery of the interaction between humic substances and chlorine used for disinfection of drinking water. Toxic substances, such as chloroform, were detected in all chlorinated waters, and humic substances were identified as the main precursors. The role of humics in the mobilization and subsequent transport of trace elements in the environment was recognized for the first time in the early 80's. This role was considered to be of particular importance in connection with geologic storage of high-level radioactive waste. In water with "normal" concentration levels of humic compounds, the speciation of e.g. the trivalent actinides, would be entirely dominated by the complexation with these agents. The topics of this conference (Session 1 - Isolation, fractionation and characterization; Session 2 - Biological and chemical transformation and degradation; Session 3 - Complex formation and interactions with solids; Session 4 - Biological activity; and session 5 Halogenation of humic substances) were selected to represent areas of current environmental interest...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The objective of this book is to introduce the practitioner as well as the more theoretically interested reader into the integration problem of spatial information for Geo-lnformation Syslems. Former Get-Information Systems are restricted to 2D space. They realize the integration of spatial information by a conversion of vector and raster representations. This, however. leads to conceptual difficulties because of the two totally different paradigms. Furthermore, the internal topology of the get-objects is not considered. In recent years the processing of 3D information has played a growing role in Get-Information Systems. For example, planning processes for environmental protection or city planning are dependent on 3D data. The integration of spatial reformation will become even more impoaant in the 3D context and with the development of a new generation of open GISs. This book is intended to respond to some of these requirements. It presents a model for the integration of spatial information for 3D Geo-lnformation Systems (3D-GISs). As a precondition for the integration of spatial information, the integration of different spatial representations is emphasized. The model is based on a three-level notion of space that likewise includes the geometry, metrics and the topology of get-objects. The so called extended complex (e-complex) is introduced as a kernel of the model. Its internal basic geometries are the point, the line, the triangle and the tetrahedron. It is shown how a convex e-complex (ce-complex) is generated by the construction of the convex hull and the "'filling" of lines, triangles and tetrahedra, respectively. As we know from computer geometry, this results in substantially simpler geometric algorithms. Additionally, the algorithms gain by the explicit utilization of the topology of the ce-complex. This book also builds a bridge from the GIS to the object-oriented database technology, which will likely become a key technology for the development of a new generation of open Geo-lnformation Systems. In the so-called GEtmodel kernel "building blocks" are introduced that s~mplify the development of software architectures for geo-applications. A geological application in the Lower Rhine Basin shows the practical use of the introduced geometric and topological representation for a 3D-GIS...

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Planets, Meteorites and Cosmic Dusts --- Primordial Xe Isotopic Abundances and 244Pu-136Xe Ages of Primitive Xe Differentiated Achondrites / Eugster O., Weigel A., and Michel Th. / pp. 1-9 --- The RELAX Mass Spectrometer and Its Application to Iodine-Xenon Dating / Gilmour J. D. and Turner G. / pp. 11-21 --- Enrichment and Fractionation of Noble Gases in Bubbles / Takaoka N. / pp. 23-29 --- "Q-Gases" as "Local" Primordial Noble Gas Component in Primitive Meteorites / Wieler R. / pp. 31-41 --- Weathering and Atmospheric Noble Gases in Chondrites / Scherer P., Schultz L., and Loeken T. / pp. 43-53 --- Radiogenic Noble Gas Constraints on Mars' Evolution / Sasaki S. / pp. 55-66 --- Retentivity of Solar He and Ne in IDPS in Deep Sea Sediment / Hiyagon H. / pp. 67-75 --- Influx and Age Constraints on the Recycled Cosmic Dust Explanation for High 3He/4He Ratios at Hotspot Volcanos / Trull T. / pp. 77-88 --- 2. Mantle and Crust --- Geochronology of Tellurium Ores and the Double-Beta Decay Lifetime of 130Te / Podosek F. A., Brannon J. C., Bernatowicz T. J., Brazzle R., Grauch R., Cowsik R., and Hohenberg C. M. / pp. 89-113 --- Cosmic-Ray-Produced Neon at the Surface of the Earth / Graf T., Kim J. S., Marti K., and Niedermann S. / pp. 115-123 --- Current Status of Xes-Xen Dating / Shukolyukov Yu. A., Meshik A. P., Krylov D. P., and Pravdivtseva O. V. / pp. 125-146 --- Atmospheric, MORB-Like, and Crustal-Derived Noble Gas Components in Subduction-Related Samples / Patterson D. B., Honda M., and McDougall I. / pp. 147-158 --- Noble Gases in Deformed Xenoliths from an Ocean Island: Characterization of a Metasomatic Fluid / Farley K. A., Poreda R. J., and Onstott T. C. / pp. 159-178 --- Deconvolution of Multiple Components of Neon and Helium in Mantle-Derived Samples / Patterson D. B., Honda M., and McDougall I. / pp. 179-189 --- Neon and Argon Isotopic Constraints on Earth-Atmosphere Evolution / Marty B. and Allé P. / pp. 191-204 --- The Effect of Water on Noble Gas Signatures of Volcanic Materials / Kaneoka I. / pp. 205-215 --- 3. Water, Gases and Diamonds --- Indigenous and Extraneous Noble Gases in Terrestrial Diamonds / Begemann F. / pp. 217-227 --- Isotopic Variations of Helium in the Diamonds of the Kokchetav Massif's Metamorphic Rocks, Kazakhstan / Pleshakov A. M. and Shukolyukov Yu. A. / pp. 229-243 --- Helium Isotopic Information from Diamonds: Critical Data Available and Needed / Lal D. / pp. 245-260 --- He-Ar Isotope Systematics of Fluid Inclusions: Resolving Mantle and Crustal Contributions to Hydrothermal Fluids / Stuart F., Turner G., and Taylor R. / pp. 261-277 --- Mantle Helium in the Groundwater of the Mirror Lake Basin, New Hampshire, U.S.A. / Torgersen T., Drenkard S., Farley K., Schlosser P., and Shapiro A. / pp. 279-292 --- Volcanic Activity Revealed by Isotope Systematics of Gases from Hydrothermal Springs in Tengchong, China / Wang X., Chen J., Li Y., Wen Q., Sun M., Li C., and Hu G. / pp. 293-304 --- Helium Isotopic Compositions in Quaternary Volcanic Geothermal Area near Indo-Eurasian Collisional Margin at Tengchong, China / Xu S., Nakal S., Wakita H., Wang X., and Chen J. / pp. 305-313 --- 4. Basic Properties --- Sites and Behaviors ofNoble Gas Atoms in MgO Crystal Simulated by the Molecular Dynamics (MD) Method / Tsuchiyama A. and Kawamura K. / pp. 315-323 --- Noble Gas Solubilities in Melts and Crystals / Carroll M. R., Draper D. S., Brooker R. A., and Kelley S. / pp. 325-341 --- Noble Gas Partition between Basaltic Melt and Olivine Crystals at High Pressures / Shibata T., Takahashi E., and Ozima M. / pp. 343-354 --- Noble Gas Partitioning between Metal and Silicate under High Pressures: The Case of Iron and Peridotite / Sudo M., Ohtaka O., and Matsuda J. / pp. 355-372 --- Noble Gas Partitioning in Natural Samples: Results from Coexisting Glass and Olivine Phenocrysts in Four Hawaiian Submarine Basalts / Valbracht P. J., Honda M., Staudigel H., McDougall I., and Trost A. P. / pp. 373-381 --- Retrospective --- After Dinner Talk (A Diagrammatic Summary of Noble Gas Isotope Research in the Physics Department at Berkeley) / Reynolds J. H. / pp. 383-386

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Crustal Evolution: East Antarctic Shield --- Archacan Events in Antarctica / L. P. BLACK, J. W. SHERATON and P. D. KINNY / pp. 1-6 --- Metamorphic Evolution of the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / M. ASAMI, Y. OSANAI, K. SHIRAISHI and H. MAKIMOTO / pp. 7-16 --- Geochemical Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks from the Central Sør Rondane Mountains., East Antarctica / Y. OSANAI, K. SHIRAISHI, Y. TAKAHASHI, H. ISHIZUKA, Y. TAINOSHO, N. TSUCHIYA, T. SAKIYAMA and S. KODAMA / pp. 17-28 --- Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr Ages of Metamorphic Rocks from the Sør Rondane Mountains., East Antarctica / K. SHIRAISHI and H. KAGAMI / pp. 29-36 --- Reconnaissance Geochronologic Data on Proterozoic Polymetamorphic Rocks of the Eastern Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / E. S. GREW, W. I. MANTON, M. ASAMI and H. MAKIMOTO / pp. 37-44 --- Petrochemical Character and Rb-Sr Isotopic Investigation of the Granitic Rocks from the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / Y. TAINOSHO, Y. TAKAHASHI, Y. ARAKAWA, Y. OSANAI, N. TSUCHIYA, T. SAKIYAMA and M. OWADA / pp. 45-54 --- Carbon and Oxygen Isotopic Compositions of Marbles from the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / N. TSUCHIYA, Y. OSANAI and H. WADA / pp. 55-60 --- 40Ar-39Ar Geochronological Studies on some Paleomagnetic Samples of East Antarctica / Y. TAKIGAMI, M. FUNAKI and K. TOKIEDA / pp. 61-66 --- The First Report of a Cambrian Orogenic Belt in East Antarctica—An Ion Microprobe Study of the Lützow-Holm Complex / K. SHIRAISHI, Y. HIROI, D. J. ELLIS, C. M. FANNING, Y. MOTOYOSHI and Y. NAKAI / pp. 67-74 --- A New Insight of Possible Correlation between the Lützow-Holm Bay Granulites (East Antarctica) and the Sri Lankan Granulites / Y. OGO, Y. HIROI, K. B. N. PRAME and Y. MOTOYOSHI / pp. 75-86 --- Osumilite-Producing Reactions in High Temperature Granulites from the Napier Complex, East Antarctica: Tectonic Implications / B. J. HENSEN and Y. MOTOYOSHI / pp. 87-92 --- Gneisses of the Porthos and Athos Ranges, Northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica: Constraints on the Prograde and Retrograde P-T Path / D. E. THOST and B. J. HENSEN / pp. 93-102 --- Mineral Reaction Textures in High-Grade Gneisses: Evidence for Contrasting Pressure-Temperature Paths in the Proterozoic Complex of East Antarctica / I. C. W. FITZSIMONS and S. L. HARLEY / pp. 103-112 --- Mode of Occurrence, Geochemistry and Mineral Textures of Mafic to Ultramafic Rocks from the Bolingen Islands, Prydz Bay., East Antarctica / D. E. THOST, Y. MOTOYOSHI and B. J. HENSEN / pp. 113-118 --- The Significance of Reworking, Fluids and Partial Melting in Granulite Metamorphism, East Prydz Bay, Antarctica / S. L. HARLEY, I. C. W. FITZSIMONS, I. S. BUICK and G. WATT / pp. 119-128 --- Stable Isotope Studies of Granulite Facies Metamorphism in the Rauer Group, East Antarctica / I. S. BUICK, S. L. HARLEY and D. MATTEY / pp. 129-136 --- A Late- Proterozoic Extensional-Compressional Tectonic Cycle in East Antarctica / J. D. HOEK, P. H. G. M. DIRKS and C. W. PASSCHIER / pp. 137-144 --- Re-Examination of the Metamorphic Evolution of the Larsemann Hills., East Antarctica / L. REN, Y. ZHAO, X. LIU and T. CHEN / pp. 145-154 --- Geochronology of the Late Granite in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica / Y. ZHAO, B. SONG, Y. WANG, L. REN, J. LI and T. CHEN / pp. 155-162 --- The First Study of Upper Mantle Inclusions from the Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica / A. V. ANDRONIKOV / pp. 163-173 --- Mafic Igneous Suites in the Lambert Rift Zone / E. V. MIKHALSKY, A. V. ANDRONIKOV and B. V. BELIATSKY / pp. 173-178 --- Granitic Rocks of the Jetty Peninsula, Amery Ice Shelf Area, East Antarctica / W. I. MANTON, E. S. GREW, J. HOFMANN and J. W. SHERATON / pp. 179-190 --- Paleomagnetic and 40Arl/39Ar Dating Studies of the Mawson Charnockite and Some Rocks from the Christensen Coast / M. FUNAKI and K. SAITO / pp. 191-202 --- 2. Crustal Evolution: Transantarctic Mountains and West Antarctica --- Multiple Petrotectonic Events in High-Grade Metamorphic Rocks of the Nimrod Group, Central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica / J. W. GOODGE, V. L. HANSEN and S. M. PEACOCK / pp. 203-210 --- Metamorphic Facies of the Ross Orogeny in the Southern Wilson Terrane of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / F. TALARICO, M. FRANCESCHELLI, B. LOMBARDO, R. PALMERI, P. C. PERTUSATI, N. RASTELLI and C. A. RICCI / pp. 211-218 --- Metasedimentary Rocks of Western Wilson Terrane (Victoria Land - Oates Land) and Gondwana Connections to Australia / D. N. B. SKININER / pp. 219-226 --- Compressional Causes for the Early Palcozoic Ross Orogen—Evidence from Victoria Land and the Shackleton Range / G. KLEINSCHEMIDT, W. BUGGISCH and T. FLOETTMANN / pp. 227-234 --- Pre-Beacon Tectonic Development of the Transantarctic Mountains / E. STUMP / pp. 235-240 --- Statistical Analysis of Geochemical Patterns in Fine-Grained Permian Mudrocks from the Beardmore Glacier Region, Antarctica / T. C. HORNER and L. A. KRISSEK / pp. 241-248 --- Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of Vertebrate Bone-Bearing Beds in the Triassic (and Jurassic?) Fremouw and Falla Formations, Beardmore Glacier Region., Antarctica / L. A. KRISSEK, T. C. HORNER, D. H. ELLIOT and J. W. COLLINSON / pp. 249-256 --- Early Palcozoic Lamprophyre Dikes of Southern Victoria Land: Geology, Petrology and Geochemistry / B. WU and J. H. BERG / pp. 257-264 --- Crustal Xenoliths from Cape McCormick Crater, Northern Victoria Land / J. H. BERG and B. WU / pp. 265-272 --- Xenoliths from the Volcanic Province of West Antarctica and Implications for Lithospheric Structure and Processes / R. J. WYSOCZANSKI and J. A. GAMBLE / pp. 273-278 --- Geological and Geophysical Exploration in the Northern Ford Ranges, Maric Byrd Land, West Antarctica / B. P. LUYENDYK, S. M. RICHARD, C. H. SMITH and D. L. KIMBROUGH / pp. 279-288 --- Structure and Cooling History of the Fosdick Metamorphic Complex, Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica / S. M. RICHARD / pp. 289-294 --- Metapelites and Migmatites at the Granulite Facies Transition, Fosdick Metamorphic Complex, Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica / C. H. SMITH / pp. 295-302 --- 3. Syn- and Post-Breakup of Gondwana --- Mesozoic and Cenozoic Kinematic Evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains / T. J. WILSON / pp. 303-314 --- The West Antarctic Rift System—A Propagating Rift "Captured" by a Mantle Plume? / J. C. BEHRENDT, W. LEMASURIER and A. K. COOPER / pp. 315-322 --- Apatite Fission Track Evidence for Contrasting Thermal and Uplift Histories of Metamorphic Basement Blocks in Western Dronning Maud Land / J. JACOBS, E. HEJL, G. A. WAGNER and K. WEBER / pp. 323-330 --- Early Cretaceous Uplift of the Southern Sentinel. Range, Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica / P. G. FITZGERALD and E. STUMP / pp. 331-340 --- Petrologic Comparison of Palcozoic Rocks from the English Coast, Eastern Ellsworth Land, and the Ellsworth Mountains / T. S. LAUDON and C. CRADDOCK / pp. 341-346 --- Provenance of Paleocene Strata, Seymour Island / D. H. ELLIOT, S. M. HOFFMAN and D. E. RIESKE / pp. 347-356 --- Sedimentology of the Miers Bluff Formation, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands / A. ARCHE, J. LOPEZ-MARTINEZ and E. MARTINEZ DE PISON / pp. 357-362 --- Late Cretaceous and Eocene Palynofloras from Fildes Peninsula, King George Island (South Shetland Islands), Antarctica / L. CAO / pp. 363-370 --- Early Tertiary Palaeoclimate of King George Island, Antarctica—Evidence from the Fossil Hill Flora / H. M. LI / pp. 371-376 --- Modes of Formation and Accretion of Oceanic Material in the Mesozoic Fore-Arc of Central and Southern Alexander Island, Antarctica: A Summary / P. A. DOUBLEDAY and T. H. TRANTER / pp. 377-382 --- The Magmatic Complexes of the Rouen Mountains and Elgar Uplands from Alexander Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Geochemical Constraints / B. K. KAMENOV and C. T. PIMPIREV / pp. 383-394 --- Transverse Variations in the Gerlache Strait Plutonic Rocks: Effects of the Aluk Ridge-Trench Collision in the Northern Antarctic Peninsula / M. A. PARADA, J.-B. ORSINI and R. ARDILA / pp. 395-404 --- 4. Recent Tectonics of Antarctic Peninsula and Subantarctic Regions --- Evolution of the Bransfield Basin and Rift, West Antarctica / K. BIRKENMAJER / pp. 405-410 --- Uplift Movements King George Island Associated Bransfield Rift Activity / M. ARANEDA and O. GONZÁLEZ-FERRÁN / pp. 411-416 --- Geotransect Drake Passage - Weddell Sea, Antarctica / R. A. J. TROUW and L. A, P. GAMBÔA / pp. 417-422 --- Long-Range Sidescan Sonar (GLORIA) Survey of the Antarctic Peninsula Pacific Margin / J. S. TOMLINSON, C. J. PUDSEY, R. A. LIVERMORE, R. D. LARTER and P. F. BARKER / pp. 423-430 --- Marine Magnetic Anomalies in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica / Y. KIM, T. W. CHUNG and S. H. NAM / pp. 431-438 --- Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Igneous Rocks from Barton and Fildes Peninsulas, King George Island: A Review / Y.-J. JWA, B.-K. PARK and Y. KIM / pp. 439-442 --- Geophysical Features of Deception Island / R. ORTIZ, J. VILA, A. GARCIA, A. G. CAMACHO, J. L. DIEZ, A. APARICIO, R. SOTO, J. G. VIRAMONTE, C. RISSO, N. MENEGATTI and I. PETRINOVIC / pp. 443-448 --- Seismic Activity on Deception Island / J. VILA, R. ORTIZ, A. M. CORREIG, and A. GARCIA / pp. 449-456 --- The Zeolitisation Model of Kerguelen Islands, Southern Indian Ocean / A. GIRET, O. VERDIER and P. NATIVEL / pp. 457-464 --- 5. Terrestrial Geophysics --- Regional Geophysical Imaging of the Antarctic Lithosphere / R. R. B. VON FRESE, D. E. ALSDORF, J-H. KIM, T. M. STEPP, D. R. H. O'CONNELL, K. J. HAYDEN and W-S. LI / pp. 465-474 --- Present Status of Seismic Network in Antarctica / K. KAMINUMA / pp. 475-482 --- Phase Velocity Distribution Beneath Antarctica and Surrounding Oceans / D. ROULAND and G. ROULT / pp. 483-488 --- Determination of the Gravity Field around Antarctica Using Satellite Altimeter Data and Surface Gravity Data —A Review of the Recent Studies— / Y. FUKUDA, J. SEGAWA and K. KAMINUMA / pp. 489-492 --- Intermittent Micro-Seismic Activity in the Vicinity of Syowa Station, East Antarctica / K. KAMINUMA and J. AKAMATSU / pp. 493-498 --- An Approach to the Seismicity of Mt. Melbourne Volcano (Northern Victoria Land—Antarctica) / E. PRIVITERA, L. VILLARI and S. GAMBINO / pp. 499-506 --- The Crustal Structure beneath Ice Stream C and Ridge BC, West Antarctica from Seismic Refraction and Gravity Measurements / C. G. MUNSON and C. R. BENTLEY / pp. 507-514 --- Numerical Modelling of Uplift and Subsidence Adjacent to the Transantarctic Mountain Front / T. A. STERN, U. S. TEN BRINK and M. H. P. BOTT / pp. 515-522 --- Gravity Study of the Mt. Melbourne Quadrangle and the Lower Rennick Glacier Area in North Victoria Land., Antarctica, and the Relation of the Rennick Graben Structure to Rifting Processes in the Ross Sea / J. KIENLE, T. F. REDFIELD and A. M. GOODLIFFE / pp. 523-534 --- Gravity Modeling Across the Transantarctic Mountains, Northern Victoria Land / T. F. REDFIELD and J. C. BEHRENDT / pp. 535-544 --- A Preliminary Aeromagnetic Anomaly Compilation Map for the Weddell Province of Antarctica / A. C. JOHNSON, N. D. ALESHKOVA, P. F. BARKER, A. V. GOLYNSKY, V. N. MASOLOV and A. M. SMITH / pp. 545-554 --- New Aeromagnetic Map of West Antarctica (Weddell Sea Sector): Introduction to Important Features / A. C. JOHNSON and A. M. SMITH / pp. 555-562 --- Ground Magnetics in North Victoria Land (East Antarctica) / E. BOZZO, A. COLLA and A. MELONI / pp. 563-570 --- Airborne Gravity from a Light Aircraft: CASERTZ 1990-1991 / R. E. BELL, B. J. COAKLEY, D. D. BLANKENSHIP, S. M. HODGE, J. M. BROZENA and J. JARVIS / pp. 571-578 --- Thinning Rate of Ice Sheet on Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica, Determined by GPS Differential Positioning / H. TOH and K. SHIBUYA / pp. 579-584 --- The Geophysical Observatory at Terra Nova Bay / A. MELONI, A. DE SANTIS, A. MORELLI, P. PALANGIO, G. ROMEO, E. BOZZO and G. CANEVA / pp. 585-588 --- The Absolute Gravity Station and the Mt. Melbourne Gravity Network in Terra Nova Bay, North Victoria Land, East Antarctica / G. CERUTTI, F. ALASIA, A. GERMAK, E. BOZZO, G. CANEVA, R. LANZA and I. MARSON / pp. 589-564 --- Seismological Observations by a Three-Component Broadband Digital Seismograph at Syowa Station, Antarctica / K. NAGASAKA, K. KAMINUMA and K. SHIBUYA / pp. 595-602 --- 6. Marine Geology and Geophysics --- Preliminary Seismic Stratigraphy of the Northwestern Weddell Sea Continental Shelf / J. B. ANDERSON, S. S. SHIPP and F. P. SIRINGAN / pp. 603-612 --- Sequence Stratigraphy of the Crary Fan, Southeastern Weddell Sea / A. MOONS, M. DE BATIST, J. P. HENRIET H. MILLER / pp. 613-618 --- Modeling of Cenozoic Stratigraphy in the Ross Sea Using Sonobuoy Seismic-Refraction Data / G. R. COCHRANE and A. K. COOPER / pp. 619-626 --- Heat Flow and Tectonics of the Western Ross Sea / B. DELLA VEDOVA, G. PELLLS, L. A. LAWVER and G. BRANCOLINI / pp. 627-638 --- Tectonic Development of Graben over the Astrid Ridge off Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / D. GOPALA RAO, M. V. RAMANA and K. V. L. N. S. SARMA / pp. 639-648 --- The Directions of Magnetic Anomaly Lineations in Enderby Basin, off Antarctica / Y. NOGI, N. SEAMA and N. ISEZAKI / pp. 649-654 --- International Offshore Studies on Antarctic Cenozoic History, Glaciation, and Sea-Level Change: The ANTOSTRAT Project / A. K. COOPER and P. N. WEBB / pp. 655-660 --- 7. Cenozoic Geology and Geornorphology --- Late Cenozoic Glacial History in the Sør -Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / K. MORIWAKI, K. HIRAKAWA, M. HAYASHI and S. IWATA / pp. 661-668 --- Glaciation of the Central Part of the Sør Rondane, Antarctica: Glaciological Evidence / F. PATTYN, H. DECLEIR and P. HUYBRECHTS / pp. 669-678 --- Observations of Clayey Till and Underlying Glacier Ice in the Central Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / H. HASEGAWA, S. IWATA and N. MATSUOKA / pp. 679-682 --- Late Quaternary Ice-Surface Fluctuations of the Lambert Glacier / M. C. G. MABIN / pp. 683-688 --- Late Quaternary History of the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica / E. A. COLHOUN and D. A. ADAMSON / pp. 689-698 --- Late Neogene Sediments of Coastal East Antarctica —An Overview / P. G. QUILTY / pp. 699-706 --- Cenozoic Glacial Geology and Mountain Uplift in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / F. M. VAN DER WATEREN and A. L. L. M. VERBERS / pp. 707-714 --- A Glacio-Geological Reconnaissance of the Southern Prince Albert Mountains, Victoria Land, Antarctica / A. L. L. M. VERBERS and F. M. VAN DER WATEREN / pp. 715-720 --- Geomorphology of the Priestley Glacier to Campbell Glacier Transect Mapped by Aerial Photographs (Victoria Land - Antarctica) / A. BIASINI, O. FANUCCI and M. C. SALVATORE / pp. 721-726 --- Satellite Data Processing of Victoria Land / R. CASACCHIA, A. CAPRARO, M. POSCOLIERI, R. SALVATORI, R. BIANCHI and A. PICCHIOTTI / pp. 727-732 --- Fluctuations of Ice Tongues and Ice Shelves Derived from Satellite Images in Terra Nova Bay Area, Victoria Land, Antarctica / M. FREZZOTTI / pp. 733-740 --- The Last Major Deglaciation in the Antarctic Peninsula Region—A Review of Recent Swedish Quaternary Research— / C. HJORT, Ó. INGÓLFSSON and S. BJÖRCK / pp. 741-744 --- Permafrost Occurrence of Seymour Island and James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula Region / M. FUKUDA, J. STRELIN, K. SHIMOKAWA, N. TAKAHASHI, T. SONE and D. TROMBOTT / pp. 745-750 --- Geomorphology of Hurd Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands / J. LOPEZ-MARTINEZ, E. MARTINEZ DE PISON and A. ARCHE / pp. 751-756 --- Mechanical Weathering on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica / K. J. HALL / pp. 757-762 --- Modeling the Bathymetry of the Antarctic Continental Shelf / U. S. TEN BRINK and A. K. COOPER / pp. 763-772 --- Cenozoic Glacial History of Antarctica—A Correlative Synthesis / K. MORIWAKI, Y. YOSHIDA and D. M. HARWOOD / pp. 773-780 --- Late Quaternary Environmental Changes in the Antarctic and their Correlation with Global Change / Q. S. ZHANG / pp. 781-786

Description / Table of Contents: Part 1 / THE NATURE OF TROPOCHEMICAL CELL-TWINNING / Progress of study of known examples of homologous series based on the TCT mechanism --- Chapter 1 / INTRODUCTION / pp. 1-9 --- Chapter 2 / HETEROVALENT VACANCY-COUPLED SUBSTITUTION / pp. 11-13 --- Chapter 3 / HOMOLOGOUS SERIES IN THE PbS - Bi2S3 SYSTEM AND EXTENDED LILLIANITE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES / pp. 15-57 --- Chapter 4 / HOMOLOGOUS SERIES IN THE MnS - Y2S3 SYSTEM / pp. 59-62 --- Chapter 5 / THE ENSTATITE-IV HOMOLOGOUS SERIES, Me~x/3Mg~2/3Si(x-4)/3Ox or Me~x/3Li~4/3 Si(x-4)/3Ox,WITH Me = Mg, Sc and x = 88, 100, 112 or 124 / pp. 63-111 --- Chapter 6 / HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF OXYBORATES RELATED TO PINAKIOLITE, (Mg, Mn2+, Fe3+) 1.9Mn3+O2[BO3] / pp. 113-159 --- Part II / NEW EXAMPLES OF HOMOLOGOUS SERIES / Based on the TCT mechanism --- Chapter 7 / THE PLAGIONITE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES, Pb3+2xSb8S15+2x, with x = 0, 1, 2, or 3 / pp. 161-213 --- Chapter 8 / HIGH- TEMPERATURE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF LEAD SULFANTIMONITES, xPbS·Sb2S3, WITH x = 2 or 3 / pp. 215-226 --- SUMMARY AND COMMENTS / pp. 227-231 --- APPENDICES --- 1. Contracted twins / pp. 233-234 --- 2. Characterization of distorted coordination polyhedra / pp. 235-251 --- 3. A collection of papers concerning new structure data of the crystalline phases cited or related to those in the text / pp. 253-314

Description / Table of Contents: Early Japanese contributions to space weather research—1945-1960— / A. Nishida / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 1-22 --- Hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, and astrophysical plasmas / E. N. Parker / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 23-40 --- The 1960s—A decade of remarkable advances in middle atmosphere research / M. A. Geller / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 41-62 --- Hinode "a new solar observatory in space" / S. Tsuneta, L. K. Harra, and S. Masuda / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 63-75 --- Coronal mass ejections and space weather / N. Gopalswamy / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 77-120 / © TERRAPUB, Tokyo, 2009. No claim is made to original U.S. Government works. / [Full text] (PDF 3.9 MB) --- Magnetotail after Geotail, Interball and Cluster: Thin current sheets, fine structure, force balance and stability / L. Zelenyi, H. Malova, A. Artemyev, V. Popov, A. Petrukovich, D. Delcourt, and A. Bykov / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 121-170 --- Simulating solar 'climate' / M. Dikpati / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 171-199 --- Evidence for solar forcing: Some selected aspects / J. Beer and K. McCracken / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 201-216 --- Total solar irradiance variability: What have we learned about its variability from the record of the last three solar cycles? / C. Fröhlich / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 217-230 --- Mechanisms for solar influence on the Earth's climate / J. D. Haigh / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 231-256 --- Variability in the stratosphere: The sun and the QBO / K. Labitzke and M. Kunze / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 257-278 --- Gravity wave coupling from below: A review / R. A. Vincent / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 279-293 --- What we have learnt from CPEA (Coupling Processes in the Equatorial Atmosphere): A review / S. Fukao / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 295-336 --- Vertical coupling by the semidiurnal tide in Earth's atmosphere / J. M. Forbes / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 337-348

Description / Table of Contents: Understanding the process underlying the origin of Earth magnetic field is one of the greatest challenges left to classical Physics. Geomagnetism, being the oldest Earth science, studies the Earth’s magnetic field in its broadest sense. The magnetic record left in rocks is studied in Paleomagnetism. Both fields have applications, pure and applied: in navigation, in the search for minerals and hydrocarbons, in dating rock sequences, and in unraveling past geologic movements such as plate motions they have contributed to a better understanding of the Earth. Consisting of more than 300 articles written by ca 200 leading experts, this authoritative reference encompasses the entire fields of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism in a single volume. It describes in fine detail at an assessable level the state of the current knowledge and provides an up-to-date synthesis of the most basic concepts. As such, it will be an indispensable working tool not only for geophysicists and geophysics students but also for geologists, physicists, atmospheric and environmental scientists, and engineers.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science presents a selection of papers that were given at the 24th Conference of the Danube Countries. Within the framework of the International Hydrological Program IHP of UNESCO. Since 1961 the Danube countries have successfully co-operated in organizing conferences on Hydrological Forecasting and Hydrological Water Management Issues. The 24th Conference of the Danube Countries took place between 2-4 June 2008 in Bled, Slovenia and was organized by the National Committee of Slovenia for the International Hydrological Program of UNESCO, under the auspices of the President of Republic of Slovenia. It was organized jointly by the Slovenian National Commission for UNESCO and the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, under the support of UNESCO, WMO, and IAHS...

Description / Table of Contents: IOP Publishing presents Volume 6 of the open-access IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES) as the online abstract book for the IARU International Scientific Congress on Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions (10–12 March, Copenhagen, Denmark). This abstracts-only volume of EES is quite different to standard IOP Conference Series proceedings volumes which contain full, peer-reviewed proceedings papers. This unique volume of more than 1400 abstracts, divided into 58 different sessions, contains all the oral and poster presentations from the Congress. In view of the importance of the Climate Change Congress as a scientific basis for the COP15 conference, we are delighted to offer this collection as a permanent record of current research devoted to climate change. We hope this compilation will contribute to future world-wide dialogue on climate change in the ongoing search to address the scientific, political, social and economic challenges ahead.

Description / Table of Contents: The Beyond Kyoto conference in Aarhus March 2009 was organised in collaboration with other knowledge institutions, businesses and authorities. It brought together leading scientists, policy-makers, authorities, intergovernmental organisations, NGO's, business stakeholders and business organisations. The conference was a joint interdisciplinary project involving many academic areas and disciplines. These conference proceedings are organised in central and recurring themes that cut across many debates on climate change, the climatic challenges as well as the solutions. In the front there is a short presentation of the conference concept. Part I of the proceedings focuses on issues related to the society – covering climate policy, law, market based instruments, financial structure, behaviour and consumption, public participation, media communication and response from indigenous peoples etc. Part II of the proceedings concerns the scientific knowledge base on climate related issues – covering climate change processes per se, the potential impacts of projected climate change on biodiversity and adaptation possibilities, the interplay between climate, agriculture and biodiversity, emissions, agricultural systems, increasing pressure on the functioning of agriculture and natural areas, vulnerability to extreme weather events and risks in respect to sea-level rise etc...

Description / Table of Contents: Reconstructing past climate and past ocean circulation demands the highest possible precision and accuracy which urges the scientific community to look at different sediment records such as the ones from coastal zones to deep-sea with a more complete set of technical and methodological tools. However, the information given by each tool varies in precision, accuracy and in significance according to their environmental settings. It is therefore essential to compare tools. With that in mind, and as part of the International year of Planet Earth, a workshop entitled `From deep-sea to coastal zones: Methods and Techniques for studying palaeoenvironments' took place in Faro (Portugal), from 25–29 February 2008 in order to: present several methods and techniques that can be used for studying sediments from deep-sea to coastal zones, namely for reconstructing palaeoenvironments in order to document past climatic changes and short to long-term environmental processes; allow cross experience between different fields and specialties, either from deep-sea to coastal zones or from micropaleontology to geochemistry; give the opportunity to students from different universities and countries to attend the workshop; publish a special volume on the presented methods and techniques during the workshop. The workshop was organized in four non-parallel sessions dealing with the use of micropaleontology, isotopes, biogeochemistry and sedimentology, as tools for palaeoenvironmental studies. The present IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science proceedings reflect this organization and papers are published in each theme. The papers are either short reviews or case studies and are highlighted below. The remains of microorganisms found in sediments are the main proxies used in micropaleontological studies. However, the link between fossilized remains and their living origin is not easy to reconstruct only based on the geologic/sedimentary record. Accordingly, Barbosa presents a review of the actual knowledge of living phytoplankton dynamics and the processes, or environmental conditions, which could contribute to the production of fossilized biogenic remains. In the next paper, de Vernal presents a review, based on several case studies, on how palynological fossils observed in sediments are used in tracing biogenic fluxes, characterizing sedimentary environments, or even reconstructing hydrographical conditions and productivity. The two other papers presented in the micropaleontological proxy section are case studies on the use of dinoflagellates (Rochon) and calcareous plankton remains (Guerreiro et al), respectively, to better understand their local or regional environmental living characteristics ant therefore their specific interpretation for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction at a regional scale. Isotopic proxies can be used either as provenance tracers or as chronometers of different processes. Once again, each study can provide a very specific framework of the proxies' use and it is very important to know and evaluate the limits of these tools in each environment and/or type of analyzed material. Accordingly, the two first articles deal with the study of organic carbon either by carbon and oxygen stable isotopes (Hélie) or by radiocarbon (Mollhenhauer and Rethemeyer) analysis. The two other articles in this section deal with the use of radioisotopes. Ghaleb reviews the methods for measuring short-lived radiosisotopes in sediments, giving examples of their use for estimating recent sedimentary accumulation rates; whereas Hillaire-Marcel reviews the potential use of U-series isotopes as radiochronometers in biogenic carbonates. Geochemistry groups more than one field of expertise. However, in the present section, inorganic geochemistry is not treated and both articles present work on a very specific, and at the same time very complex, compound of the organic matter realm: black carbon. As such, Veilleux et al present a density fractionation method for isolating the small quantities of soot-like and graphitic material usually found in natural samples, whereas González-Vila et al. illustrate the potential of the combined use of analytical pyrolysis and solid state 13C NMR to determine the presence of black carbon and to characterize the refractory organic matter in marine sediments from the Gulf of Cadiz (Spain). In the last section, two papers are presented and discuss sedimentological proxies. In their paper, using diffuse spectral reflectance data, Veiga-Pires and Mestre try to determine if `twinned cores' (or paired cores) can be used as duplicate records to increase the volume of sediments collected in the field, whereas Drago et al discuss the use of fish remains in sediments for the reconstruction of paleoproductivity. Each of the above papers benefited from the constructive comments of at least two reviewers and we wish to sincerely thank the reviewers for their timely evaluation. We also thank the participants, volunteers and organizers of the workshop for their implication, making this first workshop on Methods and Techniques for studying palaeoenvironments (METECH) a success. The workshop and this proceeding would not have been possible without the financial and logistical support of GEOTOP, CIMA, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FACC07/1/1315) and IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science...

Description / Table of Contents: Exciting developments in earthquake science have benefited from new observations, improved computational technologies, and improved modeling capabilities. Designing models of the earthquake of the earthquake generation process is a grand scientific challenge due to the complexity of phenomena and range of scales involved from microscopic to global. Such models provide powerful new tools for the study of earthquake precursory phenomena and the earthquake cycle. Through workshops, collaborations and publications the APEC Cooperation for Earthquake Simulations (ACES) aims to develop realistic supercomputer simulation models for the complete earthquake generation process, thus providing a "virtual laboratory" to probe earthquake behavior. Part I of the book covers microscopic simulations, scaling physics and earthquake generation and cycles. This part also focuses on plate processes and earthquake generation from a macroscopic standpoint.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science presents a selection of papers that were given at the WMO/GEO Expert Meeting on an International Sand and Dust Storm Warning System hosted by the Barcelona Supercomputing Center – Centro Nacional de Supercomputación in Barcelona (Spain) on 7-9 November 2007 (http://www.bsc.es/wmo). A sand and dust storm (SDS) is a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions and arises when a gust front passes or when the wind force exceeds the threshold value where loose sand and dust are removed from the dry surface. After aeolian uptake, SDS reduce visibility to a few meters in and near source regions, and dust plumes are transported over distances as long as thousands of kilometres. Aeolian dust is unique among aerosol phenomena: (1) with the possible exception of sea-salt aerosol, it is globally the most abundant of all aerosol species, (2) it appears as the dominating component of atmospheric aerosol over large areas of the Earth, (3) it represents a serious hazard for life, health, property, environment and economy (occasionally reaching the grade of disaster or catastrophic event) and (4) its influence, impacts, complex interactions and feedbacks within the Earth System span a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. From a political and societal point of view, the concern for SDS and the need for international cooperation were reflected after a survey conducted in 2005 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in which more than forty WMO Member countries expressed their interest for creating or improving capacities for SDS warning advisory and assessment. In this context, recent major advances in research – including, for example, the development and implementation of advanced observing systems, the theoretical understanding of the mechanisms responsible for sand and dust storm generation and the development of global and regional dust models – represent the basis for developing applications focusing on societal benefit and risk reduction. However, at present there are interdisciplinary research challenges to overwhelm current uncertainties in order to reach full potential. Furthermore, the community of practice for SDS observations, forecasts and analyses is mainly scientifically based and rather disconnected from potential users. This requires the development of interfaces with operational communities at international and national levels, strongly focusing on the needs of people and factors at risk ... The general objective of the WMO/GEO Expert Meeting on an International Sand and Dust Storm Warning System was to discuss and recommend actions needed to develop a global routine SDS-WAS based on integrating numerical SDS prediction and observing systems, and on establishing effective cooperation between data producers and user communities in order to provide SDS-WAS products capable of contributing to the reduction of risks from SDS. The specific objectives were: to identify, present and suggest future real-time observations for forecast verification and dust surveillance: satellite, ground-based remote sensing (passive and active) and in-situ monitoring; to present ongoing forecasting activities; to discuss and identify user needs: health, air quality, air transport operations, ocean, and others; to identify and discuss dust research issues relevant for operational forecast applications; to present the concept of SDS-WAS and Regional Centers...

Description / Table of Contents: In September 1996, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), prohibiting nuclear explosions worldwide, in all environments. The treaty calls for a global verification system, including a network of 321 monitoring stations distributed around the globe, a data communications network, an international data center, and onsite inspections, to verify compliance. The problem of identifying small-magnitude banned nuclear tests and discriminating between such tests and the background of earthquakes and mining-related seismic events, is a challenging research problem. Because they emphasize CTBT verification research, the 12 papers in this special volume primarily addresses regional data recorded by a variety of arrays, broadband stations, and temporarily deployed stations. Nuclear explosions, earthquakes, mining-related explosions, mine collapses, single-charge and ripple-fired chemical explosions from Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America are all studied. While the primary emphasis is on short-period, body-wave discriminants and associated source and path corrections, research that focuses on long-period data recorded at regional and teleseismic distances is also presented Hence, these papers demonstrate how event identification research in support of CTBT monitoring has expanded in recent years to include a wide variety of event types, data types, geographic regions and statistical techniques.

Description / Table of Contents: This special issue contains contributions presented at the international workshop Seismic Waves in Laterally Inhomogeneous Media V, which was held at the Castle of Zahrádky, Czech Republic, June 5 - 9, 2000. The workshop, which was attended by about 60 seismologists from 16 countries, was devoted mainly to the current state of theoretical and computational means of study of seismic wave propagation in complex structures. The special issue begins with papers dealing with the study and the application of the ray methods. Problems such as coupling of quasi-shear waves or smoothing of models for effective ray computations are dealt with. Applications of the ray methods in seismic exploration are presented. Further, directional wavefield decomposition, phase space, path integral and parabolic equation methods are discussed. Attention is also devoted to attenuation and scattering problems, and to seismic inversion problems.

Description / Table of Contents: This topical volume focuses on the most recent advances that have been achieved in relevant fields of research of nuclear test ban monitoring, including seismology, infrasound- and hydro-acoustics, as well as nuclear physics and atmospheric backtracking. This research has been presented during the special sessions on "Research and Development in Nuclear Explosion Monitoring" convened during the 2007 and 2008 General Assemblies of the European Geosciences Union (EGU). The special sessions were introduced after the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO Prepcom) had convened a scientific symposium in 2006 on "CTBT: Synergies with Science 1996-2006 and beyond" marking the tenth anniversary of the United Nations General Assembly’s adoption of the CTBT Treaty. With regard to the seismo-acoustic fields several papers provide important updates on advances made in these fields since publication of ‘Monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty’ (see PAGEOPH topical volumes 158-159, 2001-2002). Moreover, this topical volume expands on these publications by including radionuclide and noble gas monitoring, as well as atmospheric transport modeling. In these two areas, significant progress has been made in recent years. Two papers studying the 2006 North Korean nuclear test elucidate how progress made in the relevant fields has allowed for a good understanding on the characteristics of this underground nuclear test.

Description / Table of Contents: On September 1996, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), prohibiting nuclear explosions worldwide, in all environments. The treaty calls for a global verification system, including a network of 321 monitoring stations distributed around the globe, a data communications network, an international data center (IDC), and on-site inspections to verify compliance. Successful monitoring of a CTBT requires that we detect and identify all nuclear explosions. Since many events of concern will be too small to be detected teleseismically, this capability requires the use of regional-distance seismograms. The complexity of regional seismograms presents many technical challenges for a monitoring program. This issue focuses on problems associated with regional wave propagation through complex media. It includes papers that investigate regional variations of elastic and anelastic properties of Eurasia, the blockage of regional phases by sedimentary basins, methods for modeling regional wave propagation and for calibrating seismic wave paths in order to extract amplitude variations and source parameters. These papers illustrate the research and development necessary for acquiring an understanding of regional wave propagation which in turn provides the foundation for operational tools used to monitor a CTBT.

Description / Table of Contents: Variations in seismic Q are sensitive to a much greater extent than are seismic velocity variations on factors such as temperature, fluid content, and the movement of solid state defects in the earth. For that reason an understanding of Q and its variation with position in the earth and with time should provide information in earth's tectonic evolution, as well as on aspects of its internal structure. Progress in understanding Q has suffered from difficulty in obtaining reliable amplitude data at global and temporary stations. Moreover, laboratory determinations of Q, until recently, were most often made at frequencies much higher than those measured by seismologists for waves propagating through the earth. Recent advances in seismic station distribution and quality, as well as in methodology at both high and low fequencies, have greatly improved the quality of observational data available to seismologists from global stations. Concurrent advances have been made in measuring Q using laboratory samples at frequencies that pertain to the earth and in theoretical understanding of seismic wave attenuation. Papers of this volume present new information on Q in the earth from several perspectives: methodology, results from global and regional observations of both body and surface waves, laboratory measurements, and theoretical understanding. The editors believe that we have reached a new threshold in Q studies and that advances in data quality and methodology will spur increased interest in this difficult, but interesting field.

Description / Table of Contents: Terrestrial fluids, earthquakes and volcanoes: The Hiroshi Wakita volume III is a special publication to honor Professor Hiroshi Wakita for his scientific contribution to science, which has been closely linked with one of the major objectives of this 2008 International Year for the Earth Planet. Reducing natural risks in active tectonic and volcanic environments by searching and detecting early warning hydrological and geochemical signatures related to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions has been a major life research goal for Hiroshi Wakita. This third special issue of Pure and Applied Geophysics consists of 9 original papers written by researchers from Taiwan, Italy, Turkey, Iceland, USA, Sweden, India and Spain dealing with various aspects of the role of terrestrial fluids in earthquake and volcanic processes. It also includes a list of Hiroshi Wakita’s scientific publications. This volume III will be useful to students and professional researchers who are interested in the role of terrestrial fluids in earthquakes and volcanic activity.

Description / Table of Contents: Weather and climate are of concern to virtually all countries worldwide. For many countries the economy depends largely on agriculture, which is significantly affected by variations in weather and climate. This volume contains many original findings on weather and climate related to atmospheric and oceanic processes through mathematical modeling, numerical simulations, and field experiments and it will be useful as a reading material in graduate level courses dealing with weather, climate, boundary layer and air quality. The scientific community at large, especially younger scientists, will find this book a useful addition to their personal and institutional libraries.

Description / Table of Contents: This wide area of the Alpine–Himalayan belt evolved through a series of tectonic events related to the opening and closure of the Tethys Ocean. In doing so it produced the largest mountain belt of the world, which extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. The basins associated with this belt contain invaluable information related to mountain building processes and are the locus of rich hydrocarbon accumulations. However, knowledge about the geological evolution of the region is limited compared to what they offer. This has been mainly due to the difficulty and inaccessibility of cross-country studies. This Special Publication is dedicated to the part of the Alpine–Himalayan belt running from Bulgaria to Armenia, and from Ukraine to the Arabian Platform. It includes twenty multidisciplinary studies covering topics in structural geology/tectonics; geophysics; geochemistry; palaeontology; petrography; sedimentology; stratigraphy; and subsidence and lithospheric modelling. This volume reports results obtained during the MEBE (Middle East Basin Evolution) Programme and related projects in the circum Black Sea and peri-Arabian regions.

Description / Table of Contents: Our understanding of calcium carbonate precipitation within freshwater carbonate systems is being revolutionized by new quantitative approaches at both field and laboratory scale. These systems cover a diverse range of topical research areas including tufas, speleothems, stromatolites and microbial processes. Progress by various international research groups has been impressive, with major contributions to such areas as climate change, absolute dating, carbon sequestration, and biofilm construction and precipitation. A diverse sample of interrelated research is presented that provides a tantalizing glimpse of the interplay between microbial, geochemical and physical processes that control the development of tufas and speleothems. This volume will provide a cross-disciplinary platform that will stimulate further exchanges about new concepts, methodologies and interpretations associated with freshwater carbonates. In particular, it will help reinforce the importance of cross-discipline research: the driving force behind the new field of Geobiology.

Description / Table of Contents: Der Band führt den Grund- und Aufbaukurs der Mathematischen Grundlagen für Biologie und Geowissenschaft zusammen und stellt zahlreiche neue Übungsaufgaben vor. Die vorliegende Bearbeitung der Vorlesung und der Übungsaufgaben soll die Studierenden anregen, über mathematische Probleme nachzudenken, und sie in die Lage versetzen, bei Bedarf weitergehende Fachbuchliteratur studieren zu können.

Description / Table of Contents: This book presents a collection of papers that combines marine and terrestrial geological investigations valuable to hazard assessment in rocky coastal areas, including examples mostly coming from the Italian coasts. The hazardous processes that are discussed include: large slope failures, cliff recession and floods of steep coastal streams. It is assumed that coastal slopes operate as transfer zones of land-born geological processes, which deliver sediment to the coastal and open sea at intermittent time intervals, and therefore place coastal communities that are exposed or vulnerable to these events at high risk. Rocky coastal areas can be associated with regions of active or recent tectonics/volcanic activity, or can develop as low-relief cliffs along non-active margins. In all these settings, mass-wasting phenomena represent the most serious hazardous processes, and there is a need to characterize and model the factors causing them. It is stressed that proper comprehension of coastal mass-wasting hazard has to include shipboard acoustic surveys, historical source investigations and onshore geological features.

Description / Table of Contents: The detachment era (1977–1982) and its role in revolutionizing continental tectonics / B. Wernicke / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 321, 1-8, 14 October 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP321.1 --- The frictional strength of granular fault gouge: application of theory to the mechanics of low-angle normal faults / Carolyn Boulton, Tim Davies and Mauri McSaveney / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 321, 9-31, 14 October 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP321.2 --- Upper and lower crustal evolution during lithospheric extension: numerical modelling and natural footprints from the European Alps / Anna Maria Marotta, Maria Iole Spalla and Guido Gosso / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 321, 33-72, 14 October 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP321.3 --- Reconciling short- and long-term measures of extension in continental back arcs: heat flux, crustal structure and rotations within central North Island, New Zealand / T. A. Stern / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 321, 73-87, 14 October 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP321.4 --- Cretaceous felsic volcanism in New Zealand and Lord Howe Rise (Zealandia) as a precursor to final Gondwana break-up / A. J. Tulloch, J. Ramezani, N. Mortimer, J. Mortensen, P. van den Bogaard and R. Maas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 321, 89-118, 14 October 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP321.5 --- Structure and evolution of the western Corinth Rift, through new field data from the Northern Peloponnesus / Emmanuel Skourtsos and Haralambos Kranis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 321, 119-138, 14 October 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP321.6 --- Timing and nature of formation of the Ios metamorphic core complex, southern Cyclades, Greece / Stuart N. Thomson, Uwe Ring, Stephanie Brichau, Johannes Glodny and Thomas M. Will / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 321, 139-167, 14 October 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP321.7 --- Timing of the Amorgos detachment system and implications for detachment faulting in the southern Aegean Sea, Greece / Uwe Ring, Stuart N. Thomson and Gideon Rosenbaum / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 321, 169-178, 14 October 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP321.8 --- Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Naxos Island through a multi-faceted approach of fission-track analysis / Diane Seward, Olivier Vanderhaeghe, Luc Siebenaller, Stuart Thomson, Christian Hibsch, Anatol Zingg, Patrick Holzner, Uwe Ring and Stephanie Duchêne / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 321, 179-196, 14 October 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP321.9 --- Syn-extensional granitoids in the Menderes core complex and the late Cenozoic extensional tectonics of the Aegean province / Yildirim Dilek, Şafak Altunkaynak and Zeynep Öner / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 321, 197-223, 14 October 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP321.10 --- A case study of lateral spreading: the Precambrian Svecofennian Orogen / Annakaisa Korja, Paula Kosunen and Pekka Heikkinen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 321, 225-251, 14 October 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP321.11

Description / Table of Contents: Accretionary orogens form at convergent plate boundaries and include the supra-subduction zone forearc, magmatic arc and backarc components. They can be broken into retreating and advancing types, based on their kinematic framework and resulting geological character. Accretionary systems have been active throughout Earth history, extending back until at least 3.2 Ga, and provide an important constraint on the initiation of horizontal motion of lithospheric plates on Earth. Accretionary orogens have been responsible for major growth of the continental lithosphere, through the addition of juvenile magmatic products, but are also major sites of consumption and reworking of continental crust through time. The aim of this volume is to provide a better understanding of accretionary processes and their role in the formation and evolution of the continental crust. Fourteen papers deal with general aspects of accretion and metamorphism and discuss examples of accretionary orogens and crustal growth through Earth history, from the Archaean to the Cenozoic.

Description / Table of Contents: Founded in 1807, the Geological Society of London became the world's first learned society devoted to the Earth sciences. In celebration of the Society's 200-year history, this book commemorates the lives of the Society's 13 founders and sets geology in its national and European context at the turn of the nineteenth century. In Britain, geology was emerging as a subject in its own right from three closely related disciplines - chemistry, mineralogy and medicine - disciplines that reflect the principal professions and interests of the founders. The tremendous energy and cooperation of these 13 men, about whom little was previously known, quickly mobilized like-minded men around the country and fuelled the nation's passion for geology; an enthusiasm that soon spread to America and Australia. Two previously unpublished works from this period, essential to understanding the founding of the Society, are reproduced here for the first time. The book closes with a review of the Society's 2007 Bicentenary celebrations.

Description / Table of Contents: Non-marine Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic formations are widespread in mainland SE Asia. Although the first reports on fossils from some of these formations were published as early as the 1890s, it is only since 1980 that floras and faunas from the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous of SE Asia have received the attention they deserve. Fieldwork in various parts of Thailand and Laos has revealed a succession of fossil assemblages that now allows a reconstruction of the evolution of continental ecosystems in that part of the world during the Late Palaeozoic and the Mesozoic. The first papers in this book present the geological background of these floral and faunal successions, as well as historical aspects of their discovery. Descriptions of new taxa and review papers deal with plants, sharks, bony fishes, turtles, crocodilians, dinosaurs and mammal-like reptiles. Papers about the Mesozoic palaeobiogeography, environments and climates of Asia conclude the volume.

Description / Table of Contents: Given the tremendous toll in human lives and attendant economic losses, it is appropriate that scientists are working hard to understand better earthquakes, with the aim of forecasting and, ultimately, predicting them. In the last decades increasing attention has been paid to the coseismic effects on the natural environment, creating a solid base of empirical data for the estimation of source parameters of strong earthquakes based on geological observations. The recently introduced INQUA scale (Environmental Seismic Intensity–ESI 2007 Scale) of macroseismic intensity clearly shows how the systematic study of earthquake surface faulting, coseismic liquefaction, tsunami deposits and other primary and secondary ground effects can be integrated with ‘traditional’ seismological and tectonic information to provide a better understanding of the seismicity level of an area and the associated hazards. At the moment this is the only scientific means of equating the seismic records to the seismic cycle time-spans extending the seismic catalogues even to tens of thousands of years, improving future seismic hazard analyses. This Special Publication covers some of the latest multidisciplinary work undertaken to achieve that aim. Eighteen papers from research groups from all continents address a wide range of topics related both to palaeoseismological studies and assessment of macroseismic intensity based only on the natural phenomena associated with an earthquake.

Description / Table of Contents: The Devonian was a critical period with respect to the diversification of early terrestrial ecosystems. The geotectonic setting was characterized by the switch from the post-Caledonian to the pre-Variscan situation. Plant life on land evolved from tiny tracheophytes to trees of considerable size in combination with a global increase in terrestrial biomass, and vertebrates started to conquer the land. Extensive shallow-marine areas and continental lowlands with a wide range of different habitats existed. These are preserved in a large number of basins all around the world. Climate change finally led from greenhouse to icehouse conditions towards the end of the Devonian. Rapid evolution of terrestrial ecosystems and climate change had a pronounced influence on sedimentation and biodiversity, not only in the terrestrial, but also in the marine realm. This volume contains case studies from Australia, China, Europe, South America and North America, and individual palaeoecosystems and their components have been investigated in different palaeogeographic settings that contribute to a much better understanding of the Devonian Period. This is a contribution to the IGCP 499 project on "Devonian land-sea interaction: evolution of ecosystems and climate".

Description / Table of Contents: Geodynamics of collision and collapse at the Africa–Arabia–Eurasia subduction zone – an introduction / Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen, Michael A. Edwards and Rob Govers / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 1-7, 29 April 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.1 --- Melange genesis and ophiolite emplacement related to subduction of the northern margin of the Tauride–Anatolide continent, central and western Turkey / Alastair H. F. Robertson, Osman Parlak and Tı̇mur Ustaömer / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 9-66, 29 April 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.2 --- Tectono-stratigraphy of the Çankırı Basin: Late Cretaceous to early Miocene evolution of the Neotethyan Suture Zone in Turkey / Nuretdin Kaymakci, Yakup Özçelik, Stanley H. White and Paul M. Van Dijk / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 67-106, 29 April 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.3 --- Oligocene–Miocene basin evolution in SE Anatolia, Turkey: constraints on the closure of the eastern Tethys gateway / Silja K. Hüsing, Willem-Jan Zachariasse, Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen, Wout Krijgsman, Murat Inceöz, Mathias Harzhauser, Oleg Mandic and Andreas Kroh / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 107-132, 29 April 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.4 --- Long-term evolution of the North Anatolian Fault: new constraints from its eastern termination / Aurélia Hubert-Ferrari, Geoffrey King, Jérome van der Woerd, Igor Villa, Erhan Altunel and Rolando Armijo / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 133-154, 29 April 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.5 --- Mediterranean snapshots of accelerated slab retreat: subduction instability in stalled continental collision / M. A. Edwards and B. Grasemann / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 155-192, 29 April 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.6 --- Evolution of the southern Tyrrhenian slab tear and active tectonics along the western edge of the Tyrrhenian subducted slab / Andrea Argnani / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 193-212, 29 April 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.7 --- Geochemical and temporal evolution of Cenozoic magmatism in western Turkey: mantle response to collision, slab break-off, and lithospheric tearing in an orogenic belt / Yildirim Dilek and Şafak Altunkaynak / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 213-233, 29 April 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.8 --- Insights from the Apennines metamorphic complexes and their bearing on the kinematics evolution of the orogen / Gianluca Vignaroli, Claudio Faccenna, Federico Rossetti and Laurent Jolivet / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 235-256, 29 April 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.9 --- Sequential development of interfering metamorphic core complexes: numerical experiments and comparison with the Cyclades, Greece / C. Tirel, P. Gautier, D. J. J. van Hinsbergen and M. J. R. Wortel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 257-292, 29 April 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.10 --- The Itea–Amfissa detachment: a pre-Corinth rift Miocene extensional structure in central Greece / Dimitrios Papanikolaou, Leonidas Gouliotis and Maria Triantaphyllou / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 293-310, 29 April 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.11 --- Neogene brittle detachment faulting on Kos (E Greece): implications for a southern break-away fault of the Menderes metamorphic core complex (western Turkey) / Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen and Flora Boekhout / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 311-320, 29 April 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.12 --- Magnetostratigraphy of early–middle Miocene deposits from east–west trending Alaşehir and Büyük Menderes grabens in western Turkey, and its tectonic implications / Sevket Sen and Gürol Seyitoğlu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 321-342, 29 April 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.13 --- The structure of the Kythira–Antikythira strait, offshore SW Greece (35.7°–36.6°N) / Eleni Kokinou and Evangelos Kamberis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 343-360, 29 April 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.14 --- Erratum --- Melange genesis and ophiolite emplacement related to subduction of the northern margin of the Tauride–Anatolide continent, central and western Turkey / Alastair H. F. Robertson, Osman Parlak and Tı̇mur Ustaömer / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 1, 29 July 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.Erratum

Description / Table of Contents: This collection of papers addresses the issues surrounding communication of environmental geoscience. Geologists whose research deals with environmental problems such as landslides, floods, earthquakes and other natural hazards that affect people's health and safety, must communicate their results effectively to the public, policy makers and politicians. There are many examples of geological studies being ignored in policy and public action; this is in due in part to geoscientists being poor communicators. These papers document issues in communicating environmental geoscience, outline successes and failures through case studies, describe ways in which geoscientists can improve communication skills and show how new methods can make communication more effective.

Description / Table of Contents: Biogeochemical controls on palaeoceanographic environmental proxies: an introduction / William E. N. Austin and Rachael H. James / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 303, 1-2, 1 January 2008, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP303.1 --- Biogeochemical controls on palaeoceanographic environmental proxies: a review / Rachael H. James and William E. N. Austin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 303, 3-32, 1 January 2008, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP303.2 --- Some fundamental features of biomineralization / R. J. P. Williams / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 303, 33-44, 1 January 2008, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP303.3 --- Vital effects and beyond: a modelling perspective on developing palaeoceanographical proxy relationships in foraminifera / Richard E. Zeebe, Jelle Bijma, Bärbel Hönisch, Abhijit Sanyal, Howard J. Spero and Dieter A. Wolf-Gladrow / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 303, 45-58, 1 January 2008, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP303.4 --- Foraminifer test preservation and diagenesis: comparison of high latitude Eocene sites / Paul N. Pearson and Catherine E. Burgess / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 303, 59-72, 1 January 2008, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP303.5 --- The influences of growth rates on planktic foraminifers as proxies for palaeostudies – a review / D. N. Schmidt, T. Elliott and S. A. Kasemann / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 303, 73-85, 1 January 2008, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP303.6 --- Fine-scale growth patterns in coral skeletons: biochemical control over crystallization of aragonite fibres and assessment of early diagenesis / J. P. Cuif, Y. Dauphin, A. Meibom, C. Rollion-Bard, M. Salomé, J. Susini and C. T. Williams / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 303, 87-96, 1 January 2008, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP303.7 --- Modern deep-sea benthic foraminifera: a brief review of their morphology-based biodiversity and trophic diversity / A. J. Gooday, H. Nomaki and H. Kitazato / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 303, 97-119, 1 January 2008, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP303.8 --- On the use of benthic foraminiferal δ13C in palaeoceanography: constraints from primary proxy relationships / Andreas Mackensen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 303, 121-133, 1 January 2008, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP303.9 --- The carbon and oxygen stable isotopic composition of cultured benthic foraminifera / Daniel C. McCorkle, Joan M. Bernhard, Christopher J. Hintz, Jessica K. Blanks, G. Thomas Chandler and Timothy J. Shaw / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 303, 135-154, 1 January 2008, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP303.10 --- Seasonal dynamics of coastal water masses in a Scottish fjord and their potential influence on benthic foraminiferal shell geochemistry / Alix G. Cage and William E. N. Austin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 303, 155-172, 1 January 2008, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP303.11 --- Isotopic variability in the intertidal acorn barnacle Semibalanus balanoides: a potentially novel sea-level proxy indicator / K. F. Craven, M. I. Bird, W. E. N. Austin and J. Wynn / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 303, 173-185, 1 January 2008, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP303.12

Description / Table of Contents: This book is the first to describe the history of geoconservation. It draws on experience from the UK, Europe and further afield, to explore topics including: what is geoconservation; where, when and how did it start; who was responsible; and how has it differed across the world? Geological and geomorphological features, processes, sites and specimens, provide a resource of immense scientific and educational importance. They also form the foundation for the varied and spectacular landscapes that help define national and local identity as well as many of the great tourism destinations. Mankind's activities, including contributing to enhanced climate change, pose many threats to this resource: the importance of safeguarding and managing it for future generations is now widely accepted as part of sustainable development. Geoconservation is an established and growing activity across the world, with more participants and a greater profile than ever before. This volume highlights a history of challenges, set-backs, successes and visionary individuals and provides a sound basis for taking geoconservation into the future.

Description / Table of Contents: The sustainable development of minerals, whick are non-renewable resources, is a major challenge in today's world. In this regard the true definition of sustainability' is a debating point itself: can such a concept exist with respect to non-renewable resources? Perhaps the ideal sustainability model is one that minimizes negative environmental impact and maximizes benefits to society, the economy and regional/national development. Developed and near-developed economies rely for commodity supplies on developing countries where major mining operations are often a mainstay of the domestic economy. Limited environmental regulation and low wages lead to charges of exploitation. also, large numbers of people have no alternative to living ny informal, often dangerous, 'artisanal' mining. This Special Publication gives examples from developing countries at all scales of mineral extraction. The volume reviews environmental, economic, health and social problems and highlights the need to solve these before sustainability can be achieved. The better solutions require mutual understanding, through full involvement of all stakeholders, education, training and investment so that small-scale ansd artisinal mines can grow into well-managed operations. At larger scales, most major interantional mining companies have now inoproved their practices and are monitoring their [rogress, although there is no room for complacency in this rapidly changing are.

Description / Table of Contents: Understanding how fluids flow through though rocks is very important in a number of fields. Almost all of the world's oil and gas are produced from underground reservoirs. Knowledge of how they got where they are, what keeps them there and how they migrate through the rock is very important in the search for new resources, as well as for maximising the extraction of as much of the contained oil/gas as possible. Similar understanding is important for managing groundwater resources and for predicting how hazardous or radioactive waste or carbon dioxide will behave if stored or disposed of underground. Unravelling the complex behaviour of fluids as they flow through rock is difficult, but important. We cannot see through rock, so we need to predict how and where fluids flow. Understanding the type of rock, its porosity, the character and pattern of fractures within it and how fluids flows through it are important. Some contributors to this volume have been trying to understand real rocks in real situations and others have been working on computer models and laboratory simulations. Put together, these approaches have yielded very useful results, many of which are discussed in this volume.

Description / Table of Contents: For the geoscientist, interest in sediment dynamics relates to the understanding of modern processes, together with their extrapolation to the interpretation of ancient deposits within the stratigraphic record. Over the years, various measurement techniques and scientific approaches have been applied to the determination of sediment transport pathways and the derivation of erosion, transport and deposition rates. Recently, a number of new techniques and approaches have been developed, associated with different temporal and spatial scales, and it is appropriate and timely to review a representative selection, by reference to recently undertaken coastal and shelf investigations. The various contributions in the volume cover, for example: optical and acoustic backscatter measurements; particle tracking; the use of mutibeam imagery; grain-size trend analysis; and analytic, numerical and conceptual modelling. Although no single method provides a complete solution to the problem posed, this overview will assist sedimentologists and sediment dynamicists in their selection of the most appropriate approaches, towards the establishment of ‘high confidence’ in the interpretation of sediment transport rates and directions.

Description / Table of Contents: Despite agreement on first-order features and mechanisms, critical aspects of the origin and evolution of the Tibetan Plateau, such as the exact timing and nature of collision, the initiation of plateau uplift, and the evolution of its height and width, are disputed, untested or unknown. This book gathers papers dealing with the growth and collapse of the Tibetan Plateau. The timing, the underlying mechanisms, their interactions and the induced surface shaping, contributing to the Tibetan Plateau evolution are tightly linked via coupled and feedback processes. We present interdisciplinary contributions allowing insight into the complex interactions between lithospheric dynamics, topography building, erosion, hydrological processes and atmospheric coupling. The book is structured in four parts: early processes in the plateau formation; recent growth of the Tibetan Plateau; mechanisms of plateau growth; and plateau uplift, surface processes and the monsoon.

Description / Table of Contents: Earth sciences are becoming ever more concerned with how their disciplines, their research and teaching, need to become directly related to environmental and social concerns. The biology of the surface layers and at depth is increasingly important in the geosciences. A knowledge of biological and physical-chemical functions in terrestrial ecosystems (such as biomass production, filtering, buffering and transformation, water routing, and maintenance of biodiversity) that are studied in soil science provides a background for Earth sciences. The papers in this volume address issues of soil formation, soil management, soil protection and the role of biodiversity that must be considered for a sustainable soil use. The papers are aimed at geoscientists in the broadest sense, and others concerned with soil use who will also find chapters relevant to their interests. Soils knowledge used within other Earth sciences is essential for maintaining healthy ecosystems, for the solutions of problems in environmental quality and for sustainable use of soils by humans.

Description / Table of Contents: Sandstone aquifers are common worldwide: they contain a significant proportion of the Earth’s fresh water supplies. However, because of their textural complexity and the frequent occurrence of both matrix and fracture flow, prediction of flow and pollutant migration is still a considerable challenge. This volume contains a collection of papers summarizing current research on an example sandstone aquifer: the UK Permo-Triassic Sandstone sequence. These red bed, organic-poor sandstones are of fluvial and aeolian origin, are often strongly textured, and are cut by discontinuities of a wide range of permeabilities. Matrix flow often dominates, but fracture flow also occurs. The papers in the volume deal with research on saturated and unsaturated flow, and solute and non-aqueous-phase liquid movement. They cover investigations from laboratory to regional scale, and involve a wide range of approaches, from petrophysical through geophysical and hydrochemical to modelling. The book is intended to be of interest to researchers and practitioners involved in water resources and groundwater pollution, and to hydrogeology, water engineering, and environmental science students.

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides an insight into the overall tectonic evolution of the Western Mediterranean region and North Africa. The tectonic setting of the region reflects a long-lived and complex evolution, mainly related to the Alpine Orogeny. This inheritance is expressed by an intricate pattern of arc-shaped mountain chains, the Alps, the Betic-Rif Cordilleras and the Apennine-Maghrebian belt, whose southern branches mark the present limit between the African and Eurasian plates. The volume covers the Maghrebian chains in North Africa, from Tunisia to Morocco and the Western and Central Mediterranean, from Spain to Italy from the pre-orogeric phases (Palaeozoic-Mesozoic) to the post-collisional neotectonic and Quaternary development. It includes both original research papers and syntheses dealing with the aspects of structural, sedimentary, metamorphic and marine geology.

Description / Table of Contents: The Eastern Mediterranean region is a classic area for the study of tectonic processes and settings related to the development of the Tethyan orogenic belt. The present set of research and synthesis papers by Earth scientist from countries in this region and others provides an up-to-date, interdisciplinary overview of the tectonic development of the Eastern Mediterrenean region from Precambrian to Recent. Key topics include continental rifting, ophiolite genesis and emplacement, continental collision, extensional tectonics, crustal exhumation and intraplate deformation (e.g. active faulting). Alternative tectonic reconstructions of the Tethyan orogen are presented and discussed, with important implications for other regions of the world. The book will be an essential source of information and interpretation for academic researchers (geologists and geophysicists), advanced undergraduates and also for industry professionals, including those concerned with hydrocarbons, minerals and geological hazards (e.g. earthquakes).

Description / Table of Contents: This Special Publication, in memory and celebration of the work of Professor Mike Coward, is about the deformation of the continental lithosphere. The collected papers discuss geometry, structural principles, processes and problems in a wide range of tectonic settings and thereby reflect the breadth of Coward's interests. They encompass the evolution of Precambrian basement gneiss terrains, the geometry and evolution of thrust systems, basement involvement and structural inheritance in basins, syn-orogenic extension, salt tectonics, the implication of structural evolution on hydrocarbon prospectivity and structural controls on mineralization. Examples are drawn from the Lewisian and Moine Thrust Belt of NW Scotland, the Italian Apennines, NW Himalayas, the Cyclades, Oman, Zagros Mountains, Colombian Cordillera, Carpathians, North Sea, offshore Brazil, regional studies of the Irumide Belt (central Africa), Taurus Mountains (Turkey), greater South America, and from the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa and the Antler Orogeny of SW USA.

Description / Table of Contents: Marine sediment cores are the fundamental data source for information on seabed character, depositional history and environmental change. They provide raw data for a wide range of research including studies of climate change, palaeoceanography, slope stability, oil exploration, pollution assessment and control, seafloor survey for laying cables, pipelines and construction of seafloor structures. During the last three decades, a varied suite of new technologies have been developed to analyse cores, often non-destructively, to produce high-quality, closely spaced, co-located downcore measurements. These techniques can characterize sediment physical properties, geochemistry and composition in unprecedented detail. Palaeoenvironmentally significant proxies can now be logged at decadal, and in some cases, annual or sub-annual scales, allowing highly detailed insights into climatic history and associated environmental change. These advances have had a profound effect on many aspects of the Earth Sciences and our understanding of the Earth's history. In this volume, recent advances in analytical and logging technology and their application to the analysis of sediment cores are presented. Developments in providing access to core data and associated datasets, and advances in data mining technology in order to integrate and interpret new and legacy datasets within the wider context of seafloor studies are also discussed.

Description / Table of Contents: Elevation data are a critical element in most geoscience applications. From geological mapping to modelling Earth systems and processes geologists need to understand the shape of the Earth's surface. Vast amounts of digital elevation data exist, from large-scale global to smaller scale regional datasets, and many datasets have been merged to improve scale and accuracy. For each application, decisions are made on which elevation data to use driven by cost, resolution and accuracy. This publication shows the current status of available digital elevation data and illustrates the key applications. The types of data assessed include: ASTER stereo satellite imagery, Shuttle Radar Topographic Mapping data, airborne laser and radar such as NEXTMap, and Multibeam Bathymetry. Applications covered include: glacial deposits, landslides, coastal erosion and other geological hazards. Technical issues discussed include: accuracy analysis, derived product creation, software comparisons and copyright considerations. This volume is a comprehensive look at elevation models for geoscience.

Description / Table of Contents: In the Earth sciences, the concept of fractals and scale invariance is well recognized in many natural objects. However, the use of fractals for spatial and temporal analyses of natural hazards has been less used (and accepted) in the Earth sciences. This book brings together 12 contributions that emphasize the role of fractal analyses in natural hazard research, including andslides, wildfires, floods, catastrophic rock fractures and earthquakes. A wide variety of spatial and temporal fractal-related approaches and techniques are applied to ‘natural’ data, experimental data and computer simulations. These approaches include probabilistic hazard analysis, cellular-automata models, spatial analyses, temporal variability, prediction and self-organizing behaviour. The main aims of this volume are (a) to present current research on fractal analyses as applied to natural hazards and (b) to stimulate the curiosity of advanced Earth science students and researchers in the use of fractals analyses for the better understanding of natural hazards.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume gives a broad view of the application of geoscience techniques to the study of monuments and objects from excavations and museums, including their origin, technique of manufacture, age and conservation. It reaffirms the important contribution of geosciences in the interdisciplinary approach to the study of complex materials such as minerals, rocks, glass, metals, mortar, plaster, slags and pottery. The papers in this book cover three topics: the study of pottery, glass, stone and mortar; the application of Raman spectroscopy to a wide variety of objects; and the future of archaeometry. Interdisciplinary studies including field geology, geophysics, microscopy, textural analysis, physical methods and geochemistry are used to unlock information from the ancient materials, such as the provenance of the raw materials, the firing technology, the ancient recipes, and the alteration pathways.

Description / Table of Contents: The Neuquén Basin of northern Patagonia provides an excellent case study in basin analysis and sequence stratigraphy. The basin is one of the largest petroleum provinces in South America and includes a dramatic record of relative sea-level changes as well as a unique and globally important palaeontological record. Understanding this region is also central to unravelling the history of the Andes. The latest developments in the study of the area have been combined in this volume to give an integrated series of case studies that document the structural, igneous, sedimentological and palaeontological history of the region from the Triassic to the Recent. This publication provides an introduction into this fascinating region as well as a resource that includes the most complete and up-to-date studies of the area.

Description / Table of Contents: The latest Mars missions are returning data of unprecedented fidelity in their representation of the martian surface. New data include images with spatial resolution better than 30 cm per pixel, stereo imaging-derived terrain models with one meter postings, high-resolution imaging spectroscopy, and RADAR data that reveal subsurface structure. This book reveals how this information is being used to understand the evolution of martian landscapes, and includes topics such as fluvial flooding, permafrost and periglacial landforms, debris flows, deposition and erosion of sedimentary material, and the origin of lineaments on Phobos, the larger martian moon. Contemporary remote sensing data of Mars, on a par with those of Earth, reveal landscapes strikingly similar to regions of our own planet, so this book will be of interest to Earth scientists and planetary scientists alike. An overview chapter summarising Mars’ climate, geology and exploration is included for the benefit of those new to Mars.

Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF HYPOGENE SPELEOGENESIS Alexander Klimchouk HYPOGENE CAVE PATTERNS Philippe Audra, Ludovic Mocochain, Jean-Yves Bigot, and Jean-Claude Nobécourt MORPHOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF SPELEOGENESIS: HYPOGENIC SPELEOGENS Philippe Audra, Ludovic Mocochain, Jean-Yves Bigot, and Jean-Claude Nobécourt HYPOGENE CAVES IN DEFORMED (FOLD BELT) STRATA: OBSERVATIONS FROM EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND CENTRAL EUROPE R.A.L. Osborne IDENTIFYING PALEO WATER-ROCK INTERACTION DURING HYDROTHERMAL KARSTIFICATION: A STABLE ISOTOPE APPROACH Yuri Dublyansky and Christoph Spötl MICROORGANISMS AS SPELEOGENETIC AGENTS: GEOCHEMICAL DIVERSITY BUT GEOMICROBIAL UNITY P.J.Boston, M.N. Spilde, D.E. Northup, M.D. Curry, L.A. Melim, and L. Rosales-Lagarde SIDERITE WEATHERING AS A REACTION CAUSING HYPOGENE SPELEOGENESIS: THE EXAMPLE OF THE IBERG/HARZ/GERMANY Stephan Kempe SIMULATING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOLUTION CONDUITS IN HYPOGENE SETTINGS C. Rehrl, S. Birk, and A.B. Klimchouk EVOLUTION OF CAVES IN POROUS LIMESTONE BY MIXING CORROSION: A MODEL APPROACH Wolfgang Dreybrodt, Douchko Romanov, and Georg Kaufmann SPELEOGENESIS OF MEDITERRANEAN KARSTS: A MODELLING APPROACH BASED ON REALISTIC FRACTURE NETWORKS Antoine Lafare, Hervé Jourde, Véronique Leonardi, Séverin Pistre, and Nathalie Dörfliger GIANT COLLAPSE STRUCTURES FORMED BY HYPOGENIC KARSTIFICATION: THE OBRUKS OF THE CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY C. Serdar Bayari, N. Nur Ozyurt, and Emrah Pekkans ON THE ROLE OF HYPOGENE SPELEOGENESIS IN SHAPING THE COASTAL ENDOKARST OF SOUTHERN MALLORCA (WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN) Joaquín Ginés, Angel Ginés, Joan J. Fornós, Antoni Merino and Francesc Gràcia HYPOGENE CAVES IN THE APENNINES (ITALY) Sandro Galdenzi STEGBACHGRABEN, A MINERALIZED HYPOGENE CAVE IN THE GROSSARL VALLEY, AUSTRIA Yuri Dublyansky, Christoph Spötl, and Christoph Steinbauer HYPOGENE CAVES IN AUSTRIA Lukas Plan, Christoph Spötl, Rudolf Pavuza, Yuri Dublyansky KRAUSHÖHLE: THE FIRST SULPHURIC ACID CAVE IN THE EASTERN ALPS (STYRIA, AUSTRIA) (Abstract only) Lukas Plan, Jo De Waele, Philippe Audra, Antonio Rossi, and Christoph Spötl HYDROTHERMAL ORIGIN OF ZADLAŠKA JAMA, AN ANCIENT ALPINE CAVE IN THE JULIAN ALPS, SLOVENIA Martin Knez and Tadej Slabe ACTIVE HYPOGENE SPELEOGENESIS AND THE GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS AROUND THE EDGES OF ANTICLINAL RIDGES Amos Frumkin SEISMIC-SAG STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN TERTIARY CARBONATE ROCKS BENEATH SOUTHEASTERN FLORIDA, USA: EVIDENCE FOR HYPOGENIC SPELEOGENESIS? Kevin J. Cunningham and Cameron Walker HYPOGENE SPELEOGENESIS IN THE PIEDMONT CRIMEA RANGE A.B. Klimchouk, E.I. Tymokhina and G.N. Amelichev STYLES OF HYPOGENE CAVE DEVELOPMENT IN ANCIENT CARBONATE AREAS OVERLYING NON-PERMEABLE ROCKS IN BRAZIL AND THE INFLUENCE OF COMPETING MECHANISMS AND LATER MODIFYING PROCESSES Augusto S. Auler MORPHOLOGY AND GENESIS OF THE MAIN ORE BODY AT NANISIVIK ZINC/LEAD MINE, BAFFIN ISLAND, CANADA: AN OUTSTANDING EXAMPLE OF PARAGENETIC DISSOLUTION OF CARBONATE BEDROCKS WITH PENE-CONTEMPORANEOUS PRECIPITATION OF SULFIDES AND GANGUE MINERALS IN A HYPOGENE SETTING Derek Ford THE INFLUENCE OF HYPOGENE AND EPIGENE SPELEOGENESIS IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE VAZANTE KARST MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL Cristian Bittencourt, Augusto Sarreiro Auler, José Manoel dos Reis Neto, Vanio de Bessa and Marcus Vinícios Andrade Silva HYPOGENIC ASCENDING SPELEOGENESIS IN THE KRAKÓW-CZĘSTOCHOWA UPLAND (POLAND) ? EVIDENCE IN CAVE MORPHOLOGY AND SURFACE RELIEF Andrzej Tyc EVIDENCE FROM CERNA VALLEY CAVES (SW ROMANIA) FOR SULFURIC ACID SPELEOGENESIS: A MINERALOGICAL AND STABLE ISOTOPE STUDY Bogdan P. Onac, Jonathan Sumrall, Jonathan Wynn, Tudor Tamas, Veronica Dărmiceanu and Cristina Cizmaş THE POSSIBILITY OF REVERSE FLOW PIRACY IN CAVES OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN BELT (Abstract only) Ira D. Sasowsky KARSTOGENESIS AT THE PRUT RIVER VALLEY (WESTERN UKRAINE, PRUT AREA) Viacheslav Andreychouk and Bogdan Ridush ZOLOUSHKA CAVE: HYPOGENE SPELEOGENESIS OR REVERSE WATER THROUGHFLOW? V. Eirzhyk (Abstract only) EPIGENE AND HYPOGENE CAVES IN THE NEOGENE GYPSUM OF THE PONIDZIE AREA (NIECKA NIDZIAŃSKA REGION), POLAND Jan Urban, Viacheslav Andreychouk, and Andrzej Kasza PETRALONA CAVE: MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON ITS SPELEOGENESIS Georgios Lazaridis HYPOGENE SPELEOGENESIS IN MAINLAND NORWAY AND SVALBARD? Stein-Erik Lauritzen VILLA LUZ PARK CAVES: SPELEOGENESIS BASED ON CURRENT STRATIGRAPHIC AND MORPHOLOGIC EVIDENCE (Abstract only) Laura Rosales-Lagarde, Penelope J. Boston, Andrew Campbell, and Mike Pullin HYPOGENE KARSTIFICATION IN SAUDI ARABIA (LAYLA LAKE SINKHOLES, AIN HEETH CAVE) Stephan Kempe, Heiko Dirks, and Ingo Bauer HYPOGENE KARSTIFICATION IN JORDAN (BERGISH/AL-DAHER CAVE, UWAIYED CAVE, BEER AL-MALABEH SINKHOLE) Stephan Kempe, Ahmad Al-Malabeh, and Horst-Volker Henschel ASSESSING THE RELIABILITY OF 2D RESISTIVITY IMAGING TO MAP A DEEP AQUIFER IN CARBONATE ROCKS IN THE IRAQI KURDISTAN REGION Bakhtiar K. Aziz and Ezzaden N. Baban FEATURES OF GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE ORDINSKAYA UNDERWATER CAVE, FORE-URALS, RUSSIA Pavel Sivinskih

Description / Table of Contents: The African continent preserves a long geological record that covers almost 75% of Earth's history. The Pan-Africanorogeny (c.600–500 Ma) brought together old continental kernels (West Africa, Congo, Kalahari and Tanzania) to form Gondwana and subsequently the supercontinent Pangaea by the late Palaeozoic. The break-up of Pangaea since the Jurassic and Cretaceous, primarily through opening of the Central Atlantic, Indian, and South Atlantic oceans, in combination with the complicated subduction history to the north, gradually shaped the African continent. This volume contains 18 contributions that discuss the geology of Africa from the Archaean to the present day. It celebrates African geology in two ways: first, it highlights multidisciplinary Earth science research by viewing the formation and evolution of Africa from 18 different angles; second, it celebrates the work of Kevin Burke and Lewis Ashwal and portrays the wide range of interests and research angles that have characterized these two scientists throughout their careers, working in Africa, and studying African geology.

Description / Table of Contents: In this book geological the conditions of speleogenesis in the Miocene gypsum in the Western Ukraine are characterized, particularly the role of lithological and structural prerequisites in speleogenesis. The special attention is given to structural and textural unhomogeneities in the gypsum stratum and to their role in the formation of fractures. Fracture systems in the gypsum and the structure of the unique maze cave systems are examined in details. It is shown that speleo-initiating fractures in the gypsum strata belong to the lithogenetic type and form largely independent multi-storey networks, with each storey being confined within a certain vertical structural/textural zone (unit) of the stratum. This determines the multi-storey structure of the caves in the region. Two problems related to structural and textural characteristics of the gypsum stratum are discussed in details: the formation of giant dome structures by way of gypsum recrystallization during the synsedimentary and early diagenesis stages, and the genesis of fractures. Speleogenetic realization of the existing structural prerequisites occurred under conditions of a confined multi-storey artesian aquifer system due to an upward flow across the gypsum from the under-gypsum aquifer.

Description / Table of Contents: The past decade has witnessed a major revival in attempts to separate biodiversity signals from biases imposed by sampling and the architecture of the rock record. How large a problem this poses to our understanding of biodiversity patterns remains debatable, and new approaches are being developed to investigate this question. Here palaeobiologists with widely differing approaches and interests explore the problems of extracting reliable information on biodiversity change from an imperfect geological record. Topics covered range from the application of information-theoretic approaches that identify directional causal relationships to an in-depth study of how geological biases could influence our understanding of dinosaur evolution. A wide range of new insights into the links between the land, shallow-marine and deep-sea rock and fossil records are presented, making this volume invaluable to anyone in the Earth or life sciences who wishes to remain abreast of this dynamic and rapidly evolving research area.

Description / Table of Contents: Geological prior information represents a new and emerging field within the geosciences. Prior information is the term used to describe previously existing knowledge that can be brought to bear on a new problem. This volume describes a range of methods that can be used to find solutions to practical and theoretical problems using geological prior information, and the nature of geological information that can be so employed. As such, this volume defines how geology can be influential far beyond the confines of its own definition.

Description / Table of Contents: With growing attention on global environmental and climate change, geoscience has experienced rapid change and development in the last three decades. Many new data, methods and modeling techniques have been developed and applied in various aspects of geoscience. The chapters collected in this book present an excellent profile of the current state of various data, analysis methods and modeling techniques, and demonstrate their applications from hydrology, geology and paleogeomorphology, to geophysics, environmental and climate change. The wide range methods and techniques covered in the book include information systems and technology, global position system (GPS), digital sediment core image analysis, fuzzy set theory for hydrology, spatial interpolation, spectral analysis of geophysical data, GIS-based hydrological models, high resolution geological models, 3D sedimentology, change detection from remote sensing, etc. Besides two comprehensive review articles, most chapters focus on in-depth studies of a particular method or technique.

Description / Table of Contents: Monitoring of water and land objects enters a revolutionary age with the rise of ubiquitous remote sensing and public access. Earth monitoring satellites permit detailed, descriptive, quantitative, holistic, standardized, global evaluation of the state of the Earth skin in a manner that our actual Earthen civilization has never been able to before. The water monitoring topics covered in this book include the remote sensing of open water bodies, wetlands and small lakes, snow depth and underwater seagrass, along with a variety of remote sensing techniques, platforms, and sensors. The Earth monitoring topics include geomorphology, land cover in arid climate, and disaster assessment after a tsunami. Finally, advanced topics of remote sensing covers atmosphere analysis with GNSS signals, earthquake visual monitoring, and fundamental analyses of laser reflectometry in the atmosphere medium.

Description / Table of Contents: Submarine slopes provide the critical link between shallow-water and deep-water sedimentary environments. They accumulate a sensitive record of sediment supply, accommodation creation/destruction, and tectonic processes during basin filling. There is a complex stratigraphic response to the interplay between parameters that control the evolution of submarine slope systems, e.g. slope gradient, topographic complexity, sediment flux and calibre, base-level change,tectonic setting, and post-depositional sediment remobilization processes. The increased understanding of submarine slope system has been driven partly by the discovery of large hydrocarbon fields in morphologically complex slope settings, such as the Gulf of Mexico and offshore West Africa, and has led to detailed case studies and improved generic models for their evolution. This volume brings together research papers from modern, outcrop and subsurface settings to highlight these recent advances in understanding of the stratigraphic evolution of submarine slope systems.

Description / Table of Contents: The study of earthquakes combines science, technology and expertise in infrastructure and engineering in an effort to minimize human and material losses when their occurrence is inevitable. This book is devoted to various aspects of earthquake research and analysis, from theoretical advances to practical applications. Different sections are dedicated to ground motion studies and seismic site characterization, with regard to mitigation of the risk from earthquake and ensuring the safety of the buildings under earthquake loading. The ultimate goal of the book is to encourage discussions and future research to improve hazard assessments, dissemination of earthquake engineering data and, ultimately, the seismic provisions of building codes.

Description / Table of Contents: Ocean closure involves a variety of converging tectonic processes that reshape shrinking basins, their adjacent margins and the entire earth underneath. Following continental breakup, margin formation and sediment accumulation, tectonics normally relaxes and the margins become passive for millions of years. However, when final convergence is at the gate, the passive days of any ocean and its margins are over or soon will be. The fate of the Mediterranean and Persian Gulf is seemingly known beforehand, as they are nestled in the midst of Africa-Arabia plate convergence with Eurasia. Over millions of years through the Cenozoic era they progressively shriveled, leaving only a glimpse of the Tethys Ocean. Eventually, the basins will adhere to the Alpine-Himalaya orogen and dissipate. This book focuses on a unique stage in the ocean closure process, when significant convergence already induced major deformations, yet the inter-plate basins and margins still record the geological history.

Description / Table of Contents: This book ranges from the geologic-petrologic description of world-wide major volcanic fields unfamiliar to international literature, to the discussion and interpretation of the results in light of geophysical techniques. It focuses on several situations that represent large-scale volcanism on Earth, related both with intra-plate or active margins. Many large volcanic complexes of Easter countries are presented, including Japan, Siberian Russia, and Mongolia. A detailed account of the European volcanic province of the Pannonia basin and Central-Southern Spain is given. Southern hemisphere areas of Antarctica and Polynesia are considered as well. The chapters are very informative for those who wish for a guide to visiting, or are curious about main characteristics of the above volcanic areas, some of which are remote and not easily accessible.

Description / Table of Contents: The wide distribution of dolomite rocks in North American, Middle- and Far-Eastern hydrocarbon reservoirs is reason enough for their intensive study. In this volume dolomite enthusiasts review progress and define the current boundaries of dolomite research, related particularly to the importance of these rocks as reservoirs. As might be expected, reviews provide critical analyses of past ideas on origins and why many are no longer tenable. Discussions range between conceptual models and numerical simulations of the flow paths of dolomitizing fluids, geochemical modelling, and microbial mediation. Case studies from areas as diverse as North America, the Middle East, SE Asia and Australia provide a solid background but illustrate important differences in views on the origins of these enigmatic rocks.

Description / Table of Contents: This book, generated under the auspices of the Geological Society of London's History of Geology and Hydrogeological Groups, contains 20 papers from authors in the UK, USA, Germany and Austria. Historically, it gives examples of the influence of groundwater on battlefield tactics and fortress construction; describes how groundwater was developed for water supply and overcome as an obstacle to military engineering and cross-country vehicular movement by both sides in World Wars I and II; and culminates with examples of the application of hydrogeology to site boreholes in recent conflicts, notably in Afghanistan. Examples of current research described include hydrological model development; the impact of variations in soil moisture on explosive threat detection and cross-country vehicle mobility; contamination arising from defence sites and its remediation; privatization of water supplies; and the equitable allocation of resources derived from an international transboundary aquifer.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume is a state of the art look at our understanding of joint development in the crust. Answers are provided for such questions as the mechanisms by which joints are initiated, the factors controlling the path they follow during the propagation process, and the processes responsible for the arrest of joints. Many of the answers to these questions can be inferred from the geometry of joint surface morphology and joint patterns. Joints are a record of the orientation of stress at the time of propagation and as such they are also useful records of ancient stress fields, regional and local. Because outcrop and subsurface views of joints are limited, statistical techniques are required to characterize joints and joint sets. Finally, joints are subject to post-propagation stresses that further localize deformation and are the focus for the development of new structures.

Description / Table of Contents: Faults and their deeper level equivalents, shear zones, are localized regions of intense deformation within the Earth. They are recognized at all scales from micro to plate boundary, and are important examples of the nature of heterogeneous deformation in natural rocks. Faults and shear zones are significant as they profoundly influence the location, architecture and evolution of a broad range of geological phenomenao The topography and bathymetry of the Earth’s surface is marked by mountain belts and sedimentary basins that are controlled by faults and shear zoneso In addition, faults and shear zones control fluid migration and transport including hydrothermal and hydrocarbon systems. Once faults and shear zones are established, they are often long-lived features prone to multiple reactivation over very large time-scales. This collection of papers addresses lithospheric deformation and the rheology of shear zones, together with processes of partitioning and the unravelling of fault and shear zone histories.

Description / Table of Contents: This publication reflects a growing appreciation of yhe extent to which turbidite depositional system development is fundamentally affected by basin-floor topography. In the many turbidite and turbidite hydrocarbon reservoirs, depositional patterns have been moderately to strongly confined by pre-existing slopes; thus 'submarine fans' may be far from fan-shaped where constrained by significant bathymetric features. This volume examines aspects of sediment dispersal and accumulation in deep-water systems where sea-floor topography has exerted a decisive control on deposition, and explores the associated controls on hydrocarbon reservoir architecture and heterogeneity. The papers presented here offer a global perspective, which is wide-ranging in terms of approach as well as location, including contrasting reviews and case studies of outcrop, subsurface, modern and experimental systems. This book will be of use both to academic geologists and to geoscience professionals in industry dealing with characterization and modelling of deep-water clastic reservoirs.

Description / Table of Contents: Recycling of oceanic plate back into the Earth’s interior at subduction zones is one of the key processes in Earth evolution. Volcanic arcs, which form above subduction zones, are the most visible manifestations of plate tectonics, the convection mechanism by which the Earth loses excess heat They are probably also the main location where new continental crust is formed, the so-called ‘subduction factoiy’ About 400f modern subduction zones on Earth are intra-oceanic. These subduction systems are generally simpler than those at continental margins as they commonly have a shorter history of subduction and their magmas are not contaminated by ancient sialic crust. They are therefore the optimum locations for studies of mantle processes and magmatic addition to the crust in subduction zones. This volume contains a collection of papers that exploit the relative simplicity of intra-oceanic subduction systems to provide insights into the tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal processes associated with subduction.

Description / Table of Contents: This publication introduces the newly developed, integrated discipline of fracture and in-situstress characterization of hydrocarbon reservoirs, through 16 well-illustrated case studies. These cover a wide range of tools, from borehole Scale (logs and cores) to reservoir scale (3-D and 4-D seismic). It also covers surface studies (outcrop and remote sensing). In addition, it addresses the impact of fractures and in-situ stresses on fluid flows and their simulation. This volume deals with a subject that is gaining increasing interest with the advancement of technologies and shifting boundaries of marginal fields into more challenging ground. Fractures and their response to current-day in-situ stresses have become a crucial part of reservoir characterization in deep tight reservoirs. In addition, maturing reservoirs, which were considered as 'conventional' at discovery, are displaying symptoms characteristic of fractures and/or geomechanical contribution. This has lead to the need to delineate the fractures and the stresses in these reservoirs and revise reservoir management accordingly. The book will be of interest to a broad range of readers from both academic and industrial institutes, who are researching and dealing with hydrocarbon reservoir characterization, simulation and management.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume focuses on Late Mesoproterozoic to early Cambrian events related to Gondwana assembly and break up. The nineteen papers provide a comprehensive review including advanced knowledge and new data from all critical areas of East Gondwana. The recent knowledge of the evolution of East Gondwana, which was regarded as an integral part of the Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Rodinia, is the major theme of the volume, which is reinforced by highlighting this radical and new understanding of the evolution of this region. This volume is of use as both a text and reference book for Earth Science postgraduates, and should appeal worldwide to professional geologists with an interest in Rodinia, Gondwana and that important transition from the Proterozoic to the Phanerozoic Earth.

Description / Table of Contents: The North Atlantic Igneous Province has been the subject of extensive scientific investigation over the past thirty years, with a wide field of knowledge being accumulated. Recently, recognition of the potential role of Large Igneous Provinces in affecting ocean and atmosphere systems and biotic evolutionary pathways has lead to increased interest in this province. This has been further stimulated by the expansion in the search for oil and gas in Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments along the NE Atlantic Margin. An improved understanding of the interaction between igneous and sedimentary processes is vital for the identification of potential hydrocarbon resources. The regions covered include continental margin Norway, east and west Greenland, the Faroe-Shetland Basin and the Faroe Islands themselves. The papers in this book contain new data and interpretations of North Atlantic Igneous Province magmatic processes, rift evolution, tectonics, stratigraphy (chemostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, seismic and isotope stratigraphy) and sediment dispersal. Many of the papers adopt a multidisciplinary approach to tha analysis and interpretation of complex volcanic and sedimentary sequences. These new data, and the reviews and compilations of existing data provide the reader with access to current research directions in North Atlantic Igneous Province geology.

Description / Table of Contents: Sustainable development of groundwater resources is a key environmental and social issue for the future. To manage groundwater resources efficiently it is necessary to include protection of springs, river flows and water levels dependent on groundwater discharges, while concurrently maintaining abstractions for water supply and economic benefit. Obtaining this balance between human and environmental needs, and protecting valuable groundwater resources from over-exploitation and pollution, presents a challenge to hydrogeologists that is reflected in the approaches and case studies contained in this volume. This volume should be of interest to researchers, regulators and practitioners in hydrogeology as well as postgraduate students following courses in hydrogeology, water resources engineering and environmental management.

Description / Table of Contents: This book includes several geomorphological studies up-to-date, incorporating different disciplines and methodologies, always focused on methods, tools and general issues of environmental and applied geomorphology. In designing the book the integration of multiple methodological fields (geomorphological mapping, remote sensing, meteorological and climate analysis, vegetation and biogeomorphological investigations, geographic information systems GIS, land management methods), study areas, countries and continents (Europe, America, Asia, Africa) are considered.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is the third of a series highlighting this topic of major importance for recent developments in geodynamics. Temporal variation of deformation and gravity fields recorded by geodetic measuring techniques (either from ground surface or space) and reflecting isostatic, tectonic or volcanic processes in the earth's interior as well as hydrologic, oceanographic or climatic processes, have made a basic tool for research and monitoring. Part of the papers collected in this topical volume were presented at the 3rd Workshop on “Deformation and Gravity Change: Indicators of Isostasy, Tectonics, Volcanism and Climate Change” which took place at the Casa de los Volcanes on Lanzarote, Spain, during February 23-26, 2009. The book addresses researchers and graduate students in the Earth sciences, who are interested in surface and crustal processes, as well as geotechnical engineers.

Description / Table of Contents: The Tsunami from the 1960 Chilean earthquake affected the entire Pacific Ocean and motivated the international coordination on tsunami research and warning systems around the Pacific. However, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami affected the entire world, and reminded that tsunamis are not a local or regional problem but a global issue. This volume contains 18 papers, mostly presented at the 24th International Tsunami Symposium held in 14-16 July 2009. They reflect the current state of tsunami science, including case studies of earthquake-generated tsunamis, tsunami forecasting and hazard assessments, and theoretical and computational modeling of tsunami generation, propagation and coastal behavior.

Description / Table of Contents: Earthquake fault zones exhibit hierarchical damage and granular structures with evolving geometrical and material properties. Understanding how repeated brittle deformation form the structures and how the structures affect subsequent earthquakes is a rich problem involving coupling of various processes that operate over broad space and time scales. The diverse state-of-the-art papers collected here show how insight can come from many fields including statistical physics, structural geology and rock mechanics at large scales; elasticity, friction and nonlinear continuum mechanics at intermediate scales; and fracture mechanics, granular mechanics and surface physics at small scales. This volume will be useful to students and professional researchers from Earth Sciences, Material Sciences, Engineering, Physics and other disciplines, who are interested in the properties of natural fault zones and the processes that occur between and during earthquakes.

Description / Table of Contents: This topical issue of the Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics focuses on research related to dew and various types of fog occurring around the globe which was presented on July 25-30, 2010, at the 5th International Conference on Fog, Fog Collection, and Dew in Münster, Germany. The areas of knowledge in this field include surface in-situ and remote sensing observations of fog, dew, fog collection, applications of the various fog models (such as 1D, 2D, and 3D fog and forecasting models), microphysical parameterizations, and climatology. This volume gives a very good review of the existing knowledge and highlights the remaining difficulties in predicting and measuring fog at various scales of time and space. It also represents an important step in the direction of addressing new scientific challenges in fog and dew related research, teaching, and operational applications. Students as well as researchers, who are interested either in fog, in association with cloud physics, physical meteorology, aviation meteorology, climatology, weather forecasting and nowcasting, or in other adjacent disciplines like hydrometeorology, environment, and agriculture, will benefit from consulting and reading this topical issue. This publication was significantly supported by the Canadian National Search And Rescue (SAR) Secretariat by funding the Fog Remote Sensing and Modeling (FRAM) Project led by Dr. Ismail Gultepe since 2005.

Description / Table of Contents: The book gives a general overview of recent approaches to debris flows. Problems of both occurrences and dynamics of debris flow are treated, taking into account new results from theoretical and experimental research and field observations. Finally, the functioning of the main control devices are reconsidered in the light of the state of the art. Contents: Observation and Measurement for Debris Flow - Introduction, Prediction of Debris Flow for Warning and Evacuation, Large and Small Debris Flows - Occurence and Behaviour, Field Survey for Debris Flow in Volcanic Area.- Dynamics of Debris Flow - Introduction, A Comparison Between Gravity Flows of Dry Sand and Sand-Water Mixtures, Review Dynamic Modeling of Debris Flows, Dynamics of the Inertial and Viscous Debris Flows, Selected Notes on Debris Flow Dynamicss.- Control Measures for Debris Flow - Introduction, Development of New Methods for Countermeasures against Debris Flows, Torrent Check Dams as a Control Measure for Debris Flows, On the Dynamic Impact of Debris Flows.

Description / Table of Contents: The climate of the early Earth was probably very warm and has, in general, reduced since the Archean. However, it now seems that the world is about 0.6°C warmer than it was 100 years ago and estimates of the rate of global warming over the next century range from 0.16°C to 0.35°C per decade. Concurrently, global sea-level is predicted to rise from 2.4 to 10 cm per decade. These rates of change are much faster than those normally associated with the geological record, causing geologists and palaeontologists to reassess their data and their forecasts on rates of future change. With the current interest in global climatic change and, more specifically, with global warming, it is clear that palaeontologists have valuable information to provide on the impacts of past climatic change. This volume contains papers from an international array of such geologists and palaeontologists, showing how studies of micro- and macrofossils, plant and vertebrate fossils from a range of geological ages have contributed to our understanding of how climate affects both local and more widespread areas. The contributions are arranged in geological order, ranging from the Permo-Carboniferous to the post-glacial recovery of the last 18,000 years, with an emphasis on climate change during the last two million years, particularly in NW Europe. Climates: Past and Present will be of interest to palaeontologists, geologists and palaeoclimatologists who specialize in climatic reconstructions and any professionals enagaged in research into the geological aspects of climate change.

Description / Table of Contents: The review chapters in this volume were the basis for a short course on molecular modeling theory jointly sponsored by the Geochemical Society (GS) and the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) May 18-20, 2001 in Roanoke, Virginia which was held prior to the 2001 Goldschmidt Conference in nearby Hot Springs, Virginia. Dr. William C. Luth has had a long and distinguished career in research, education and in the government. He was a leader in experimental petrology and in training graduate students at Stanford University. His efforts at Sandia National Laboratory and at the Department of Energy's headquarters resulted in the initiation and long-term support of many of the cutting edge research projects whose results form the foundations of these short courses. Bill's broad interest in understanding fundamental geochemical processes and their applications to national problems is a continuous thread through both his university and government career. He retired in 1996, but his efforts to foster excellent basic research, and to promote the development of advanced analytical capabilities gave a unique focus to the basic research portfolio in Geosciences at the Department of Energy. He has been, and continues to be, a friend and mentor to many of us. It is appropriate to celebrate his career in education and government service with this series of courses in cutting-edge geochemistry that have particular focus on Department of Energy-related science, at a time when he can still enjoy the recognition of his contributions. Molecular modeling methods have become important tools in many areas of geochemical and mineralogical research. Theoretical methods describing atomistic and molecular-based processes are now commonplace in the geosciences literature and have helped in the interpretation of numerous experimental, spectroscopic, and field observations. Dramatic increases in computer power-involving personal computers, workstations, and massively parallel supercomputers-have helped to increase our knowledge of the fundamental processes in geochemistry and mineralogy. All researchers can now have access to the basic computer hardware and molecular modeling codes needed to evaluate these processes. The purpose of this volume of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry is to provide the student and professional with a general introduction to molecular modeling methods and a review of various applications of the theory to problems in the geosciences. Molecular mechanics methods that are reviewed include energy minimization, lattice dynamics, Monte Carlo methods, and molecular dynamics. Important concepts of quantum mechanics and electronic structure calculations, including both molecular orbital and density functional theories, are also presented. Applications cover a broad range of mineralogy and geochemistry topics-from atmospheric reactions to fluid-rock interactions to properties of mantle and core phases. Emphasis is placed on the comparison of molecular simulations with experimental data and the synergy that can be generated by using both approaches in tandem. We hope the content of this review volume will help the interested reader to quickly develop an appreciation for the fundamental theories behind the molecular modeling tools and to become aware of the limits in applying these state-of-the-art methods to solve geosciences problems.

Description / Table of Contents: The mitigation of earthquake-related hazards represents a key role in the modern society. The mitigation of such kind of hazards spans from detailed studies on seismicity, evaluation of site effects, and seismo-induced landslides, tsunamis as well as and the design and analysis of structures to resist such actions. The study of earthquakes ties together science, technology and expertise in infrastructure and engineering in an effort to minimize human and material losses when they inevitably occur. Chapters deal with different topics aiming to mitigate geo-hazards such as: Seismic hazard analysis, Ground investigation for seismic design, Seismic design, assessment and remediation, Earthquake site response analysis and soil-structure interaction analysis.

Description / Table of Contents: The mitigation of earthquake-related hazards represents a key role in the modern society. The main goal of this book is to present 9 scientific papers focusing on new research and results on earthquake seismology. Chapters of this book focus on several aspect of seismology ranging from historical earthquake analysis, seismotectonics, and damage estimation of critical facilities.

Description / Table of Contents: This book comprises the proceedings for the International Conference for Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing (HF2013) which was held 20-22 May 2013 in Brisbane, Australia. The conference goal was to advance hydraulic fracturing technology that is effective in its purpose and sustainable in its impacts on communities and environments by bringing together hydraulic fracturing experts not only from the petroleum industry, but also from other application areas of hydraulic fracturing such as mining and geothermal energy production. Topics include hydraulic fracturing of naturally fractured formations, well completions and fracture initiation, induced seismicity, experimental investigations, and coupled modelling. Beyond this mix of traditional hydraulic fracturing research topics, this book includes papers on applications in mining and also on regulations, risk, and communities.

Description / Table of Contents: This special issue of Pure and Applied Geophysics is the second of two volumes containing an augmented collection of papers originating from the Evison Symposium on Seismogenesis and Earthquake Forecasting held in Wellington, New Zealand, in February 2008. The volumes honor Frank Evison's interest in earthquake generation and forecasting. This volume includes descriptions of earthquake forecasting test centers through the Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP) program and the first results from the Regional Earthquake Likelihood Model (RELM) experiment in California. Other papers discuss methods of testing predictions, in particular by the use of error diagrams. There is discussion of prediction methodologies using seismicity, including an application of the statistical technique of Hidden Markov Models to identify changes in seismicity and a new technique for identifying precursory quiescence. Several papers employ other data besides seismicity, such as geologically determined faults, calculations of stress changes via Coulomb stress modeling, tomographically determined velocity structure, groundwater, crustal deformation, and comparisons of real earthquakes to synthetic seismicity determined from hypothesized earthquake physics. One paper focuses on the prediction of human casualties in the event that a large earthquake occurs anywhere on the globe. The volume will be useful to students and professional researchers who are interested in the earthquake preparation process and in converting that understanding into forecasts of earthquake occurrence.

Description / Table of Contents: “Geodynamics of the Mexican Pacific Margin” presents the results of studies from various disciplines whose common goal is to better understand the complex geodynamic processes that exist along the Pacific margin of Mexico. The seventeen papers include contributions in the fields of seismology, marine geophysics, geomorphology, petrology, geodesy, and subductology presented by investigators from Mexico, France, Spain, and the USA. These contributions illustrate why the Mexican Pacific margin is fertile ground for investigating a wide and rare combination of current geodynamic processes such as subduction, continental rifting and associated seismicity, deformations and magmatism. The volume will be useful to a diverse group of investigators whose interests include the geodynamics of western Mexico in particular, and geodynamics in general.

Description / Table of Contents: Several years ago, John Rakovan and John Hughes (colleagues at Miami of Ohio), and later Matt Kohn (at South Carolina), separately proposed short courses on phosphate minerals to the Council of the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA). Council suggested that they join forces. Thus this volume, Phosphates: Geochemical, Geobiological, and Materials Importance, was organized. It was prepared in advance of a short course of the same title, sponsored by MSA and presented at Golden, Colorado, October 25-27. We are pleased to present this volume entitled Phosphates: Geochemical, Geobiological and Materials Importance. Phosphate minerals are an integral component of geological and biological systems. They are found in virtually all rocks, are the major structural component of vertebrates, and when dissolved are critical for biological activity. This volume represents the work of many authors whose research illustrates how the unique chemical and physical behavior of phosphate minerals permits a wide range of applications that encompasses phosphate mineralogy, petrology, biomineralization, geochronology, and materials science. While diverse, these fields are all linked structurally, crystal-chemically and geochemically. As geoscientists turn their attention to the intersection of the biological, geological, and material science realms, there is no group of compounds more germane than the phosphates. The chapters of this book are grouped into five topics: Mineralogy and Crystal Chemistry, Petrology, Biomineralization, Geochronology, and Materials Applications. In the first section, three chapters are devoted to mineralogical aspects of apatite, a phase with both inorganic and organic origins, the most abundant phosphate mineral on earth, and the main mineral phase in the human body. Monazite and xenotime are highlighted in a fourth chapter, which includes their potential use as solid-state radioactive waste repositories. The Mineralogy and Crystal Chemistry section concludes with a detailed examination of the crystal chemistry of 244 other naturally-occurring phosphate phases and a listing of an additional 126 minerals. In the Petrology section, three chapters detail the igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary aspects of phosphate minerals. A fourth chapter provides a close look at analyzing phosphates for major, minor, and trace elements using the electron microprobe. A final chapter treats the global geochemical cycling of phosphate, a topic of intense, current geochemical interest. The Biomineralization section begins with a summary of the current state of research on bone, dentin and enamel phosphates, a topic that crosses disciplines that include mineralogical, medical, and dental research. The following two chapters treat the stable isotope and trace element compositions of modern and fossil biogenic phosphates, with applications to paleontology, paleoclimatology, and paleoecology. The Geochronology section focuses principally on apatite and monazite for U-ThPb, (U- Th)/He, and fission-track age determinations; it covers both classical geochronologic techniques as well as recent developments. The final section-Materials Applications-highlights how phosphate phases play key roles in fields such as optics, luminescence, medical engineering and prosthetics, and engineering of radionuclide repositories. These chapters provide a glimpse of the use of natural phases in engineering and biomedical applications and illustrate fruitful areas of future research in geochemical, geobiological and materials science. We hope all chapters in this volume encourage researchers to expand their work on all aspects of natural and synthetic phosphate compounds.

Description / Table of Contents: Since the dawn of life on earth, organisms have played roles in mineral formation in processes broadly known as biomineralization. This biologically-mediated organization of aqueous ions into amorphous and crystalline materials results in materials that are as simple as adventitious precipitates or as complex as exquisitely fabricated structures that meet specialized functionalities. The purpose of this volume of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry is to provide students and professionals in the earth sciences with a review that focuses upon the various processes by which organisms direct the formation of minerals. Our framework of examining biominerals from the viewpoints of major mineralization strategies distinguishes this volume from most previous reviews. The review begins by introducing the reader to over-arching principles that are needed to investigate biomineralization phenomena and shows the current state of knowledge regarding the major approaches to mineralization that organisms have developed over the course of Earth history. By exploring the complexities that underlie the "synthesis" of biogenic materials, and therefore the basis for how compositions and structures of biominerals are mediated (or not), we believe this volume will be instrumental in propelling studies of biomineralization to a new level of research questions that are grounded in an understanding of the underlying biological phenomena.

Description / Table of Contents: Few subjects have caught the attention of the entire world as much as those dealing with natural hazards. The first decade of this new millennium provides a litany of tragic examples of various hazards that turned into disasters affecting millions of individuals around the globe. The human losses (some 225,000 people) associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the economic costs (approximately 200 billion USD) of the 2011 Tohoku Japan earthquake, tsunami and reactor event, and the collective social impacts of human tragedies experienced during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 all provide repetitive reminders that we humans are temporary guests occupying a very active and angry planet. Any examples may have been cited here to stress the point that natural events on Earth may, and often do, lead to disasters and catastrophes when humans place themselves into situations of high risk. Few subjects share the true interdisciplinary dependency that characterizes the field of natural hazards. From geology and geophysics to engineering and emergency response to social psychology and economics, the study of natural hazards draws input from an impressive suite of unique and previously independent specializations. Natural hazards provide a common platform to reduce disciplinary boundaries and facilitate a beneficial synergy in the provision of timely and useful information and action on this critical subject matter. As social norms change regarding the concept of acceptable risk and human migration leads to an explosion in the number of megacities, coastal over-crowding and unmanaged habitation in precarious environments such as mountainous slopes, the vulnerability of people and their susceptibility to natural hazards increases dramatically. Coupled with the concerns of changing climates, escalating recovery costs, a growing divergence between more developed and less developed countries, the subject of natural hazards remains on the forefront of issues that affect all people, nations, and environments all the time. This treatise provides a compendium of critical, timely and very detailed information and essential facts regarding the basic attributes of natural hazards and concomitant disasters. The Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards effectively captures and integrates contributions from an international portfolio of almost 300 specialists whose range of expertise addresses over 330 topics pertinent to the field of natural hazards. Disciplinary barriers are overcome in this comprehensive treatment of the subject matter. Clear illustrations and numerous color images enhance the primary aim to communicate and educate. The inclusion of a series of unique “classic case study” events interspersed throughout the volume provides tangible examples linking concepts, issues, outcomes and solutions. These case studies illustrate different but notable recent, historic and prehistoric events that have shaped the world as we now know it. They provide excellent focal points linking the remaining terms in the volume to the primary field of study. This Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards will remain a standard reference of choice for many years.

Description / Table of Contents: In Materials Science, investigations aiming to prepare new types of molecular sieves (porous materials) have opened a productive field of research inspired by the crystal structures of minerals. These new molecular sieves are distinct from zeolites in that they have different kinds of polyhedra that build up their structures. Of particular interest are the new molecular sieves characterized by a mixed "octahedral"-tetrahedral framework (heteropolyhedral frameworks), instead of a purely tetrahedral framework as in zeolites. Heteropolyhedral compounds have been extensively studied since the early 1990's, with particular attention having been focused on titanosilicates, such as ETS-4 (synthetic analog of the mineral zorite) and ETS-10. However, titanosilicates are not the only representatives of novel microporous mineral phases. The search for "octahedral"-tetrahedral silicates was extended to metals other than titanium, for instance, the zirconosilicates with the preparation of synthetic counterparts of the minerals gaidonnayite, petarasite and umbite. Many microporous heteropolyhedral compounds containing metals such as Nb, V, Sn, Ca and lanthanides, have been reported and a wide number of distinct structural types (e.g., rhodesite-delhayelite and tobermorite) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Moreover, the potential applications of these novel materials have been evaluated, particularly in the areas of catalysis, separation of molecular species, ion exchange and optical and magnetic properties. A comprehensive review of the mineralogical, structural, chemical and crystal-chemical studies carried on natural phases may be extremely useful to inspire and favor investigations on analogs or related synthetic materials. A similar synergy between mineralogists and materials scientists already occurred in the "classical" case of zeolites, in which the wide and deep structural and crystal-chemical knowledge accumulated in the study of the natural phases was extraordinarily useful to the chemists who are active in the field of molecular sieves. In particular, the structural investigation of the natural phases may be extremely rewarding and helpful in orienting the work of synthesis and in understanding the nature of the synthetic products, for the following reasons: Whereas rarely the crystalline synthetic products are suitable for single-crystal structural investigations, the natural counterparts are often well crystallized. Crystallization in nature occurs from chemical systems characterized by a wide compositional range, thus producing compounds with a very rich and variable crystal chemistry, which may provide precious information, suggesting possible substituting elements and addressing the synthetic work in a very productive way. The present volume follows a meeting on "Micro- and mesoporous mineral phases" (Rome, December 6-7, 2004) that was jointly organized by the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (ANL) and the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) via its Commission on Inorganic and Mineral Structures (CIMS). The meeting was convened by Fausto Calderazzo, Giovanni Ferraris, Stefano Merlino and Annibale Mottana and financially supported by several other organizations representing both Mineralogy (e.g., the International Mineralogical Association and the European Mineralogical Union) and Crystallography (e.g., the European Crystallographic Association and the Italian Association of Crystallography). To participants, ANL staff, organizations, and, in general, all involved persons, our sincere acknowledgments; in particular, we are grateful to Annibale Mottana who was able to convince the ANL Academicians to schedule and support the meeting. This volume of the RiMG series highlights the present knowledge on micro- and mesoporous mineral phases, with focus on their crystal-chemical aspects, occurrence and porous activity in nature and experiments. As zeolites are the matter of numerous ad hoc meetings and books - including two volumes in this series - they do not specifically appear in the present volume. The phases of the sodalite and cancrinite-davyne groups, which mineralogists consider distinct from zeolites, are instead considered (in the order, chapter 7 by W. Depmeier and part of chapter 8 by E. Bonaccorsi and S. Merlino, respectively). The first two chapters of the volume cover general aspects of porous materials. This includes the application of the IUPAC nomenclature developed for ordered porous materials to non-zeolite mineral phases (L.B. McCusker, chapter 1) and the extension to heteropolyhedral structures of a topological description by using nodes representing the coordination polyhedra (S.V. Krivovichev, chapter 2). Chapters from 3 to 7 are dedicated to various groups of heteropolyhedral porous structures for which the authors emphasize some of the more general aspects according to their research specialization. G. Ferraris and A. Gula (chapter 3) put the emphasis on the modular aspects of well-known porous phases (such as sepiolite, palygorskite and rhodesite-related structures) as well as on heterophyllosilicates that may be not strictly porous phases (according to the definition given in chapter 1) but could be the starting basis for pillared materials. The porous mineral phases typical of hyperalkaline rocks (such as eudialytes and labuntsovites) are discussed by N.V. Chukanov and I.V. Pekov under their crystal-chemical (chapter 4) and minerogenetic (chapter 5) aspects showing the role of ion exchange during the geological evolution from primary to later phases, with experimental cation exchange data also being reported. J. Rocha and Z. Lin (chapter 6) emphasize how research on the synthesis of octahedral-pentahedral-tetrahedral framework silicates has been inspired and motivated by the many examples of such materials provided by nature; synthesis, structure and possible technological applications of a wide number of these materials are also described. Following chapters 7 and 8 - which besides the cancrinite-davyne group, presents the crystallographic features of the minerals in the tobermorite and gyrolite groups - M. Pasero (chapter 9) illustrates the topological and polysomatic aspects of the "tunnel oxides," a historical name applied to porous oxides related to MnO2, and reviews their main technological applications. The next two chapters (10 and 11) draw attention to "unexpected" porous materials like apatite and sulfides. T.J. White and his team (chapter 10) convincingly show that the apatite structure type displays porous properties, some of which are already exploited. Chapter 10 also contains two appendices that report crystal and synthesis data for hundreds of synthetic apatites, a number that demonstrates how wide the interest is for this class of compounds. E. Makovicky (chapter 11) analyzes the structures of natural and synthetic sulfides and selenides showing that, even if experimental work proving porous activity is practically still missing, several structure types display promising channels. Chapter 12, by M. Mellini, is the only one dedicated to mesoporous mineral phases - which are crystalline compounds with pores wider than 2 nm. Examples discussed are carbon nanotubes, fullerenes - which occur also in nature - chrysotile, opal and, moving from channels to cages, clathrates.

Description / Table of Contents: The importance of sulfide minerals in ores has long been, and continues to be, a major reason for the interest of mineralogists and geochemists in these materials. Determining the fundamental chemistry of sulfides is key to understanding their conditions of formation and, hence, the geological processes by which certain ore deposits have formed. This, in turn, may inform the strategies used in exploration for such deposits and their subsequent exploitation. In this context, knowledge of structures, stabilities, phase relations and transformations, together with the relevant thermodynamic and kinetic data, is critical. As with many geochemical systems, much can also be learned from isotopic studies. The practical contributions of mineralogists and geochemists to sulfide studies extend beyond areas related to geological applications. The mining of sulfide ores, to satisfy ever increasing world demand for metals, now involves extracting very large volumes of rock that contains a few percent at most (and commonly less than one percent) of the metal being mined. This is true of relatively low value metals such as copper; for the precious metals commonly occurring as sulfides, or associated with them, the mineable concentrations (grades) are very much lower. The "as-mined" ores therefore require extensive processing in order to produce a concentrate with a much higher percentage content of the metal being extracted. Such mineral processing (beneficiation) involves crushing and grinding of the ores to a very fine grain size in order to liberate the valuable metal-bearing (sulfide) minerals which can then be concentrated. In some cases, the metalliferous (sulfide) minerals may have specific electrical or magnetic properties that can be exploited to enable separation and, hence, concentration. More commonly, froth flotation is used, whereby the surfaces of particles of a particular mineral phase are rendered water repellent by the addition of chemical reagents and hence are attracted to air bubbles pulsed through a mineral particle-water-reagent pulp. An understanding of the surface chemistry and surface reactivity of sulfide minerals is central to this major industrial process and, of course, knowledge of electrical and magnetic properties is very important in cases where those particular properties can be utilized. In the years since the publication of the first ever Reviews in Mineralogy volume (1974, at that time called MSA "Short Course Notes") which was entitled Sulfide Mineralogy, sulfides have become a focus of research interest for reasons centering on at least two other areas in addition to their key role in ore deposit studies and mineral processing technology. It is in these two new areas that much of the research on sulfides has been concentrated in recent years. The first of these areas relates to the capacity of sulfides to react with natural waters and acidify them; the resulting Acid Rock Drainage (ARD), or Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) where the sulfides are the waste products of mining, has the capacity to damage or destroy vegetation, fish and other aquatic life forms. These acid waters may also accelerate the dissolution of associated minerals containing potentially toxic elements (e.g., As, Pb, Cd, Hg, etc.) and these may, in turn, cause environmental damage. The much greater public awareness of the need to prevent or control AMD and toxic metal pollution has led to regulation and legislation in many parts of the world, and to the funding of research programs aimed at a greater understanding of the factors controlling the breakdown of sulfide minerals. The second reason for even greater research interest in sulfide minerals arose initially from the discoveries of active hydrothermal systems in the deep oceans. The presence of life forms that have chemical rather than photosynthetic metabolisms, and that occur in association with newly-forming sulfides, has encouraged research on the potential of sulfide surfaces in catalyzing the reactions leading to assembling of the complex molecules needed for life on Earth. These developments have been associated with a great upsurge of interest in the interactions between microbes and minerals, and in the role that minerals can play in biological systems. In the rapidly growing field of geomicrobiology, metal sulfides are of major interest. This interest is related to a variety of processes including, for example, those where bacteria interact with sulfides as part of their metabolic activity and cause chemical changes such as oxidation or reduction, or those in which biogenic sulfide minerals perform a specific function, such as that of navigation in magnetotactic bacteria. The development of research in areas such as geomicrobiology and environmental mineralogy and geochemistry, is also leading to a greater appreciation of the role of sulfides (particularly the iron sulfides) in the geochemical cycling of the elements at or near the surface of the Earth. For example, the iron sulfides precipitated in the reducing environments beneath the surface of modern sediments in many estuarine areas may play a key role in the trapping of toxic metals and other pollutants. In our understanding of "Earth Systems," geochemical processes involving metal sulfides are an important part of the story. The main objective of the present text is to provide an up-to-date review of sulfide mineralogy and geochemistry. The emphasis is, therefore, on such topics as crystal structure and classification, electrical and magnetic properties, spectroscopic studies, chemical bonding, high and low temperature phase relations, thermochemistry, and stable isotope systematics. In the context of this book, emphasis is on metal sulfides sensu stricto where only the compounds of sulfur with one or more metals are considered. Where it is appropriate for comparison, there is brief discussion of the selenide or telluride analogs of the metal sulfides. When discussing crystal structures and structural relationships, the sulfosalt minerals as well as the sulfides are considered in some detail (see Chapter 2; also for definition of the term "sulfosalt"). However, in other chapters there is only limited discussion of sulfosalts, in part because there is little information available beyond knowledge of chemical composition and crystal structure.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE Phase transformations occur in most types of materials, including ceramics, metals, polymers, diverse organic and inorganic compounds, minerals, and even crystalline viruses. They have been studied in almost all branches of science, but particularly in physics, chemistry, engineering, materials science and earth sciences. In some cases the objective has been to produce materials in which phase transformations are suppressed, to preserve the structural integrity of some engineering product, for example, while in other cases the objective is to maximise the effects of a transformation, so as to enhance properties such as superconductivity, for example. A long tradition of studying transformation processes in minerals has evolved from the need to understand the physical and thermodynamic properties of minerals in the bulk earth and in the natural environment at its surface. The processes of interest have included magnetism, ferroelasticity, ferroelectricity, atomic ordering, radiation damage, polymorphism, amorphisation and many others—in fact there are very few minerals which show no influence of transformation processes in the critical range of pressures and temperatures relevant to the earth. As in all other areas of science, an intense effort has been made to turn qualitative under-standing into quantitative description and prediction via the simultaneous development of theory, experiments and simulations. In the last few years rather fast progress has been made in this context, largely through an inter-disciplinary effort, and it seemed to us to be timely to produce a review volume for the benefit of the wider scientific community which summarises the current state of the art. The selection of transformation processes covered here is by no means comprehensive, but represents a coherent view of some of the most important processes which occur specifically in minerals. A number of the contributors have been involved in a European Union funded research network with the same theme, under the Training and Mobility of Researchers programme, which has stimulated much of the most recent progress in some of the areas covered. This support is gratefully acknowledged.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume was prepared for Short Course on Stable Isotope Geochemistry presented November 2-4, 2001 in conjunction with the annual meetings of the Geological Society of America in Boston, Massachusetts. This volume follows the 1986 Reviews in Mineralogy (Vol. 16) in approach but reflects significant changes in the field of Stable Isotope Geochemistry. In terms of new technology, new sub-disciplines, and numbers of researchers, the field has changed more in the past decade than in any other since that of its birth. Unlike the 1986 volume, which was restricted to high temperature fields, this book covers a wider range of disciplines. However, it would not be possible to fit a comprehensive review into a single volume. Our goal is to provide state-ofthe-art reviews in chosen subjects that have emerged or advanced greatly since 1986. v The field of Stable Isotope Geochemistry was born of a good idea and nurtured by technology. In 1947, Harold Urey published his calculated values of reduced partition function for oxygen isotopes and his idea (a good one!) that the fractionation of oxygen isotopes between calcite and water might provide a means to estimate the temperatures of geologic events. Building on wartime advances in electronics, Alfred Nier then designed and built the dual-inlet, gassource mass-spectrometer capable of making measurements of sufficient precision and accuracy. This basic instrument and the associated extraction techniques, mostly from the 1950s, are still in use in many labs today. These techniques have become "conventional" in the sense of traditional, and they provide the benchmark against which the accuracy of other techniques is compared. The 1986 volume was based almost exclusively on natural data obtained solely from conventional techniques. Since then, revolutionary changes in sample size, accuracy, and cost have resulted from advances in continuous flow massspectrometry, laser heating, ion microprobes, and computer automation. The impact of new technology has differed by discipline. Some areas have benefited from vastly enlarged data sets, while others have capitalized on in situ analysis and/or micro- to nanogram size samples, and others have developed because formerly intractable samples can now be analyzed. Just as Stable Isotope Geochemistry is being reborn by new good ideas, it is still being nurtured by new technology. The organization of the chapters in this book follows the didactic approach of the 2001 short course in Boston. The first three chapters present the principles and data base for equilibrium isotope fractionation and for kinetic processes of exchange. Both inorganic and biological aspects are considered. The next chapter reviews isotope compositions throughout the solar system including massindependent fractionations that are increasingly being recognized on Earth. The fifth chapter covers the primitive compositions of the mantle and subtle variations found in basalts. This is followed by three chapters on metamorphism, isotope thermometry, fluid flow, and hydrothermal alteration. The next chapter considers water cycling in the atmosphere and the ice record. And finally, there are four chapters on the carbon cycle, the sulfur cycle, organic isotope geochemistry and extinctions in the geochemical record.

Description / Table of Contents: Sediment Transport Processes and their Modelling Applications is a book which covers a wide range of topics. The effective management of many aquatic environments, requires a detailed understanding of sediment dynamics. This has both environmental and economic implications, especially where there is any anthropogenic involvement. Numerical models are often the tool used for predicting the transport and fate of sediment movement in these situations, as they can estimate the various spatial and temporal fluxes. However, the physical sedimentary processes can vary quite considerably depending upon whether the local sediments are fully cohesive, non-cohesive, or a mixture of both types. For this reason for more than half a century, scientists, engineers, hydrologists and mathematicians have all been continuing to conduct research into the many aspects which influence sediment transport. These issues range from processes such as scour, erosion and deposition, to how sediment process observations can be applied in sediment transport modelling frameworks. This book reports the findings from recent research in applied sediment transport which has been conducted in a wide range of aquatic environments. The research was carried out by researchers who specialise in the transport of sediments and related issues.

Description / Table of Contents: Anatolia and the easternmost Mediterranean region, especially Turkey, Cyprus and northern Syria, represent an excellent natural laboratory for the study of fundamental geological processes (e.g. rifting, seafloor spreading, ophiolite genesis and emplacement, subduction, exhumation and collision). Their interaction has created an intriguing array of deep-sea basins, microcontinents and suture zones. The volume's 22 papers include a large amount of new field-based information (much of it multidisciplinary and the product of teamwork). After an overview, the volume is divided into four sections: Late Palaeozoic–Early Cenozoic of the Pontides (northern Turkey); Late Palaeozoic–Early Cenozoic of the Taurides–Anatolides (central and southern Turkey); Late Cretaceous–Pliocene sedimentary basins and structural development (central Anatolia to the Mediterranean); Late Miocene–Recent Neotectonics (southern Turkey, Cyprus and northern Syria). The volume will interest numerous academic researchers, those concerned with resources (e.g. hydrocarbons; mineral deposits) and also hazards (e.g. earthquakes), as well as advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students.

Description / Table of Contents: Geology as medicine and medics as geologists / Christopher J. Duffin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 1-6, 23 August 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.29 --- Lithotherapeutical research sources from antiquity to the mid-eighteenth century / Christopher J. Duffin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 7-43, 4 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.25 --- Cryptopalaeontology / Eladio Liñán, María Liñán and Joaquín Carrasco / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 45-64, 10 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.14 --- The stomatological use of stones cited in the Kitab al-tasrif treatise (Abulcasis, 1000 CE) / Joaquín Carrasco and María Liñán / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 65-80, 11 December 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.7 --- The gem electuary / Christopher J. Duffin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 81-111, 17 December 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.9 --- Medicinal terra sigillata: a historical, geographical and typological review / Arthur Macgregor / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 113-136, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.1 --- Materia medica in the seventeenth-century Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo / W. D. Ian Rolfe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 137-156, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.3 --- History of the pharmaceutical use of pumice / Christopher J. Duffin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 157-169, 17 December 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.8 --- Pharmaceutical use of gold from antiquity to the seventeenth century / Renzo Console / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 171-191, 2 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.12 --- Bezoar stones, magic, science and art / Maria Do Sameiro Barroso / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 193-207, 26 February 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.11 --- Some early eighteenth century geological Materia Medica / Christopher J. Duffin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 209-233, 2 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.13 --- Religiosity and magic in some lithoiatric practices of European folk medicine / Massimo Aliverti / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 235-242, 23 August 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.27 --- Britain’s spa heritage: a hydrogeological appraisal / John D. Mather / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 243-260, 2 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.16 --- Groundwater – Medicine by the Glassful? / N. S. Robins and P. L. Smedley / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 261-267, 2 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.17 --- Sunday Stone: an enduring metaphor of mining diseases and underground mining conditions / John H. Pearn and Christopher Gardner-Thorpe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 269-278, 11 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.22 --- The influence of geology in the development of public health / Beverly P. Bergman / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 279-287, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.6 --- From flesh to fossils – Nicolaus Steno’s anatomy of the Earth / Jakob Bek-Thomsen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 289-305, 2 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.15 --- Diagnosing fossilization in the Nordic Renaissance: an investigation into the correspondence of Ole Worm (1588–1654) / Ella Hoch / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 307-327, 17 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.26 --- Education forms the tender mind / Christopher Gardner-Thorpe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 329-337, 23 August 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.28 --- James Parkinson’s ‘system of successive creations’ / Cherry Lewis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 339-348, 15 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.18 --- From obstetrics to oryctology: inside the mind of William Hunter (1718–1783) / J. J. Liston / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 349-373, 15 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.21 --- John Jeremiah Bigsby, MD: British Army physician and pioneer North American geologist / Leonard G. Wilson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 375-394, 15 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.20 --- Five eighteenth-century medical polymaths / Gillian C. Hull / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 395-407, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.5 --- John Whitaker Hulke, surgeon and palaeontologist / Simon Wills / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 409-427, 22 February 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.10 --- Dr Arthur Conan Doyle’s contribution to the popularity of pterodactyls / David M. Martill and Tony Pointon / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 429-443, 15 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.19 --- Physicians and their contribution to the early history of earth sciences in Austria / Daniela Claudia Angetter, Bernhard Hubmann and Johannes Seidl / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 445-454, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.4 --- Medical geologists during the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration / Henry Guly / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 455-462, 15 November 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.2 --- Vomiting stones: mental illness and forensic medicine in 18th century Italy / Alessandro Porro, Carlo Cristini, Bruno Falconi, Antonia Francesca Franchini and Lorenzo Lorusso / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 463-468, 4 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.23 --- Geology, conservation and dissolution of corpses by Paolo Gorini (1813–1881) / Lorenzo Lorusso, Bruno Falconi, Francesca Antonia Franchini and Alessandro Porro / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 375, 469-474, 9 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP375.24

Description / Table of Contents: The scientific discoveries that have been made with noble gas geochemistry are of such a profound and fundamental nature that earth science textbooks should be full of examples. Surprisingly, this really is not so. The "first discoveries" include presolar components in our _ solar system, extinct radionuclides, primordial volatiles in the Earth, the degassing history of Mars, secular changes in the solar wind, reliable present day mantle degassing fluxes, the fluxes of extraterrestrial material to Earth, groundwater paleotemperatures and the ages of the oldest landscapes on Earth. Noble gas geochemistry has scored so many such "firsts" or "home runs" that it should permeate a lot of earth science thinking and teaching. Yet rather surprisingly it does not. Noble gas geochemistry also is a broader and more versatile field than almost any other area of geochemistry. It pervades cosmochemistry, Earth sciences, ocean sciences, climate studies and environmental sciences. Yet most modern Earth, planetary and environmental science departments do not consider noble gas geochemistry to be at the top of their list in terms of hiring priorities these days. Furthermore, with the exception of Ar geochronologists, noble gas geochemists are a surprisingly rare breed. Why is the above the case? Perhaps the reasons lie in the nature of the field itself. First, although noble gas geochemists work on big problems, the context of their data is often woefully under-constrained so that it becomes hard to make progress beyond the first order fundamental discoveries. Noble gas data are often difficult to interpret. Although some concepts are straightforward and striking in their immediate implications (e.g. mantle 3He in the oceans), others are to this day shrouded in lack of clarity. The simple reason for this is that in many situations it is only the noble gases that offer any real insights at all and the context of other constraints simply does not exist. Some examples of the big issues being addressed by noble gases are as follows and I have deliberately posed these as major unresolved questions that only exist because noble gas geochemistry has opened windows through which to view large-scale issues and processes that otherwise would be obscure. (1) Is the presolar noble gas component present in a tiny fraction of submicroscopic meteoritic C or is it ubiquitously distributed? (2) How did solar noble gases get incorporated into the Earth? (3) How did solar noble gases survive the protracted accretion of the Earth via giant impacts? (4) What is the origin of the noble gas pattern in the Earth's atmosphere? (5) Why are the Earth and Mars almost opposites in terms of the relative isotopic differences between atmosphere and mantle? (6) What is the Eresent source of Earth's primordial helium? Can we ignore the core? (7) What is the 2~e/ 2Ne of the mantle, how was it acquired and why is it different from the atmosphere? (8) How does one reconcile the stronlJ fractionation in terrestrial Xe with data for other noble gases? (9) How much radiogenic Ar should the Earth have? How well do we know KIU? (10) Are the light isotopes of Xe the same in the mantle and the atmosphere? If not, why not? (11) How are noble gases transported through the creeping solid earth? (12) How does one explain the heat - helium paradox? (13) How incompatible are the noble gases during melting? (14) How are atmospheric components incorporated into volcanic samples? (15) How are the excess air components incorporated into groundwater? (16) Why are continental noble gas paleotemperature records offset from oceanic temperature records? Noble gas data tell us that the Earth and solar system represent very complex environments. When we make our simple first order conclusions and models we are only at the tip of the iceberg of discoveries that are needed to arrive at a thorough understanding of the behavior of volatiles in the solar system. Who wants to hear that things are complicated? Who wants to hire in a field that will involve decades of data acquisition and analysis in order to sort out the solar system? Sadly, too few these days. This is the stuff of deep scientific giants and bold, technically difficult long-term research programs. It is not for those who prefer superficiality and quick, glamorous, slick answers. Noble gas geochemists work in many areas where progress is slow and difficult even though the issues are huge. This probably plays a part in the limited marketability of noble gas geochemistry to the nonspecialist. Second, noble gases is a technically difficult subject. That is, noble gas geochemists need to be adept 11t technique development and this has to include skills acquired through innovation in the lab. Nobody can learn this stuff merely with a book or practical guide. Reading Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (by Robert Pirsig) would give you a clearer picture. This magnificent MSA-GS volume is going to be enormously useful but on its own it won't make anybody into a noble gas geochemist. Although the mass spectrometry principles are not complex, the tricks involved in getting better data are often self taught or passed on by working with individuals who themselves are pushing the boundaries further. Furthermore, much of the exciting new science is linked with technical developments that allow us to move beyond the current measurement capabilities. Be they better crushing devices, laser resonance time of flight, multiple collection or compressor sources - the technical issues are central to progress. Lastly, noble gas geochemists need a broad range of other skills in order to make progress. They have to be good at mass spectrometry as already stated. However, nowadays they also need to be able to understand fields as different as mantle geochemistry, stellar evolution, cosmochemistry, crustal fluids, oceanography and glaciology. They are kind of "Renaissance" individuals. Therefore, if you are thinking broadly about hiring scientists who love science and stand a good chance of making a major difference to our understanding of the solar system, earth and its environment - I would recommend you hire a really good noble gas geochemist. However, the results may take a while. If you want somebody who will crank out papers at high speed and quickly increase the publication numbers of your department then you may need to think about somebody else. The two are not mutually exclusive but think hard about what is really important. There was no short course associated with this volume, although an attempt was undertaken to get the volume printed in time for the V. M. Goldschmidt conference in Davos, Switzerland (mid-August 2002) at which there was a major symposium on noble gases.

Description / Table of Contents: Our understanding of rock forming geological processes and thereby of geodynamic processes depends largely on a sound basis of knowledge of minerals. Due to the application of new analytical techniques, the number of newly discovered minerals increases steadily, and what used to be a simple mineral may have turned into a complex group. A continuous update is necessary, and the Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry series excellently fulfills this requirement. The epidote minerals have not yet been covered and we felt that this gap should be filled. The epidote mineral group consists of important rock-forming minerals such as clinozoisite and epidote, geochemical important accessory minerals such as allanite, and minerals typical for rare bulk compositions such as hancockite. Zoisite, the orthorhombic polymorph of clinozoisite, is included here because of its strong structural and paragenetic similarity to the epidote minerals. Epidote minerals occur in a wide variety of rocks, from near-surface conditions up to high- and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks and as liquidus phases in magmatic systems. They can be regarded as the low-temperature and high-pressure equivalent of Ca-rich plagioclase, and thus are equally important as this feldspar for petrogenetic purposes. In addition, they belong to the most important Fe3+ bearing minerals, and give important information about the oxygen fugacity and the oxidation state of a rock. Last but not least, they can incorporate geochemically relevant minor and trace elements such as Sr, Pb, REE, V, and Mn. The epidote minerals are undoubtedly very important from a petrogenetic and geochemical point of view, and have received a lot of attention in the last years from several working groups in the field of experimental studies and spectroscopic work. As a result, the thermodynamic database of epidote minerals has been significantly enlarged during the last decade. Recent studies have revealed the importance of zoisite in subduction zone processes as a carrier of H2O and suggested zoisite to be the main H2O source in the pressure interval between about 2.0 and 3.0 GPa. Many studies have shown that an understanding of trace element geochemical processes in high-pressure rocks is impossible without understanding the geochemical influence of the epidote minerals. Recent advances in microanalytical techniques have also shown that epidote minerals record detailed information on their geological environment. W. A. Deer, R. A. Howie and J. Zussmann edited the last comprehensive review on this mineral group almost 20 years ago in 1986. In 1990, on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of the discovery of the famous Knappenwand locality in the Tauern/Austria, an epidote conference was held in Neukirchen/Austria organized by the Austrian Mineralogical Society by V. Höck and F. Koller. In 1999, there was a special symposium at the EUG 10 in Strasbourg, convened by R. Gieré and F. Oberli, entitled Recent advances in studies of the epidote group that highlighted the relevance of the epidote minerals for Earth science. However, there are many open questions in the community regarding the epidote minerals and there is a need for a new overview that brings together the recent knowledge on this interesting group of minerals. The present volume of the Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry reviews the current state of knowledge on the epidote minerals with special emphasis on the advances that were made since the comprehensive review of Deer et al. (1986). We hope that it will serve to outline the open questions and direction of future research. In the Introduction, we review the structure, optical data and crystal chemistry of this mineral group, all of which form the basis for understanding much of the following material in the volume. In addition, we provide some information on special topics, such as morphology and growth, deformation behavior, and gemology. Thermodynamic properties (Chapter 2, Gottschalk), the spectroscopy of the epidote minerals (Chapter 3, Liebscher) and a review of the experimental studies (Chapter 4, Poli and Schmidt) constitute the first section of chapters. These fields are closely related, and all three chapters show the significant progress over the last years, but that some of the critical questions such as the problem of miscibility and miscibility gaps are still not completely solved. This section concludes with a review of fluid inclusion studies (Chapter 5, Klemd), a topic that turned out to be of large interest for petrogenetic interpretation, and leads to the description of natural epidote occurrences in the second section of the book. These following chapters review the geological environments of the epdiote minerals, from low temperature in geothermal fields (Chapter 6, Bird and Spieler), to common metamorphic rocks (Chapter 7, Grapes and Hoskin) and to high- and ultrahigh pressure (Chapter 8, Enami, Liou and Mattinson) and the magmatic regime (Chapter 9, Schmidt and Poli). Allanite (Chapter 10, Gieré and Sorensen) and piemontite (Chapter 11, Bonazzi and Menchetti), on which a large amount of information is now available, are reviewed in separate chapters. Finally trace element (Chapter 12, Frei, Liebscher, Franz and Dulski) and isotopic studies, both stable and radiogenic isotopes (Chapter 13, Morrison) are considered. We found it unavoidable that there is some overlap between individual chapters. This is an inherited problem in a mineral group such as the epidote minerals, which forms intensive solid solutions between the major components of rock forming minerals as well as with trace elements.

Description / Table of Contents: The 1957 great Aleutian earthquake.- The rupture process and tectonic implications of the great 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake.- Coseismic slip in the 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake A new geodetic inversion.- Seismicity trends and potential for large earthquakes in the Alaska-Aleutian region.- Rupture process of large earthquakes in the northern Mexico subduction zone.- Global variability in subduction thrust zone-forearc systems.- Large thrust earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.